bio final

Creating variation by combining different units of a gene is an important tool used by the immune system. What type of genetic phenomenon is similar to this process? Alternative gene splicing Mitosis Meiosis Independent assortment

Alternative gene splicing

Which is NOT an example of an innate defense? Secretion of interferons A macrophage phagocytizing a bacterium Inflammation in the area surrounding a wound An antibody that neutralizes an antigen The arrival of neutrophils in an area of injury

An antibody that neutralizes an antigen

The cellular division that changes the chromosome ploidy number from 2N to 1N occurs during Prophase of Meiosis I Anaphase of Meiosis II Metaphase of Meiosis II Anaphase of Meiosis I Prophase of Meiosis II

Anaphase of Meiosis I

Predict what will occur if circulating levels of leptin are very low. Adipose tissue deposits in the body are high. Adipose tissue deposits in the body are low. Appetite is stimulated. Appetite is inhibited Appetite is stimulated and adipose tissue deposits in the body are low. Appetite is inhibited and adipose tissue deposits in the body are high.

Appetite is stimulated and adipose tissue deposits in the body are low.

Which of the following hormones is produced by the stomach? Central nervous system stimulation, secretion of gastrin, and stomach distention. Production of chyme, secretion of gastrin and secretin. Central nervous system stimulation, secretion of secretin, and production of chyme. Hormones traveling through the circulatory system, local inhibition of secretions, and impulses from the vagus nerve.

Central nervous system stimulation, secretion of gastrin, and stomach distention.

A normal corpus luteum secretes large amounts of progesterone and a smaller amount of estradiol (see Fig. 51.10). What would result from a malfunctioning corpus luteum that secreted large amounts of estradiol and only a small amount of progesterone? Check all that apply. The endometrial glands would develop normally. LH levels would rise. A fertilized blastocyst would implant in the uterus. FHS levels would fall.

LH levels would rise.

What role(s) does meiosis play in gametogenesis? Check all that apply. Meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes by half. Meiosis increases the energy stores in gametes. Meiosis decreases genetic diversity. Meiosis adds to the number of cells in a growing blastocyst. Meiosis allows equal genetic contributions from each parent.

Meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes by half. Meiosis allows equal genetic contributions from each parent.

Acetylcholine acts at a G-protein linked receptor on heart muscle cells to make the heart beat more slowly. When the G-protein is activated, the bg-subunit binds to a K+ ion channel, causing it to open. Which one of the following would enhance the effect of acetylcholine? A mutation in the G-protein preventing the α-subunit from separating from the βγ-subunit Mutations in the receptor that weaken the interaction between the receptor and acetylcholine Mutations in the receptor that weaken the interaction between the receptor and the G-protein Mutations in the G-protein that weaken its affinity for GTP Mutations in the G-protein that inhibit its phosphatase activity

Mutations in the G-protein that inhibit its phosphatase activity

Antibodies are made up of heavy and light chains. Where in the cell are the RNA for each segment transcribed? Cytosol Endoplasmic reticulum Nucleus Ribosome

Nucleus

What do steroid hormones bind to at the target cell? Carbohydrate receptors on the cell membrane. Carbohydrate receptors in the cytoplasm. Protein receptors on the cell membrane. Protein receptors in the cytoplasm. Protein receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus of the target cell.

Protein receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus of the target cell.

Biological responses to external factors can be classified into two categories, ultimate and proximate, as to why certain events occur. Ultimate reasons are the "why" a process occurs and proximate reasons are "how" they occur. Which reason does this animation depict? Ultimate, because the animation demonstrates the targeted amplification of a gene. Proximate, because the animation demonstrates the targeted amplification of a gene. Ultimate, because the animation demonstrates the need for hormone regulation. Proximate, because the animation demonstrates the need for hormone regulation.

Proximate, because the animation demonstrates the targeted amplification of a gene.

If the hypothalamus was not stimulated by estrogen which pathway would be interrupted first? Release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone from the anterior pituitary Release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus Release of luteinizing hormone from the hypothalamus Release of luteinizing hormone from the anterior pituitary

Release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus

The structure(s) important to the development of dorsal structures such as the neural tube and notochord is/are Spemann's organizer. noggin. cadherins. both Spemann's organizer and noggin. both Spemann's organizer and cadherins.

Spemann's organizer. noggin.

The steroid hormone requires a protein carrier while being transported in the blood stream and in the cytosol, what features make it possible to pass through the membrane without the carrier? The steroids tend to be large and water soluble and therefore can pass cell membranes. Steroid hormones are not soluble in water therefore they have an affinity for the lipids of the cell membrane Many large molecules can pass freely back and forth across cell membranes. Steroid hormones carry a charge and therefore enable the diffusion across membranes.

