Bio Final

In which of these circulatory structures would you expect to find the greatest concentration of urea?

An arterioles entering the glomerulus

An example of effectors roles in homeostatic responses is observable when

An increase in body temperature resulting from involuntary shivering

The earliest land plants faced many challenges when they first tried to survive on land, however _______ was most definitely not one of them.

Animal predation

Several species of toad tadpoles develop in small stagnant pools of fresh water in the desert. As these pools get smaller due to evaporation you might expect their kidneys to switch from producing ammonia to:

Urea since the small stagnant pools do not provide enough water to dilute the toxic ammonia

Arrange the following structures from largest to smallest, assuming that they belong to two generations of the same angiosperm.

Embryo sac, ovary, ovule, egg

Which statement most accurately describes the evolutionary relationships among the three domains?

Eukaryote and archaea diverged from a common ancestor more recently than they diverged from their common ancestor with bacteria

Arthropoda invaded land about 100 million years before vertebrates did so. This most clearly implies that

Extant terrestrial Arthropoda are better adapted to terrestrial life than are extant terrestrial vertebrates

You observe a female burrowing mammal, it has two tiny eyes that are difficult to see and seemingly covered by skin as well as enlarged front paws with enlarged claws for digging. What might you look for to distinguish whether it was marsupial or eutherian mode?

External abdominal pouch

If the snake like organism turned out to be a lamprey, wat would its mode of feeding be?

Fluid feeder

At which developmental stage should one be able first distinguish a diploblastic embryo from a triploblastic embryo?

Gastrulation

A biologist is trying to classify a newly discovered fungus on the basis of the following characteristics: 1. hausteria that form arbuscular mycorrhizae 2. coenocytic hyphae and mycelia 3. asexually reproducing 4. obligate symbionts This new species most likely belongs to which of the following groups?

Glomeromycetes

An animals inputs of energy and materials would exceed its outputs when?

It is growing and in increasing mass

Fossil evidence indicates that the following events occurred in what sequence, from earliest to most recent?

1. Cambrian explosion occurs 2. Vertebrates become top predators in the seas 3. Protostomes invade terrestrial environments 4. Deuterostomes invade terrestrial environments

What adaptations should one expect of the seed coats of angiosperm species whose seeds are dispersed by fruit-eating animals, as opposed to angiosperm species whose seeds are dispersed by other means?

1. The seed coat should be able to withstand the low pH of an animal's gut. 2. The seed coat should be resistant to an animal's digestive enzymes.

As a youngster, you drive a nail in the trunk of a young tree that is 3 meters tall. The nail is about 1.5 meters from the ground. Fifteen years later, you return and discover that the tree has grown to a height of 30 meters. About how many meters above the ground is the nail?

1.5

One important difference between the anatomy of roots and the anatomy of leaves is that

A waxy cuticle covers leaves but is absent from roots

You discovered a fossil bird in jurassic rocks that appears very closely related to archaeopteryx. It has fathers and teeth. It is also different to modern birds. These characteristics might be

A very long feathered tail and toothed beak

Which of the following traits do most archeans and bacteria share?

A cell membrane, lack of a nuclear membrane

Which of the following statements best describes secondary endosymbiosis?

A host cell ingests another cell already containing a primary symbiont.

Imagine that excessive consumption of ethanol increases the influx of Cl- into "common sense" neurons whose action potentials are needed for you to act appropriately and not harm yourself and others. Thus, any resulting poor decisions associated with athanol ingestion are likely due to

A lower resting potential (more-) of "common sense" neurons and therefore lower firing rate

Positive feedback occurs when?

A nursing infant sucking increases the secretion of milk releasing hormone etc.

You are digging for fossils in Jurassic rocks and unearth a complete skeleton of fossil synapsid. You are undecided, at first, whether the animal was a mammal or a more primitive mammal-like cynodont. Which characters listed below, would help you decide?

A. The fossil has seven rock vertebrate B. The fossil has a singe lower jawbone and three ear bones C. The fossil has specialized teeth [D. At least two of the characters listed about would be decisive]

Which of the following statements supports the hypothesis that the bidirectional gas flow occurring in humans (air goes in and out through the same passages) is less efficient than the unidirectional flow in birds?

About one-third of the air in human lungs is trapped in "dead space" where has exchange with the circulation cannot occur.

