Bio Exam Part 3

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151

If the osmotic pressure on the venous side of capillary beds is lower than the hydrostatic pressure, then ________. A. fluid will tend to accumulate in tissues B. hemoglobin will not release oxygen C. plasma proteins will escape through the endothelium of the capillaries D. the pH of the interstitial fluids will increase

A. fluid will tend to accumulate in tissues

Some human infants, especially those born prematurely, suffer serious respiratory failure because of _____. A. lung collapse due to inadequate production of surfactant B. the sudden change from the uterine environment to the air C. mutations in the genes involved in lung formation D. the overproduction of surfactants

A. lung collapse due to inadequate production of surfactant

Atrial systole ________. A. occurs at the same time as ventricular diastole B. refers to the relaxation of the cardiac muscle C. only occurs in the left heart chambers D. pumps blood to the aorta

A. occurs at the same time as ventricular diastole

From the superior vena cava, blood flows to the _____. A. right atrium B. left atrium C. aorta D. capillaries of the lungs E. inferior vena cava

A. right atrium

Carbon dioxide levels in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid affect pH. This enables the organism to sense a disturbance in gas levels as _____. A. the medulla oblongata, which is in contact with cerebrospinal fluid, monitors pH and uses this measure to control breathing B. the brain alters the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid to force the animal to retain more or less carbon dioxide C. the brain directly measures and monitors oxygen levels and causes breathing changes accordingly D. stretch receptors in the lungs cause the medulla oblongata to speed up or slow breathing

A. the medulla oblongata, which is in contact with cerebrospinal fluid, monitors pH and uses this measure to control breathing

Why does the velocity of blood slow greatly as blood flows from arterioles into capillaries? A. Because capillary beds are the site of nutrient and oxygen delivery to tissues. B. Because the narrow capillaries offer great resistance to blood flow. C. Because capillary beds have a total cross-sectional area much greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arterioles.

C. Because capillary beds have a total cross-sectional area much greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arterioles.

Which statement about lipoproteins is correct? A. High-density lipoproteins are a form of cholesterol considered the "good" type to have in blood plasma. B. Low-density lipoproteins are the principal component of atherosclerotic plaques. C. High-density lipoproteins are cholesterol transporters in the blood.

C. High-density lipoproteins are cholesterol transporters in the blood.

What is the function of a circulatory system? A. It acts as a reservoir for the storage of blood. B. It is the site of blood cell production. C. It brings a transport liquid into close contact with all cells in the body. D. It exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide with the outside air.

C. It brings a transport liquid into close contact with all cells in the body.

Which event occurs first during atrial and ventricular diastole? A. The atria contract while blood flows into the relaxed ventricles. B. The atria and ventricles contract simultaneously. C. The atria and ventricles are relaxed, and blood flows into the atria. D. Blood flows into the relaxed atria while the ventricles contract.

C. The atria and ventricles are relaxed, and blood flows into the atria.

The smallest airway through which inspired air passes before gas exchange occurs in the mammalian lungs is the _____. A. larynx B. trachea C. bronchiole D. pharynx E. bronchus

C. bronchiole

Damage to the sinoatrial node in humans would ________. A. have a negative effect on peripheral resistance B. block conductance between the bundle branches and the Purkinje fibers C. disrupt the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions D. have a direct effect on blood pressure monitors in the aorta

C. disrupt the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions

Blood returns to the heart via the _____. A. aorta B. pulmonary arteries C. pulmonary veins D. aorta and pulmonary arteries E. aorta and pulmonary veins

C. pulmonary veins

The velocity of blood flow is the lowest in capillaries because _____. A. the diastolic blood pressure is too low to deliver blood to the capillaries at a high flow rate B. the capillaries have internal valves that slow the flow of blood C. the total cross-sectional area of the capillaries is greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arteries or any other part of the circulatory system D. the systemic capillaries are supplied by the left ventricle, which has a lower cardiac output than the right ventricle

C. the total cross-sectional area of the capillaries is greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arteries or any other part of the circulatory system

Which statement regarding the mammalian heart is correct? A. Blood is pumped from the heart via the atria. B. Oxygen-loaded blood moves only through the right side of the heart. C. Blood arrives at the heart via the ventricles. D. In the adult heart, blood in the right chambers of the heart cannot enter the left chambers without passing through the lungs. E. When the right atrium contracts, it forces blood into the left atrium.