Steroid hormones are not soluble in water therefore they have an affinity for the lipids of the cell membrane

You are a researcher working on HIV and you wanted to stop viral infection at the point it enters cells by way of endocytosis. What would be a broadly based system to interrupt in the infection pathway? Stop the binding at CCR5 coreceptor Stop the binding at CD4 receptor Stop the binding at CXCR-4 corecptor Stop the process of reverse transcription

Stop the binding at CD4 receptor

What would you predict is the fate of the daughter spermatogonium that resulted from the first mitotic division? The daughter spermatogonium would go through a mitotic division producing another daughter spermatogonium and a primary spermatocyte. The daughter spermatogonium would be targeted for apoptosis since it is no longer needed. The daughter spermatogonium would produce two primary spermatocytes in the next round. The daughter spermatogonium would produce two spermatogonium in the next round.

The daughter spermatogonium would go through a mitotic division producing another daughter spermatogonium and a primary spermatocyte.

What would you predict is the fate of the daughter spermatogonium that resulted from the first mitotic division? The daughter spermatogonium would go through a mitotic division producing another daughter spermatogonium and a primary spermatocyte. The daughter spermatogonium would be targeted for apoptosis since its no longer needed. The daughter spermatogonium would produce two primary spermatocytes in the next round. The daughter spermatogonium would produce two spermatogonium in the next round.

The daughter spermatogonium would go through a mitotic division producing another daughter spermatogonium and a primary spermatocyte.

West Nile most often affects the elderly, the very young, and those with weakened immune systems. Which of the following can you correctly infer from this statement? The elderly and very young have weak immune systems. The elderly and young are most likely to travel to the Nile area. The elderly and young have poor hygiene. West Nile is only able to target cells of a certain age.

The elderly and very young have weak immune systems.

During the menstrual cycle the oocyte is released from the follicle. In what organ does the follicle develop, and what is the immediate destination of the oocyte? The follicle develops in the fallopian tube and the oocyte will travel to the uterus. The follicle develops in the ovary and the oocyte will travel to the fallopian tube. The follicle develops in the corpus luteum and the oocyte will travel to the fallopian tube. The follicle develops in the ovary and the oocyte will travel to the corpus luteum.

The follicle develops in the ovary and the oocyte will travel to the fallopian tube.

What would happen to FSH levels in an otherwise normal 18 year old male if he was injected with a substance the blocked production of inhibin by Sertoli cells? The level of FSH would remain normal because FSH is controlled by testosterone feedback, not inhibin feedback. The level of FSH would surge way above normal because it would no longer be controlled by feedback mechanisms. The level of FSH would drop to nearly zero because inhibin would not be present to stimulate the release of FSH. The level of FSH would rise somewhat above normal because it would be controlled by a single feedback mechanism.

The level of FSH would rise somewhat above normal because it would be controlled by a single feedback mechanism.

Imagine you were a researcher and you were able to manipulate a phagocyte so that the lysosomes did not fuse with the phagosome. What would you predict would be the consequence on the microorganism? The microorganism would be digested the same as before. The microorganism would not be digested though contained in the phagosome. The microorganism would not be engulfed by the phagocyte. None of the above.

The microorganism would not be digested though contained in the phagosome.

The hormone ADH travels through the blood stream, what happens if the ADH reaches non-target cells? The non-targeted cells will be activated by the ADH. The non-target cells signal back to posterior pituitary to stop production of the ADH. The non-target cells will respond in the same way as the target cells, since it is the same hormone. The non-targeted cells would not respond to the ADH since they lack the proper receptors.

The non-targeted cells would not respond to the ADH since they lack the proper receptors.

If dehydration was resolved what would be a likely process to stop the production and signaling by ADH? The osmoreceptors of the hypothalamus would receive the message of hydration and no longer promote the production of ADH. Blood vessels would remain constricted while the body is hydrated to promote higher blood pressure. The kidneys would continue to slow the secretion of fluid. None of the above

The osmoreceptors of the hypothalamus would receive the message of hydration and no longer promote the production of ADH.

People with Type O blood lack antigens on the blood cells, if a patient with Type B blood receives a blood transfusion with Type O, what would you predict to be the response of the patients immune system? The patient's antibodies would recognize the "foreign" blood cells and cause coagulation. The patient's antibodies would recognize a limited amount of the Type O blood. The patient's antibodies would not recognize the Type O blood resulting in a successful transfusion None of the above.

The patient's antibodies would not recognize the Type O blood resulting in a successful

People with Type O blood lack antigens on the blood cells, if a patient with Type O blood receives a blood transfusion with Type AB (has A & B epitopes), what would you predict to be the response of the patients immune system? The patient's antibodies would recognize the "foreign" blood cells and cause coagulation. The patient's antibodies would recognize a limited amount of the Type O blood. The patient's antibodies would not recognize the Type O blood resulting in a successful transfusion None of the above.