In multiple sclerosis, the myelin sheaths around the axons of the brain and spinal cord are damaged and demyelination results. How does this disease manifest at the level of the action potential?

Action potentials move more slowly along the axon

You find a plant growing in a dense forest, what adaptation would be most useful for the plant to obtain adequate light exposure?

Apical dominance

If a teacher wanted to demonstrate that some of the invertebrates possess an open circulatory system. The teacher should remove and dissect a...

Arthropod

How does artificial selection differ from natural selection?

Artifical selection is based on conscious choices by humans

Sporangia produced by the bread "mold" Rhizopus(Zygomycetes) represent:

Asexual structures that produce haploid spores

Imagine a patient that could actively destroy virus-infected cells but could not produce antibodies against free-floating viruses in the blood and other bodily fluids. This patient would Isley show a disorder in which cells?

B-cells

Some researchers have begun attempting to precipitate radioactive uranium from ground water by adding non-indigenous microbes to the soil, in the hopes that these bacteria will remove the dangerous radioactive chemical in the soil and groundwater. This is an example of ___

Bioremediation

Which of the following will most likely occur if you inactivated all the Na+/K+ ATPase pumps of a neuron?

Both Na+ and K+ will move down their concentration gradients toward equilibrium and set a new resting potential for the cell.

Which of the following mechanisms are used to regulate blood pressure in the closed circulatory system of vertebrates

Changing the force of heart contraction, constricting and relaxing sphincters in the walls of arterioles, and adjusting the volume of blood contained in the veins

During the consumption of blood, the ADH level in the blood will likely ____ while during the digestion of the blood, ADH levels would likely ___

Fall/rise

When a patient has his gallbladder removed, which of the following food types might a doctor recommend this patient consume in lower quantities?

Fat

A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. After observing its anatomy and life cycle, he notes the following characteristics: flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte and sporophyte generations it's the sporophyte dominant, and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to...

Ferns

Clayton is virginica is a woodland spring herb with flowers that vary from white to pale pink to bright pink. This plant is primarily pollinated by a bee that prefers pink flowers to white flowers. Claytonia with pink flowers have greater relative fruit set than claytonia with white flowers. Nevertheless, the percentage of different flower colors remains stable In the study population from year to year. Which of these statements might explain this observation?

Flower color is not heritable but is instead environmentally determined

The chloroplasts of all of the following are derived from the endosymbiosis of an ancestral red alga except those for

Green algae

Why does the oxygen content of water increases linearly with increase in oxygen partial pressure while the oxygen content of blood increases in a sigmoidal (s-shaped) fashion?

Hemoglobin shows cooperative oxygen binding

House cats require that the amino acid leucine be present in their diet (I.e., it is essential). This means that

House cats are not able to synthesize leucine.

You have before you a living organism, which you examine carefully. Which of the following should convince you that the organism is acoelomate?

In cross section the muscle layer is continuous between the ectoderm and the endoderm

Starting from the wild mustard Brassica oleracea, breeders have created the strains known as Brussels sprouts, broccoli, kale, and cabbage. Therefore, which of the following statements is correct?

In this species, there is enough heritable variation to create a variety of features

A physician encounters a patient that fails to produce gastric. As a result, the patient should have which of the following symptoms?

Inactive parietal cells, failure to produce HCl in his stomach, inability to digest proteins in the stomach

Which of the following would not be a good reason for studying SSU RNA to understand the major branches in the evolutionary history of life?

It mutates very frequently

Julie catches a ray finned fish from the ocean and notices attached to it's flank is an equally long, snake like organism. It has no external segmentation, no scales, and round mouth without jaw. What feature excludes it from potentially being a nematode?

It's closed circulatory system

The feather moss pleurozium gametophyte harbors nitrogen-fixing Cyanobacteria. Which of the following is a feature of moss gametophytes that is most important for the continued survival of these cyanobacteria in the tissues of the feather moss gametophyte?

Lack of true roots or roots

Which feature of osmoregulation is found in both marine and freshwater bony fish?

Loss of water through gills

Insects produce special antimicrobial peptides called defensins, that break down bacterial cell walls. These peptides are likely analogous in function to ______ among vertebrates

Lysozymes

Which of the following are the most likely to have teeth adapted for grinding and/or tearing?

Mass feeders

what would be the ploidy of a single mature spore of a fungus?

