Bio Final 1
The allele for colorblindness is recessive and is located on the X chromosome. If a female was a carrier for sex - linked color blindness and had offspring with a male who was phenotypically normal, what percent of the female offspring will be color blind? - 0% - 25% - 50% - 100%
0%
What is the standard error given a sample size of 9 and a standard deviation of 1.5? - 13.5 - 0.5 -. 0.17 - 4.5
0.5
Assume you drink 400 mL of soda out of a 1-liter soda bottle. What volume of soda remains? - 600 liters - 6 mL - 0.6 liters - 0.4 liters
0.6 liters
What is the mean of the following data set: {12, 20, 10, 8}? - 50 - 12.5 - 10.5 - 4
12.5
If a specimen is being viewed using a 40 objective lens, what is the total magnification of the specimen? - 50x - 4x - 500x - 400x
400x
How many chromosomes do humans have?
46 (23 pairs)
Two parents, one heterozygous for Type A blood and one with Type O blood mate. What are the phenotypes of the potential offspring? - 100% Type A blood - 50% IA and 50% ii - 50% Type A blood and 50% Type O blood - 100% IA
50% Type A blood and 50% Type O blood
Please select all the components of DNA. (Select all that apply) - A deoxyribose sugar - A phosphate group - A ribose sugar - Cholesterol - A nitrogen-containing base: thymine, adenine, cytosine, or guanine
A deoxyribose sugar, A phosphate group, A nitrogen-containing base: thymine, adenine, cytosine, or guanine
For the pedigree below, the inheritance of a recessive genetic disease is shown. What does the green circle in the fourth generation represent? - A female without the disease - A female with the disease - A male without the disease - A male with the disease
A female with the disease
Which of the following statements best describes ATP? - ATP contains stored energy between the adenine and its sugar. - ATP consists of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups. - ATP contains high energy bonds between its sugar and the first phosphate group. - ATP consists of an adenine, a deoxyribose, and three phosphate groups.
ATP consists of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups.
Given the DNA template strand of TAC - GGT - ACG - ATC, which of the following is the correct mRNA sequence? - AUG - CCA - UGC - UAG - CCA - AUG - UGC - UGA - GCU - GGC - UAA - AUG - CCA - UGG - UAG
AUG - CCA - UGC - UAG
Which of the following is a type of transport that describes a solute moving up its concentration gradient? - Diffusion - Active Transport - Osmosis - Facilitated Diffusion
Active Transport
Which of the following correctly matches the complementary nucleotides of DNA? - Adenine - Thymine and Cytosine - Guanine - Adenine - Uracil and Cytosine - Guanine - Cytosine - Guanine and Thymine - Uracil - Thymine - Adenine and Cytosine - Uracil
Adenine - Uracil and Cytosine - Guanine
Which of the following best describes sickle cell disease? - It is an autosomal recessive genetic disease - It is caused by a mutation in a gene that codes for hemoglobin - It leads to sickled red blood cells - All of the above
All of the above
Which of the following statements best described DNA? - Sections of DNA are called genes - DNA is genetic material - DNA encodes for proteins that are involved in cellular regulation - All of the above choice are correct
All of the above choice are correct
Which set of enzymes is required to fully break down starch into glucose? - Trypsin and maltase - Pepsin and lipase - Amylase and trypsin - Amylase and maltase
Amylase and maltase
The physical separation of sister chromatids occurs during which stage? - Telophase - S phase - Anaphase - Cytokinesis
Anaphase
During which phase of meiosis do the sister chromatids separate and head towards opposite sides of the cell? - Prophase I - Metaphase II - Anaphase II - Anaphase I - Telophase I
Anaphase II
Which food source would provide the quickest access to energy? - Milk - Butter - Oils - Bread
Bread
Which of the following is an organic molecule? - NH3 - H2O - CaCo3 - C6H1206
C6H1206
Please select all that is true of malignant tumors. No partial credit. - Can invade other tissues - Are not a major threat - Cannot invade other tissues - Malignant tumor cells do not resemble the surrounding tissue
Can invade other tissues; Malignant tumor cells do not resemble the surrounding tissue
Which is a major characteristic of Stage 4 breast cancer? - Cancer has not spread to nearby tissues - Tumor is very small (less than 2 cm in diameter - Cancer spreads to other organs - Cancer is found in only a few lymph nodes
Cancer spreads to other organs
To obtain DNA before an individual's birth there are two methods. Which method involves obtaining a sample of fetal cells from where the placenta will form using a suction tube that is inserted into the uterus? - Amniocentesis - Chorionic villus sampling - DNA sequencing - Ex vivo gene therapy