The patient's antibodies would recognize the "foreign" blood cells and cause coagulation.

Suppose there was a microorganism that was not labeled with the complement protein C3b, what would be a likely outcome? The phagocyte would take longer to digest the microorganism in the phagosome. The phagocyte would not be able to bind with the microorganism as easily, slowing the immune response. The phagocyte would still bind with the microorganism therefore immune response would continue. The phagocyte would not be able to bind with the microorganism as easily, enhancing the immune response.

The phagocyte would not be able to bind with the microorganism as easily, slowing the immune response.

What do you predict would occur if the ovary was inhibited from releasing progesterone? Blood levels of luteinizing hormone would decrease. Blood levels of gonadotropin releasing hormone would decrease. The positive feed back cycle of gonadotropin releasing hormone and luteinizing hormone would continue. The positive feed back cycle of gonadotropin releasing hormone, luteinizing hormone, and estrogen would continue.

The positive feed back cycle of gonadotropin releasing hormone, luteinizing hormone, and estrogen would continue.

What do you predict would occur if the ovary was inhibited from releasing progesterone? Blood levels of luteinizing hormone would decrease. Blood levels of gonadotropin releasing hormone would decrease. The positive feedback cycle of gonadotropin releasing hormone and luteinizing hormone would continue. The positive feedback cycle of gonadotropin releasing hormone, luteinizing hormone, and estrogen would continue.

The positive feedback cycle of gonadotropin releasing hormone, luteinizing hormone, and estrogen would continue.

A cell has a mutation resulting in the aldosterone receptor being unable to efficiently bind to DNA. What effect will this have on the cell? Aldosterone cannot be released in the blood as a signaling molecule. Aldosterone will not be able to bind to its receptor in the cytoplasm, so the signaling pathway will not elicit its response. The receptor will become active, but once inside the nucleus it will not be able to initiate transcription, so the signaling pathway will not elicit its response. mRNA will be transcribed, but protein translation will not occur properly, so the signaling pathway will not elicit its response.

The receptor will become active, but once inside the nucleus it will not be able to initiate transcription, so the signaling pathway will not elicit its response.

The inhibitor of an intracellular signal receptor is defective, such that even when stimulated by a signal molecule, the inhibitor stays bound to the receptor. What effect will this have on the signaling pathway? The signal molecule will not enter the cell. The signal molecule will bind to and activate the receptor, but the receptor will not be able to bind to the DNA. The signal molecule will bind to the receptor, but it will not be able to activate it. The signal pathway will be unaffected.

The signal molecule will bind to the receptor, but it will not be able to activate it.

Specific hormones are released from the small intestine and travel through the circulatory system. If these hormones are not released what do you predict would be the initial consequence? The lower stomach will continue to release gastrin. The stomach will continue to release pepsin and hydrochloric acid. The medulla oblongata will continue to be stimulated by external factors. The duodenum will cause the medulla oblongata to inhibit stomach secretion.

The stomach will continue to release pepsin and hydrochloric acid.

If the reverse transcriptase enzyme carried by a retrovirus was mutated and nonfunctional, how would the virus be effected? The virus would not be able to recognize and attach to a host cell. The virus would not be able to enter the host cell. The virus would not be able to incorporate its RNA into the host's genome. The virus would not be able to produce DNA to incorporate into the host's genome. The virus would not be able to use the host to produce new viral proteins.

The virus would not be able to produce DNA to incorporate into the host's genome.

What would be necessary to continue transcription? There would need to be a greater number of ribosomes. There would have to be higher copies of the gene. The continue association of the steroid and the promoter region. There would have to be greater protein production.

There would need to be a greater number of ribosomes.

A cell undergoing meiosis II experiences a problem with its microtubules, such that proper separation of the sister chromatids carrying the Q gene does not occur during anaphase and they are inherited together. What is the most likely effect on the four daughter cells? All daughter cells will have full sets of chromosomes. Two daughter cells will have a full chromosome set. One daughter cell will be missing the chromosome with the Q gene, and the other daughter cell will have an extra copy of the chromosome carrying the Q gene. All daughter cells will be missing the chromosome with the Q gene. All four daughter cells will have a full chromosome set plus an extra copy of the chromosome with the Q gene.

Two daughter cells will have a full chromosome set. One daughter cell will be missing the chromosome with the Q gene, and the other daughter cell will have an extra copy of the chromosome carrying the Q gene.