D. In the adult heart, blood in the right chambers of the heart cannot enter the left chambers without passing through the lungs.

Which statement about human blood vessels is correct? A. Veins transport blood from the heart to the capillaries. B. The pulmonary artery carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs. C. Arteries carry oxygenated blood; veins carry oxygen-poor blood. D. Pulmonary veins carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart. E. Arteries carry blood toward the atria of the heart.

D. Pulmonary veins carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart.

Which event of the cardiac cycle occurs when systolic blood pressure is measured? A. The atria contract while blood flows into the relaxed ventricles. B. The atria and ventricles are relaxed, and blood flows into the atria. C. The atria and ventricles contract simultaneously. D. The ventricles contract, carrying blood into the aorta, and blood flows into the relaxed atria.

D. The ventricles contract, carrying blood into the aorta, and blood flows into the relaxed atria.

What is the direct cause of demineralization of the enamel on teeth? A. saliva in the mouth B. food debris C. plaque formed by bacteria D. acids produced by bacteria E. sugar in food

D. acids produced by bacteria

A normal event in the process of blood clotting is the _____. A. conversion of fibrin to fibrinogen B. synthesis of hemoglobin C. production of erythropoietin D. activation of prothrombin to thrombin

D. activation of prothrombin to thrombin

Consider the following reaction. If the pH of the blood was decreased, then the ________. CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ HCO3- + H+ A. amount of oxygen in the blood will decrease B. amount of protons in the blood will increase C. bicarbonate in the blood would increase D. amount of carbon dioxide would increase

D. amount of carbon dioxide would increase

During most daily activities, the human respiration rate is most closely linked to the blood levels of _____. A. carbon monoxide B. oxygen C. nitrogen D. carbon dioxide

D. carbon dioxide

A decrease of blood pH from 7.4 to 7.2 causes hemoglobin to ________. A. decrease its binding of H+ B. release all bound carbon dioxide molecules C. bind more oxygen molecules D. give up more of its oxygen molecules

D. give up more of its oxygen molecules

Voice sounds are produced by the _____. A. trachea B. diaphragm C. bronchioles D. larynx E. lungs

D. larynx

The primary functions of the _____ are to warm, filter, and humidify air. A. lungs B. trachea C. bronchus D. nasal cavity E. alveoli

D. nasal cavity

What is the direct cause of gum disease? A. food debris B. sugar in food C. saliva in the mouth D. plaque formed by bacteria E. acids produced by bacteria

D. plaque formed by bacteria

Which of the following develops the greatest pressure on the blood in the mammalian aorta? A. systole of the left atrium B. diastole of the right ventricle C. diastole of the right atrium D. systole of the left ventricle

D. systole of the left ventricle

The greatest difference in the concentration of respiratory gases is found in which of the following pairs of mammalian blood vessels? A. the veins from the right and left legs B. the pulmonary vein and the aorta C. the pulmonary artery and the inferior vena cava D. the pulmonary vein and the superior vena cava

D. the pulmonary vein and the superior vena cava

An electrocardiogram (ECG) provides information about ________. A. the speed of blood flow through the blood vessels B. the pressure of blood in the heart chambers C. the amount of oxygen in the blood as it leaves the heart D. the rhythm of heart contractions

D. the rhythm of heart contractions

A human red blood cell in an artery of the left arm is on its way to deliver oxygen to a cell in the thumb. To travel from the artery to the thumb and then back to the left ventricle, this red blood cell must pass through _____. A. four capillary beds B. three capillary beds C. one capillary bed D. two capillary beds

D. two capillary beds

Which of the following can increase your risk of atherosclerosis? A. avoiding cigarettes B. avoiding a diet high in saturated fat C. avoiding high blood pressure D. avoiding sugary snacks E. avoiding exercise

E. avoiding exercise

The amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin _____. A. decreases in the presence of high concentrations of oxygen B. is called the Bohr shift C. increases as the pH of tissues decreases D. increases with increasing acidity at the tissue level E. increases in the presence of high concentrations of oxygen

E. increases in the presence of high concentrations of oxygen

From the capillaries of the abdominal organs and hind limbs, blood flows to the _____. A. right atrium B. left atrium C. aorta D. capillaries of the lungs E. inferior vena cava

E. inferior vena cava

True or false? The circulatory systems of land-dwelling vertebrates are composed of two pumping circuits: the systemic circulation, which is a lower-pressure circuit to the lung, and the pulmonary circulation, which is a higher-pressure circuit to the rest of the body.