Chorionic villus sampling
What causes the stage of a light microscope to move upward or downward? - Fine adjustment knob - Coarse adjustment knob - Objective lens - Ocular lens
Coarse adjustment knob
Cancer cells can produce altered proteins. Which diagnostic test may be able to directly detect these altered proteins? - PCR - Ultrasound - Complete Blood Count - X-rays
Complete Blood Count
Please select all that is true of transcription. No partial credit. - Creation of mRNA - Using DNA as a template - Reading codons - Linking together amino acids
Creation of mRNA; Using DNA as a template
The organelles and cytoplasm of the cell are divided into two new daughter cells during which of the following stages? - Telophase - S phase - Anaphase - Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis
Mutations in tumor - suppressor genes and in proto - oncogenes can result in cancer. If both types of genes are mutated, what do you expect to happen? - Damaged DNA will be recognized by the cell and cell division will decrease - Cell division will decrease - The cell will undergo apoptosis - DNA damage will go unrecognized and cell division will increase
DNA damage will go unrecognized and cell division will increase
Rosalind Franklin used × - ray crystallography to determine this about DNA. - DNA consists of adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine - DNA is a double helix and highly repetitive. - Adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine are found on the inside of DNA - DNA is the genetic material
DNA is a double helix and highly repetitive.
The second law of thermodynamics states which of the following? - Energy is always conserved - Cellular activities require little ATP to function - During the transfer of energy, some energy is lost as heat - Chemical energy is readily converted into solar energy
During the transfer of energy, some energy is lost as heat
Which of the following is NOT a commonly used unit of length in the metric system? - Micrometer - Millimeter - Nanometer - Electrometer
Electrometer
Which of the following is moved by NADH in the process of cellular respiration? - Protons - Electrons - Neutrons - ATP molecules
Electrons
DNA replication is considered semiconservative because of which of the following? - End product consists of two old strands - End product consists of one new strand - End product consists of one old strand and one newly synthesized strand - Starting material consists of one old strand and one new strand
End product consists of one old strand and one newly synthesized strand
Which type of radiation involves the patient being exposed to either X - rays or gamma rays in the same location for each treatment? - External - Internal - Low-dose seed - High-dose seed
External
Following a meal, glucose must move from the gut lumen, where there is a high glucose concentration, through membrane proteins and into intestinal cells, where there is a relatively low level of glucose. What is this movement called? - Active Transport - Endocytosis - Osmosis - Facilitated Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Which of the following best describes a probable predietion for the Fermentation lab conducted during lab? - Fermentation rate will be higher when glucose is used as a substrate compared to when sucrose is used as a substrate. - Fermentation rate will be higher when sucrose is used as a substrate compared to when glucose is used as a substrate. - Fermentation rate depends on the sugar used as a substrate. - The amount of carbon dioxide will be measured for both glucose and sucrose.
Fermentation rate will be higher when glucose is used as a substrate compared to when sucrose is used as a substrate.
What is the end result of a normal round of the meiosis? - Four genetically identical cells - Four genetically different cells - Two genetically identical cells - Two genetically different cells
Four genetically different cells
What is the function of red blood cells? - Transporting organic waste out of the body - Gas exchange throughout the body - Helping with blood clotting due to injury - Transporting carbon dioxide to body cells
Gas exchange throughout the body
Which of the following best describes the process of cellular respiration? - Uses the kinetic energy found in the chemical bonds of organic molecules. - Uses the kinetic energy found in the chemical bonds of inorganic molecules. - Harvest the potential energy found in the chemical bonds of organic molecules. - Harvests the potential energy found in the chemical bonds of inorganic molecules.
Harvest the potential energy found in the chemical bonds of organic molecules.