Epinephrine is produce by the central nervous system and has an affect throughout the body, such as in the heart, liver, and blood vessels. Epinephrine is part of what kind of signaling? Autocrine signaling Paracrine signaling Endocrine signaling Direct intercellular signaling Contact-dependent signaling

Endocrine signaling

If you were to inject a substance that prevents the hypothalamus from releasing GnRH near the end of the follicular phase of an otherwise normally functioning female, what would be the most likely result? FSH and LH levels would not surge normally and ovulation would not occur. FSH levels would surge, but LH levels would not; normal ovulation would occur. FSH and LH levels would surge to levels above normal and hyperovulation (release of eggs from multiple follicles) would occur. FSH would not surge, but LH would; ovulation would not occur.

FSH and LH levels would not surge normally and ovulation would not occur.

Which of the following statements about cAMP is FALSE? It activates the same signal cascade in many different cell types. It is produced by the action of adenylyl cyclase in many different cell types. It is synthesized from ATP. It acts as a second messenger in many different cell types.

It activates the same signal cascade in many different cell types.

What is true of semen? Check all that apply. It assists with sperm survival and motility. It is produced within the testes. It contains fructose. It contains acidic fluids produced by the prostrate and bulbourethral glands. About 95% of semen volume comes from sperm cells.

It assists with sperm survival and motility. It contains fructose.

Which of the following characters is NOT a reason that cAMP is considered a second messenger? It is made from ATP. It is produced in response to a cellular signal binding a receptor. It can quickly diffuse through the cell. All of these make cAMP a second messenger.

It is made from ATP.

How do protease inhibitors function to prevent the production of viral particles? It cleaves the viral proteins, making them nonfunctional. It prevents the viral proteins from assembling into a capsid. It prevents the proper synthesis of functional viral proteins. It prevents viral proteins from embedding in the membrane, so that the virus does not recognize new host cells. None of these are TRUE.

It prevents the proper synthesis of functional viral proteins.

Variation is important for the immune response. Does one of the two strands have a greater potential for influencing diveristy? Yes the light strand Yes the heavy strand No they have equal potential None of the above

Yes the heavy strand

Antigens and bacteria have distinct epitopes that are recognized by a variety of antibodies. Is there an inherent advantage in this situation and why? Yes, since antibodies identify specific epitopes, being able to many recognized sites ensures the antigen reacts with at least one antibody. No, there are many antibodies and therefore one is likely to react with the antigen or bacteria. Yes, because there is little diversity among antibodies so it is better that more epitopes are recognized. No, because the antigen and antibodies have coevolved to recognize each other in the immune-disease "arms race"

Yes, since antibodies identify specific epitopes, being able to many recognized sites ensures the antigen reacts with at least one antibody.

AZT is a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme reverse transcriptase. AZT is similar to what molecule? a nucleotide a glucose molecule a steroid hormone a membrane protein None of these

a nucleotide

The T cells in your body do NOT attack your own cells because (Check all that apply) any T cells that can bind to your own cells are destroyed. any T cells that can bind to your own cells are deactivated. T cells that can bind to your own cells are no produced. they do, but there aren't very many T cells that attack your own cells. you develop immune tolerance.

any T cells that can bind to your own cells are destroyed. any T cells that can bind to your own cells are deactivated. you develop immune tolerance.

Complete the sentences with the correct answer. Notochord elongation occurs via Folding of the neural tube occurs via Invagination of bottle cells during gastrulation occur via The spreading of the ectoderm over the embryo during gastrulation occurs via Neural plate elongation occurs via

apical constriction. apical constriction. convergent extension. convergent extension. convergent extension.

Once inside of the cell, these lipid soluble hormones... bind with a DNA molecule. bind with a specific receptor molecule inside the nucleus. bind with a mRNA molecule. bind with a specific receptor molecule inside the cytoplasm. bind with a ribosome.

bind with a specific receptor molecule inside the cytoplasm.

Chemokines appear to inhibit HIV infection by blocking replication of the virus. interfering with the synthesis of viral proteins. interfering with the cleavage of viral polyproteins. disabling the CD4 receptor. blocking the CXCR4 and CCR5 coreceptors.

blocking the CXCR4 and CCR5 coreceptors.

What are zoonotic diseases? diseases that are commonly found in animals residing in zoos diseases normally found in animals, which have somehow jumped to people diseases that result from being bitten by infected animals diseases caused by bacteria found in the tropical rainforests

diseases normally found in animals, which have somehow jumped to people

The major role meiosis plays in chromosomal inheritance is to double the number of chromosomes to 4N and split asymmetrically so daughter cells are 1N and 3N. double the amount of DNA and reduce the chromosome number in daughter cells from 2N to 1N. quadruple the number of chromosomes and split symmetrically so daughter cells are 2N. quadruple the amount of DNA and retain the chromosome number in daughter cells at 2N.

double the amount of DNA and reduce the chromosome number in daughter cells from 2N to 1N.