false

Which of the following mechanisms are used to regulate blood pressure in the closed circulatory system of vertebrates? I) changing the force of heart contraction II) constricting and relaxing smooth muscle in the walls of arterioles III) opening or closing precapillary sphincters A. I, II, and III B. only I and II C. only I and III D. only II and III

A. I, II, and III

You cut your finger, and after putting pressure on the wound for several minutes, you notice that it is still bleeding profusely. What may be the problem? A. Platelets are not functioning properly, or there are too few to be effective. B. Hemoglobin levels are too high to allow clotting. C. There are too many antigens to allow clotting. D. Mast cells are not releasing their chemical messengers.

A. Platelets are not functioning properly, or there are too few to be effective.

Why do the circulatory systems of land vertebrates have separate circuits to the lungs and to the rest of the body? A. The large decrease in blood pressure as blood moves through the lungs may prevent efficient circulation through the rest of the body. B. Land vertebrates are bigger and require more tubing to reach all areas of the body. C. Blood is pumped to the lungs to be oxygenated before being pumped to the rest of the body. D. The circuits increase the amount of surface area available for the diffusion of gases and nutrients in the body.

A. The large decrease in blood pressure as blood moves through the lungs may prevent efficient circulation through the rest of the body.

Humans infected with some types of parasitic worms develop a condition called elephantiasis, which is characterized by swelling of the limbs. Which of the following would be the most likely cause of elephantiasis? A. The worms are blocking the lymph vessels. B. The worm infection is causing a decrease in cardiac output. C. The infected human's immune system is fighting the worms. D. More blood is flowing through precapillary sphincters.

A. The worms are blocking the lymph vessels.

Which of the following is true? A. There is a correlation between periodontal disease and heart disease. B. Heart disease causes periodontal disease. C. Heart disease is caused by the presence of bacteria in the blood. D. Periodontal disease causes heart disease.

A. There is a correlation between periodontal disease and heart disease.

Which of the following statements about blood circulation in the body is true? A. Valves prevent the backflow of blood into the atria and ventricles. B. During one cardiac cycle, the two ventricles contract first, and then the two atria contract. C. Deoxygenated blood flowing through the pulmonary veins is carried to the right atrium. D. As the right ventricle contracts, it sends oxygenated blood through the aorta to all tissues of the body.

A. Valves prevent the backflow of blood into the atria and ventricles.

By picking up hydrogen ions, hemoglobin prevents the blood from becoming too _____. A. acidic B. basic C. thick D. low in oxygen concentration E. red

A. acidic

Most carbon dioxide is carried from the body tissues to the lungs _____. A. as bicarbonate ions (HCO3 -) B. combined with hemoglobin C. by the trachea D. as hydrogen ions (H+) E. dissolved in blood plasma

A. as bicarbonate ions (HCO3 -)

Cyanide poisons mitochondria by blocking the final step in the electron transport chain. Human red blood cells placed in an isotonic solution containing cyanide are likely to _____. A. be unaffected B. lyse as the cyanide concentration increases inside the cell C. switch to anaerobic metabolism D. retain the normal cell shape, but the mitochondria will be poisoned

A. be unaffected

_____ in carbon dioxide in your red blood cells, which causes _____ in pH, causes your breathing to speed up. A. A decrease ... a rise B. An increase ... a drop C. An increase ... a rise D. A decrease ... a drop E. Actually, it is the rise and fall of oxygen, not carbon dioxide, that controls breathing.

B. An increase ... a drop

Select the correct statement about capillary beds. A. Capillary beds join arteries and veins. B. Capillary beds are the site of nutrient and oxygen delivery to tissues. C. Capillary beds have a total cross-sectional area much smaller than the total cross-sectional area of major arteries.

B. Capillary beds are the site of nutrient and oxygen delivery to tissues.

Why does the post-Medieval skull in the video have such bad teeth? A. The skull is much older than the Roman skull. B. Diets during this time period were high in sugar. C. The bacteria in people's mouths were becoming resistant to antibiotics. D. People stopped brushing their teeth after the Roman period.

B. Diets during this time period were high in sugar.

What is the function of the left ventricle? A. It pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary circulation. B. It pumps oxygenated blood around the body via the systemic circulation. C. It receives oxygenated blood from the lungs. D. It receives deoxygenated blood from the lungs.