Fill in the blanks with the correct enzyme. In DNA replication, the double helix of DNA is unwrapped by___, while___builds a new complementary daughter strand of DNA. - Ligase; DNA polymerase - Helicase; RNA polymerase - DNA polymerase; helicase - Helicase; DNA polymerase
Helicase; DNA polymerase
In gas exchange, oxygen reacts/binds with which molecule below so that it may be carried in red blood cells. - Hemoglobin - Carbon dioxide - Oxyhemoglobin - Hydrogen
Hemoglobin
Sickle - cell disease is a disorder that results in malformed hemoglobin molecules. What is the result of this in terms of hemoglobin function? - Hemoglobin has a reduced ability to bind to and transport oxygen in red blood cells - Hemoglobin has an increase ability to bind to and transport oxygen in red blood cells - Hemoglobin has' an increased ability to bind to and transport carbon dioxide in red blood cells - White blood cells begin to pick up hemoglobin molecules instead and this decreases their ability to function in the immune system
Hemoglobin has a reduced ability to bind to and transport oxygen in red blood cells
If two solutions have unequal concentrations of a solute, the solution with the greater concentration is called which of the following? - Hypertonic - Hypotonic - Isotonic - Osmosis
Hypertonic
If a person shows an intermediate phenotype, such as that observed in a person who is heterozygous for familial hypercholesterolemia, this pattern of inheritance is described as___. - Codominance - Complete dominance - Corecessive - Incomplete dominance
Incomplete dominance
Which of the following best describes the newer cancer treatment of immunotherapy? - Increases the amount of antigens produced on the cell surface of cancerous cells - Helps the immune system identify cancerous cells and attack those cells only - Involves the production of antibodies against cancerous cells - All of the answer choices are correct
Involves the production of antibodies against cancerous cells
Which if the following best describes the characteristics of a genetic disease? - It is always passed on from one generation to the next - It is caused by a change in the genetic information - It may be passed on from one generation to the next - It is a change in the genetic information that may be passed on from one generation to the next
It is a change in the genetic information that may be passed on from one generation to the next
Which of the following statements best describes the dependent variable for an experiment? - It is the variable the scientist chooses to alter. - It is the variable you measure and record. - It is a potential explanation for an observation. - It is what you think the outcome of your experiment will be.
It is the variable you measure and record.
What is the term to describe the image above and its correct definition? - Karyotype: image of chromosomes in individual - Punnett Square: image of chromosomes in individual - Karyotype: tool used to determine offspring phenotype - Punnett Square: tool used to determine offspring genotype
Karyotype: image of chromosomes in individual
In DNA replication, the synthesis of the___ relies on the formation of Okazaki fragments, which must be bound together by___ - Lagging strand; helicase - Leading strand; helicase - Lagging strand; ligase = Leading strand; helicase
Lagging strand; ligase
Each time the cell divides at a normal pace, what happens to the length of telomeres? - Length decreases - Length increases - Length stays the same - None of the above
Length decreases
During which phase does cell division occur? - M - Interphase - S - Gi - G2
M
Which of the following checkpoints checks for proper alignment of chromosomes? - GI - G2 - M - S
M
Which of the following is a difference between meiosis and mitosis? - Mitosis has two rounds of cell division while meiosis has one round of cell division - Mitosis maintains the chromosome number, while meiosis halves the chromosome number - Meiosis maintains the chromosome number, while mitosis halves the chromosome number - Both meiosis and mitosis half the chromosome number, but meiosis has two rounds of cell division
Meiosis maintains the chromosome number, while mitosis halves the chromosome number
Which of the following is the correct amino acid sequence that corresponds with theDNA template strand from the above question? - Pro - Met - Cys - STOP - Ala - Gly - STOP - Met - Pro - Cys - STOP - Met - Pro - Trp - STOP
Met - Pro - Cys - STOP
What is the process by which cancer cells may enter a blood vessel and spread to other areas of the body? - Angiogenesis - Metastasis - Cell cycle - Transcription
Metastasis
What are vitamins best described as? - Molecules that assist enzymes in chemical reactions or assist in energy - related pathways. - Organic nutrients that break down to form energy for the cell. - Enzymes that catalvze chemical reactions. - Nutrients that are directly metabolized through cellular respiration pathways, providing energy for the cell.
Molecules that assist enzymes in chemical reactions or assist in energy - related pathways.