The provirus state exists when double-stranded viral DNA is integrated into host cell chromosome. single-stranded viral RNA is integrated into host cell chromosome. double-stranded viral RNA is integrated into host cell chromosome. single-stranded RNA is present as a plasmid in the host cell. double-stranded DNA is present as a plasmid in the host cell.

double-stranded viral DNA is integrated into host cell chromosome.

The process by which a fertilized egg becomes a distinct organism is called epigenesis. cellular differentiation. involution. embryonic development. metamorphosis.

embryonic development.

The direct contact between the plasma membranes of neighboring cells is important in embryonic development because it facilitates the fusion of 2 blastomeres into 1 cell. makes the cells less vulnerable to phagocytes. ensures that cells will move together during development. makes cells more receptive to cytoplasmic factors. is necessary for the germ layers to form.

ensures that cells will move together during development.

Which of the following ovarian hormones is involved in a positive feedback loop with the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary? progesterone luteinizing hormone gonadotropin releasing hormone estrogen gonadotropin

estrogen

You are given a rare opportunity to observe human prenatal development in utero via a special camera implanted in the mother's uterus. During the first viewing session, you observe that the baby has the fundamental features of its nervous system, brain, heart, liver, and circulatory system, but that its lungs lack alveoli (sacs needed for oxygen/CO2 exchange). It is about 6 inches long. What would be the proper term for the baby? What stage of pregnancy is the mother in? embryo, third trimester fetus, second trimester embryo, first trimester fetus, third trimester embryo, second trimester

fetus, second trimester

During which trimester is the fetus at greatest risk? first trimester second trimester third trimester fourth trimester

first trimester

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) presently infects about 40 million people worldwide. In what organisms did HIV originate? from coldwater game fish in the ocean from birds in Asia from mosquitoes in the Nile swamplands from monkeys in the rain forests

from monkeys in the rain forests

The enzyme phosphorylase catalyzes the conversion of glycogen into glucose-6-phosphate. glycogen into glucose. glucose into glycogen. glucose into glucose-6-phosphate. glucose-6-phosphate into glycogen.

glycogen into glucose-6-phosphate.

Chemokines are chemicals curently being studied for their ability to block CXCR4 and CCR5 receptors on the host cells. These inhibitors effect the interaction with which viral protein? CXCR4 CCR5 reverse transcriptase capsid proteins gp120

gp120

The HIV protein that is involved in attachment of the virus to host cells is reverse transcriptase. gp120. CD4. CCR-5. CXCR-4.

gp120.

Heavy chains all have the same constant region have one of two possible constant regions have one of five possible constant regions have one of eight possible constant regions

have one of five possible constant regions

The steroid hormone-receptor complex binds to hormone response elements in DNA. hormone response elements in mRNA. hormone response elements on proteins. ribosomes to stimulate translation. the cell membrane thereby increasing its permeability.

hormone response elements in DNA.

Immediate hypersensitivity initiates (Check all that apply) innate immune response. cell-mediated immune response. humoral immune response. acquired immune response. passive immune response.

humoral immune response. acquired immune response.

Secretin is released from the duodenum in response to hydrochloric acid in chyme. sodium hydroxide in chyme. the hormone gastrin. partially digested protein. partially digested carbohydrate.

hydrochloric acid in chyme.

Where are the osmoreceptors that detect dehydration located? hypothalamus anterior pituitary posterior pituitary kidney cerebellum

hypothalamus

The drug AZT inhibits the enzyme reverse transcriptase. inhibits the production of HIV proteins. inhibits the enzyme protease. breaks down human cell receptors so that HIV cannot bind to them. binds to human cell receptors thereby blocking HIV's access to them.

inhibits the enzyme reverse transcriptase.

Light chains are made of one V and one J segment in the variable region plus a constant region that is common in all light chains one V, one D, and one J segment in the variable region plus a constant region that is common in all light chains one V and one J segment in the variable region plus one of two possible different constant region segments one V and one J in the variable region and no constant region

one V and one J segment in the variable region plus a constant region that is common in all light chains

An individual antibody is made against a whole bacterial cell one epitope on the cell one antigen on the cell all of the combined antigenic determinants on a cell the cell's DNA

one epitope on the cell

If the DNA of the provirus is transcribed several single mRNA strands are produced. a plasmid is made. the provirus detaches and becomes lytic. one long polygenic mRNA is produced.

one long polygenic mRNA is produced.

Toll proteins directly phagocytize foreign microbes. only bind to certain ligands. are only found in the fruit fly Drosophila. are key factors for acquired immunity. are found within leukocyte cells.

only bind to certain ligands.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released by the hypothalamus. anterior pituitary. posterior pituitary. kidney. cerebellum.

posterior pituitary

The pathological disorders associated with type I diabetes results from the inability to produce pancreatic insulin. counteract rises in blood glucose levels. counteract drops in blood glucose levels. produce pancreatic insulin to counteract rises in blood glucose levels. produce pancreatic insulin to counteract drops in blood glucose levels.

produce pancreatic insulin to counteract rises in blood glucose levels.