B. It pumps oxygenated blood around the body via the systemic circulation.

Which of the following events would you predict as carbon dioxide is released from your muscles into the surrounding capillary bed? A. The amount of oxygen in venous blood will increase. B. Oxygen delivery to muscle is increased when more carbon dioxide is produced by the muscle. C. Arterial blood entering the capillaries will carry more oxygen. D. Because of the change in blood pH, the blood can carry more oxygen.

B. Oxygen delivery to muscle is increased when more carbon dioxide is produced by the muscle.

People who produce very little saliva often have more cavities. What is the best explanation for this? A. People who produce very little saliva cannot support the growth of beneficial bacteria in their mouths. B. Since saliva normally helps neutralize acid and replace minerals on teeth, a lack of saliva leads to more cavities. C. People who produce very little saliva have trouble digesting proteins and fats, and tend to eat a diet high in sugar. D. A lack of saliva can make the brushing of teeth uncomfortable, and reduced brushing leads to more cavities.

B. Since saliva normally helps neutralize acid and replace minerals on teeth, a lack of saliva leads to more cavities.

While jogging, a person has a stroke volume of 130 ml/beat and a heart rate of 120 beats per minute. If their resting stroke volume was 70 ml/beat and resting heart rate was 60 beats per minute, how did this person's cardiac output change? A. Their cardiac output did not change. Only their respiratory rate changed. B. Their cardiac output increased from 4,200 ml/minute to 15,600 ml/minute after jogging. C. During exercise, their cardiac output increased by 60 ml/beat. D. During exercise, their cardiac output decreased by 11,400 ml/minute.

B. Their cardiac output increased from 4,200 ml/minute to 15,600 ml/minute after jogging.

In order for blood to always flow unidirectionally through a closed circulatory system, the ________. A. arteries must be elastic B. blood vessels farthest from the heart must have valves C. capillaries must have a thick endothelium D. pressure in all vessels must be equal

B. blood vessels farthest from the heart must have valves

In the blood most of the oxygen that will be used in cellular respiration is carried from the lungs to the body tissues _____. A. as bicarbonate ions (HCO3 -) B. combined with hemoglobin C. by the trachea D. water (H2O) E. dissolved in blood plasma

B. combined with hemoglobin

Most of the carbon dioxide produced by humans is ________. A. simply dissolved in the plasma B. converted to bicarbonate ions C. bound to hemoglobin D. transported in the erythrocytes as carbonic acid

B. converted to bicarbonate ions

Which of the following represents the correct flow of air into the lung of a mammal? A. trachea → bronchioles → bronchi → alveoli B. larnyx → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli C. alveoli → tracheoles → bronchi → trachea D. trachea → tracheoles → bronchi → alveoli

B. larnyx → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli

From the pulmonary veins, blood flows to the _____. A. right atrium B. left atrium C. aorta D. capillaries of the lungs E. inferior vena cava

B. left atrium

Circulatory systems compensate for _____. A. the problem of communication systems involving only the nervous system B. the slow rate at which diffusion occurs over large distances C. temperature differences between the lungs and the active tissue D. the need to cushion animals from trauma

B. the slow rate at which diffusion occurs over large distances

Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow in birds and mammals? A. vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary vein B. vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery C. pulmonary vein → left atrium → left ventricle → pulmonary circuit D. left ventricle → aorta → lungs → systemic circulation

B. vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery

A patient with a heart rate of 70 beats per minute and a stroke volume of 70 mL/beat will have a cardiac output of ________. A. 2,800 mL/minute B. 1,000 mL/minute C. 4,900 mL/minute D. 1,400 mL/minute

C. 4,900 mL/minute

Dentists sometimes give a patient antibiotics after a teeth-cleaning procedure, especially if the patient is older or has heart disease. What is the best explanation for this? A. The materials used during a teeth-cleaning procedure are high in low-density lipoproteins, and contribute to atherosclerosis. B. Antibiotics help remove the plaque that remains on the teeth after a teeth-cleaning procedure. C. Antibiotics help kill the bacteria that move from the mouth to the bloodstream, and prevent the bacteria from contributing to atherosclerosis. D. Teeth-cleaning procedures add bacteria to a person's mouth, and antibiotics are needed to control the bacteria.

C. Antibiotics help kill the bacteria that move from the mouth to the bloodstream, and prevent the bacteria from contributing to atherosclerosis.