If glucose is linked together through dehydration synthesis to form starch, glucose is a____and starch is a___. Choose the best responses to fill in the two blank spaces. - Functional group; monomer - Monomer; polymer - Polymer; monomer - Functional group; polymer
Monomer; polymer
Which of the following monomers is correctly matched with its polymer? - Monosaccharide - carbohydrate - Fatty acid - protein - Amino acid - lipid - Glycerol - carbohydrate
Monosaccharide - carbohydrat
If one was to view cancerous cells under the microscope, enlarged noticed. Choose the best response to fill in the blank. - Mitochondria - Ribosomes - Chloroplasts - Nuclei
Nuclei
If organisms did not have capillaries in the villi of the small intestine, what might be the most probable result? - Nutrients would not make their way into the lymphatic system - Nutrients would not make their way into the circulatory system - Nutrients would not make their way into the digestive system - Fats would not make their way into the circulatory system
Nutrients would not make their way into the circulatory system
Which of the following best describes the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide during gas exchange? - Oxygen diffuses out of the lungs into red blood cells and carbon dioxide diffuses out of red blood cells into the lungs - Carbon dioxide diffuses out of the lungs into red blood cells and oxygen diffuses out of red blood cells into the lungs - Oxygen diffuses out of the lungs into the alveoli and carbon dioxide diffuses out of red blood cells into the lungs - Both carbon dioxide and oxygen diffuse out of red blood cells and into the lungs
Oxygen diffuses out of the lungs into red blood cells and carbon dioxide diffuses out of red blood cells into the lungs
In the process of diagnosing cancer, a patient may undergo an imaging test. Which of the following are potential imaging tests they may undergo? - MRI, DNA sequencing, or biopsy - PET, CT, or ultrasound - Ultrasound, genetic testing, PCR - MRI, Ultrasound, or PCR
PET, CT, or ultrasound
In pea plants the trait for purple flowers is dominant to the trait for white flowers. You cross a purple plant with a white plant and observe the following phenotypic ratio for their offspring: 1 purple to 1 white. What is the genotype of the original purple plant (the purple parent)? - PP (homozygous dominant) - Pp (heterozygous) - pp (homozygous recessive) - purple
PP (homozygous dominant)
What is the main component of biological membranes? - Triglycerides - Proteins - Phospholipids - Cholesterol
Phospholipids
What is PCR?
Polymerase Chain Reaction; used to amplify DNA
Which of the following is the phrase used to describe the specific amino acid sequence of a protein? - Primary structure - Secondary structure - Tertiary structure - Quaternary structure
Primary structure
What are the two classes of cells according to morphology? Please select all that apply. - Prokaryotic - Animal - Plant - Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
The nuclear envelope begins to break down and spindle fibers begin to form during which stage? - Prophase - Metaphase - Anaphase - Telophase
Prophase
When does crossing over between homologous chromosomes take place in meiosis? - Prophase I - Prophase I - Metaphase I - Metaphase II -Interphase
Prophase I
Trypsin breaks down___to form___which are absorbed in the small intestine. - Carbohydrates; monosaccharides - Proteins; amino acids - Carbohydrates; amino acids - Amino acids; proteins
Proteins; amino acids
Which type of cell contains millions of hemoglobin molecules per cell? - White blood cells - Epithelial cells - Red blood cells - Proteins
Red blood cells
In a chemical reaction, enzymes ___ the activation energy, which is the amount of energy ___ - Reduce; stored in the bonds of reactant. - Increase; stored in the bonds of the products. - Reduce; required to start a reaction. - Increase; required to start a reaction.