Cytoplasmic factors are important during embryonic development because they (Check all that apply) promote developmental changes at the cellular level. are involved in autonomous specification. are involved in conditional specification. are active regardless of concentration. affect the developmental fate of neighboring cells.

promote developmental changes at the cellular level. are involved in autonomous specification. are involved in conditional specification. affect the developmental fate of neighboring cells.

Spermatogenesis occurs in the epididymis. seminiferous tubules. prostate gland. vas deferens. seminal vesicle.

seminiferous tubules.

Spermatogenesis occurs in the epididymis. seminiferous tubules. prostate gland. vas deferens. seminal vesicle.

seminiferous tubules.

What are some common causes of human infertility? Check all that apply. sexually transmitted disease influenza virus hormonal imbalance long term excessive exercise inadequate nutrition during adulthood excessive gamete production

sexually transmitted disease hormonal imbalance long term excessive exercise inadequate nutrition during adulthood

The removal of the tonsils in a person will lead to a (Check all that apply) dramatic decrease in acquired immune response. dramatic decrease in innate immune response. slight decrease in acquired immune response. slight decrease in innate immune response. slight increase in overall immunity.

slight decrease in acquired immune response.

Which of the following is a correct sequence of cells in spermatogenesis? spermatogonium -> primary spermatocyte -> secondary spermatocyte spermatogonium -> secondary spermatocyte -> primary spermatocyte primary spermatocyte -> secondary spermatocyte -> spermatogonium primary spermatocyte -> spermatogonium -> secondary spermatocyte None of these choices are correct.

spermatogonium -> primary spermatocyte -> secondary spermatocyte

Which of the following is a correct sequence of cells in spermatogenesis? spermatogonium -> primary spermatocyte -> secondary spermatocyte spermatogonium -> secondary spermatocyte -> primary spermatocyte primary spermatocyte -> secondary spermatocyte -> spermatogonium primary spermatocyte -> spermatogonium -> secondary spermatocyte none of these choices are correct

spermatogonium -> primary spermatocyte -> secondary spermatocyte

Glucocorticoids are ________ hormones secreted by ________ glands. peptide ; endocrine peptide ; exocrine steroid ; endocrine steroid ; exocrine None of these choices are true

steroid ; endocrine

Glucocorticoid hormones activate genes that are involved in which of the following processes? synthesis of glucose mobilization of fats breakdown of proteins synthesis of glucose and mobilization of fats synthesis of glucose, mobilization of fats, and breakdown of proteins

synthesis of glucose, mobilization of fats, and breakdown of proteins

When a provirus is incorporated into the host's genome, and no virions are being produced, this is known as the lytic phase the provirus phase the lysogenic phase the virulent phase the infectious phase

the lysogenic phase

Which are true statements about the migration and role of neural crest cells? Check all that apply. the cells originate in the endoderm the cells differentiate before they migrate the process gives rise to the neurons of the peripheral nervous system the process gives rise to support cells in the peripheral nervous system the process gives rise to melanocytes the process gives rise to the connective tissue of many organs

the process gives rise to the neurons of the peripheral nervous system the process gives rise to support cells in the peripheral nervous system the process gives rise to melanocytes the process gives rise to the connective tissue of many organs

How can the genetic information of retroviruses be characterized? one copy of single-stranded RNA. two copies of single-stranded RNA. one copy of double-stranded RNA. two copies of single-stranded DNA.

two copies of single-stranded RNA.

Match each developmental event with the correct end result. 1. Fertilization 2. Early cell divisions 3. Gastrulation 4. Neurulation 5. Organogenesis

zygote forms blastula forms 3 germ layers form body segments form process is controlled by Hox genes

When a primary follicle enlarges, and there are several layers of granulosa cells, it is called a... primordial follicle. primary follicle. secondary follicle. mature follicle. corpus luteum.

secondary follicle.

Multiple hormones are secreted from the anterior pituitary gland. These hormones affect physiology in many target tissues in the body. Match the each anterior pituitary hormones with the correct target tissue. 1. Prolactin 2. Follicle-stimulating 3. Growth hormone (GH) 4. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 5. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Mammary gland hormone (FSH) Gonads Long bones Adrenal cortex Thyroid gland

Arrange the following in the proper order in which they occur during glucocorticoid hormone action. 1. Binding of hormone to receptor 2. Release of HSP90 proteins 3. Entry of hormone into the nucleus 1, 2, 3 2, 1, 3 2, 3, 1 3, 2, 1 3, 1, 2

1, 2, 3

How long does it take to form a blastocyst? less than an hour 1-2 hours 5 days 1-2 weeks

5 days

List the steps of phagocytosis in the correct order: 1. C3b receptors of the phagocyte recognizes and binds to the C3b component of the bacteria. 2. Digestion occurs in the phagolysosome 3. Excocytosis of digested contents from the phagocyte 4. Release of digestive enzymes 5. The microorganism is contained in a phagosome 6. The microorganism undergoes opsonization 2, 4, 1, 3, 6, 5 5, 6, 2, 3, 4, 1 4, 6, 1, 5, 2, 3 6, 1, 5, 4, 2, 3

6, 1, 5, 4, 2, 3

What is the advantage to the cell of a signaling molecule entering directly into the cell, and binding to and activating a receptor that can induce transcription of DNA? A wide variety of responses can be elicited. The signal can be greatly amplified within the cell. The signal cascade can be more tightly regulated than when extracellular signaling molecules are used. A change in gene expression can be quickly accomplished. The signaling molecule itself is able to regulate gene expression.

A change in gene expression can be quickly accomplished.

Which of the following would be classified as a zoonotic disease? A rash appears on a camper in response to a plant toxin. A diver suffers cardiac arrest from toxins delivered in a jellyfish sting. A hunter develops a fever two days after skinning rabbits. A hiker suffers tissue death resulting from snake bite venom.

A hunter develops a fever two days after skinning rabbits.

What is the most likely way for a virus to jump from an animal host to a human host? All virus have a wide host range and can infect any animal or human to which it is exposed. A mutation may occur in the viral DNA, allowing it to infect human cells. A human eats an animal and incorporates the animal's cells into its tissue. Now, the human is susceptible to any virus that the consumed animal was susceptible to. Any virus that can infect a mosquito can also infect a human that the mosquito bites.

A mutation may occur in the viral DNA, allowing it to infect human cells.

What is the most likely result of interrupted convergent extension of the notochord? A longer anteroposterior axis of the organism A wider and shorter notochord A narrower and longer notochord Invagination of the notochord No change in the shape of the notochord

A wider and shorter notochord

An antiviral factor called ________ has been found in ________ cells. CAF ; CD4 CAF ; CD8 NEF ; CD4 NEF ; CD8 NEF ; brain

CAF ; CD8

The calcium wave that propagates across the egg during fertilization takes very little time to move. What is the most likely outcome if the calcium wave took twice as long to occur? Fertilization would take longer. Additional sperm could potentially fertilize the egg. Fertilization would take less time. The possibility of fraternal twins would decrease.

Additional sperm could potentially fertilize the egg.

Identify the main types of pathogens that elicit immune responses. Check all that apply. Bacteria Protists Viruses Antibodies Eukaryotic parasites Fungi Drosophila

Bacteria Protists Viruses Eukaryotic parasites Fungi

What characteristic of glucocorticoid hormones allow them to act as intracellular receptors? Glucocorticoid hormones are able to specifically bind to receptors on the cell surface that transport them into the cell. Glucocorticoid hormones are hydrophobic and can diffuse through the plasma membrane. Glucocorticoid hormones are ionic and can diffuse through the plasma membrane. Glucocorticoid hormones can pass through channel proteins that allow them to enter the cell. Glucocorticoid hormones are produced within the cell in which they elicit a response.

Glucocorticoid hormones are hydrophobic and can diffuse through the plasma membrane.

Which are true statements about HIV? Check all that apply. HIV preferentially attacks cytotoxic T cells. HIV incorporates its genetic material into the chromosome of the host. CD4 markers are enough for HIV reception and entry into the host cell. Not all individuals have equal resistance to HIV. HIV causes cells that are not infected to self-destruct. One of the major forms of treatment attacks the virus directly. One of the major forms of treatment involves preventing the virus from entering cells. There are virtually no side effects to current treatments.

HIV incorporates its genetic material into the chromosome of the host. Not all individuals have equal resistance to HIV. HIV causes cells that are not infected to self-destruct. One of the major forms of treatment attacks the virus directly. One of the major forms of treatment involves preventing the virus from entering cells.

Compare and contrast HIV and AIDS. HIV and AIDS are synonymous with each other both are used to describe the virus. AIDS is a virus that invades and destroys T cells, HIV is the disease outcome of AIDS infection. HIV is a virus that invades and destroys T cells, AIDS is the disease outcome of HIV infection. HIV and AIDS are synonymous with each other both are used to describe the disease.

HIV is a virus that invades and destroys T cells, AIDS is the disease outcome of HIV infection.

Which are true statements about autoimmune disease? Check all that apply. Immune tolerance increases dramatically with autoimmune diseases. Humoral-mediated attacks increase on tissues of the body. Cell-mediated attacks increase on tissues of the body. Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease in which the myelin around neurons is attacked. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease in which the joints are attacked. Type I diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune disease in which pancreatic cells are attacked.