Reduce; required to start a reaction
Of the following, which best describes the goal of fermentation? - Make ATP through the Citric Acid Cycle alone - Make ATP through the Electron Transport Chain in the absence of oxygen - Regenerate NAD+ in the absence of oxygen or mitochondria - Regenerate NAD+ through the electron transport chain
Regenerate NAD+ in the absence of oxygen or mitochondria
Antimetabolites interfere with DNA replication during which phase? - Anaphase - Gi - S - Telophase
S
In the following prediction, what is the independent variable? If salt intake affects a person's blood pressure, then someone who eats a high salt diet will have a higher blood pressure than someone who eats a low salt diet. - Salt intake - Blood pressure - Heart attack rate - There is no independent variable
Salt intake
How does chemotherapy work? - Producing hormones to slow the growth rate of the tumor - Forcing the cell into the Go phase - Targeting a specific area of cancerous cells - Targeting points during cell division
Targeting points during cell division
During gene therapy, bone marrow stem cells are removed from the patient. What must happen to those cells before they are injected back into the individual? - The DNA of the stem cells is removed completely and replaced with a new genome that carries the normal gene. - The cells are exposed to viruses that act as vectors to carry the normal gene into the genome of the stem cells - The cells are treated with high doses of radiation to destroy any faulty genes followed by the correct gene being inserted - The mRNA of the stem cells is completely removed and used to create ne normal genes that are then injected into the nucleus of the stem cells
The cells are exposed to viruses that act as vectors to carry the normal gene into the genome of the stem cells
When determining the percentages of nitrogen - containing bases in a strand of DNA, Erwin Chargaff discovered which of the following? - The concentration of adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosines are all equal - The percent of adenine is equal to the percent of thymine, and the percent of cytosine is equal to the percent of guanine - The percent of adenine is equal to the percent of cytosine, and the percent of thymine is equal to the percent of guanine - The percent of adenine is twice the percent of thymine, and the percent of cytosine is twice the percent of guanine
The percent of adenine is equal to the percent of thymine, and the percent of cytosine is equal to the percent of guanine
Which of the following best describe the orientation of the two strands of DNA? - The two strands of DNA are parallel, One strand is oriented 3' to 5' and the other is oriented 5' to 3' - The two strands of DNA are anti- parallel, One strand is oriented 3' to 5' and the other is oriented 5' to 3°. - The two strands of DNA area anti-parallel. Both strands are oriented in the 3' to 5° direction. - The two strands of DNA area anti-parallel. Both strands are oriented in the 3' to 5° direction.
The two strands of DNA are anti- parallel, One strand is oriented 3' to 5' and the other is oriented 5' to 3°.
How are lipids different from other nutrient classes? - They do not contain carbon - They are organic - They are hydrophilic - They are hydrophobic
They are hydrophobic
Which of the following best summarizes gene expression? - Translate DNA into mRNA, which is then transcribed into a protein - Make a copy of a DNA molecule - Transcribe mRNA into DNA, which is then translated into a protein - Transcribe DNA into mRNA, which is then translated into a protein
Transcribe DNA into mRNA, which is then translated into a protein
The first step of gene expression is calledFill in the blanks in the correct order. - Transcription; mitosis - Translation; transcription - Transcription; translation - Mitosis; meiosis
Transcription; translation
20. In your Lactase lab, Lactase had maximum efficiency at 25°C. - True - False
True
What is the end result of a normal round of the cell cycle? - One cell - Two genetically identical cells - Two genetically different cells - Four genetically identical cells
Two genetically different cells
Two parents with Type A and Type B blood have a child with Type AB blood. How is this possible? - Type A blood is incompletely dominant to Type B blood, so the offspring express an intermediate phenotype - Type A blood is codominant with Type B blood, so both alleles are expressed equally - This is not possible. It is not their biological child. - Type A blood is co -recessive with Type B blood, so both recessive alleles are expressed equally.
Type A blood is codominant with Type B blood, so both alleles are expressed equally
Which of the following are characteristics of caffeine? Please select all that apply. No partial credit. - Inorganic molecule - Water - soluble - Fat - soluble - Increases metabolic rate
Water - soluble, Fat - soluble, and Increases metabolic rate
What do you expect to happen if a red blood cell with a solute concentration of 0.5 M is placed into a solution with a 2M solute concentration? - The cell will shrink/shrivel - The cell will burst - Water will enter the cell - The solute will leave the cell
Water will enter the cell
Where does cellular respiration occur?
mitochondria
Which of the following is a key feature of the electron transport chain? - Generating a large amount of CO2 - Producing FADH2 - Producing H20 - Splitting glucose into two pyruvates
producing H20
What is the function of ribosomes? - allow for passage of materials in and out of the cell - use genetic information to synthesize proteins - convert energy in food into a form usable by the cell - store genetic information
use genetic information to synthesize proteins