Humoral-mediated attacks increase on tissues of the body. Cell-mediated attacks increase on tissues of the body. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease in which the joints are attacked. Type I diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune disease in which pancreatic cells are attacked.

Many hormones are used therapeutically to treat a wide range of disorders. Match each hormone with the disorder that it is used to treat. 1. Thyroxine 2. Insulin 3. Growth hormone 4. Epinephrine 5. Glucocorticoids 6. Estrogen

Hypothyroidism Type-I Diabetes Mellitus hort stature in prepubertal children Asthma Inflammation, lung disease, skin disorders, etc. Symptoms associated with menopause

If gonadotropin releasing hormone was removed from the system what do you predict would occur to the levels of estrogen being released into the blood stream? There would be no effect on the system since production of luteinizing hormone is directly stimulated by estrogen. Lower amounts of luteinizing hormone would be released and therefore lower amounts of estrogen would be produced. There would be an enhanced amount of luteinizing hormone and therefore greater release of estrogen. The release of estrogen would fully stop if the gonadotropin releasing hormone was not available in the system.

Lower amounts of luteinizing hormone would be released and therefore lower amounts of estrogen would be produced.

If gonadotropin releasing hormone was removed from the system what do you predict would occur to the levels of estrogen being released into the bloodstream? There would be no effect on the system since production of luteinizing hormone is directly stimulated by estrogen. Lower amounts of luteinizing hormone would be released and therefore lower amounts of estrogen would be produced. There would be an enhanced amount of luteinizing hormone and therefore greater release of estrogen. The release of estrogen would fully stop if the gonadotropin releasing hormone was not available in the system.

Lower amounts of luteinizing hormone would be released and therefore lower amounts of estrogen would be produced.

The β-cells of the pancreas release insulin in response to elevated plasma glucose levels, usually following a meal. Insulin is released into the circulation and acts on target tissues to increase the transport of glucose into cells. Predict the most likely location to find the insulin receptor at the target cell. Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Cytosol Nucleus Plasma membrane

Plasma membrane

What is true regarding primordial germ cells? Check all that apply. In humans, pole cells at the posterior end of the embryo become primordial germ cells. Autonomous specification is responsible for primordial germ cell determination in amphibians. Primordial germ cells differentiate early in development. Primordial germ cells only undergo mitosis. Germ plasm is known to help define primordial germ cells in all vertebrates

Primordial germ cells only undergo mitosis.

Other than the presence of RNA vs. DNA, how is a retrovirus different from other viruses? Retrovirus incorporate DNA into the host cell's genome Retrovirus make RNA transcripts of their own genome using the host cell's enzymes. Retrovirus carry an enzyme within the virion. Retrovirus do not kill their host cells Retrovirus can only infect animals, not plants or prokaryotes

Retrovirus carry an enzyme within the virion.

Which are major responses of embryonic cells to positional information in the embryo? Check all that apply. cell division cell migration glucose uptake cell differentiation fusion with neighboring cells apoptosis

cell division cell migration cell differentiation apoptosis

Which of the following are at high risk from week 3 through week 16 of a pregnancy? heart teeth ears central nervous system

central nervous system

A pathogen may damage its host by (Check all that apply) damaging tissue at a pre-existing wound site. releasing toxins. disrupting functions of tissues throughout the body. parasitizing the host cell machinery. utilizing host cell nutrients.

damaging tissue at a pre-existing wound site. releasing toxins. disrupting functions of tissues throughout the body. parasitizing the host cell machinery. utilizing host cell nutrients.

ADH functions to increase urine volume output and cause blood vessel dilation. increase urine volume output and cause blood vessel constriction. decrease urine volume output and cause blood vessel dilation. decrease urine volume output and cause blood vessel constriction. decrease urine volume output, but has no effect on blood vessels.

decrease urine volume output and cause blood vessel constriction.

Increasing thalidomide concentration would disproportionately damage cells that develop into ____________ and result in _____________. skull bones; smaller skull vertebrae; scoliosis limbs; shortened arms and legs skeletal muscle; atrophied large muscles lungs; decreased lung capacity

limbs; shortened arms and legs

Which of the following has an antrum? primordial follicle primary follicle secondary follicle mature follicle corpus luteum

mature follicle

Which of the following has an antrum? primordial follicle primary follicle secondary follicle mature follicle corpus luteum

mature follicle

The original cell begins to divide, the DNA of each new cell is an exact copy of the original cell. Based on this information what type of cell division is responsible for blastocyst formation? meiosis mitosis There is not enough information to determine the type of cell division.

mitosis

The HIV enzyme that makes a double-stranded DNA copy of the viral genome is DNA polymerase. RNA polymerase. reverse transcriptase. endonuclease. gyrase.

reverse transcriptase.