Monoploid

The pressure of blood leaving the left ventricle of an arctic fox is _____ than the pressure of blood leaving the right ventricle

Much greater

Suppose a species of bacteria Ives on the surface of a plant's root system, here it obtains nutrition from the plant's root system, while providing nitrogen to the plant and inhibiting the growth of other microbes that are plant pathogens. However, should this bacterium somehow manage to get into the xylem of the plant, it causes a fatal disease. What is the correct sequence of ecological roles played by the bacterium in the situation described here?

Mutualist, pathogen

If an algae living inside their ascocarp hosts provides carbon for the ascocarp, then algae can probably considered to be:

Mutualists and symbionts

How would you classify Cyanobacteria, which can use light energy to generate chemical energy, and release oxygen as a result of this process

Photoautotroph

The atmosphere and dead of the early earth lacked oxygen. What kind or organisms could NOT have lived under those conditions?

Obligate aerobes

Mucus is secreted in both the respiratory and digestive tracts. What is its main immunological function?

Physically trapping pathogens

Alternation of generations means

One phase of the life cycle is diploid and the other is haploid

SOfia decides to sit in a comfy chair after thanksgiving dinner, which set of nerves is likely to be active?

Parasympathetic nerves

You go back in time to the early Triassic period and discover an interesting plant showing the following characteristics: 1. Lignified vascular tissue 2. Seeds not contained within a carpel 3. Fertilization not requiring water 4. Other vessel elements You would expect this plant to have:

Pollen

Kingdom fungi and animalia are more closely related to each other than they are to kingdom plants because they share these characteristics which are absent from plantae

Production of chitin and obligate heterotrophs

Which of the following are arranged in the sequence in which the various taxa first appeared in time?

Prokaryotes, protists, bryophytes, ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms

Bivalves in an aquarium with sea stars, lobsters and gastropods started to die one by one, only the shells remained with a small hole bored into them. If the teacher used a dissecting microscope to examine the intact external surfaces of the empty shells of the bivalves, the teacher should dissect which animal

Radulae

Aqua-Orin's have been identified in the epithelium of the large intestine. Given their function in the kidney what do you think their function is in the large intestine?

Reabsorb water from the large intestine

Which characteristics is shared between Cnidaria and a planarian and therefore uninformative when trying when trying to distinguish them?

Single opening to the digestive system

What is the benefit of breaking down large chunks of food into smaller pieces via mechanical digestion?

Smaller pieces of food have more surface area for chemical digestion than do larger pieces of food

While sampling marine plankton in a lab, a student encounters large numbers of fertilized eggs. The student rears some of the eggs in the laboratory for further and finds that the blastopore becomes the mouth. What animal is it most likely to be?

Snail

A botanist discovers a new species of land plant with a dominant sporophyte, chlorophylls a and b, and cell walls made of cellulose. In assigning this plant to a phylum, which of the following, if present, would be least useful? A) endosperm B) seeds C) sperm that lack flagella D) flowers E) spores

Spores

You want to do an experiment with a developing zygote. You previously saw these zygotes develop their mouth from the blastrophe and develop tissues, your hypothesis is that they will:

Stay broken apart and stop developing and die at some point

You are a botanist studying a new plant species discovered in the hot and dry American southwest. Which adaptation is the least useful for such a plant that endures water shortages?

The development of large flat leaf surfaces

If the snake like organism turned to be out hagfish, why should Julie throw the ray finned fish that she caught overboard rather than making dinner from it?

The fish was probably sick or dying, otherwise the hagfish would not have attacked it

A stalked, sessile marine organism has several elongated feeding structures surrounding an opening where food is ingested. This organism could potentially be a cnidarian, a tube-dwelling worm, a crustacean or an echinoderm. Finding which of the possibilities below in this organism would allow you to be certain of the organism's identity?

The presence of tube feet

The initial depolarization of the neuron crossing the activation threshold and leading to atonal firing would be considered a positive feedback loop because

The product of the initial depolarization crossing the activation threshold amplifies the signal

You discover a new species of plant that you suspect could be something other than a moss or some other bryophyte. Which of the following characteristics would you use to decide that your new plant was not a bryophyte?

The sporophyte generation is dominant

Why did scientists originally hypothesize that proteolytic enzymes like pepsin and trypsin are secreted in inactive form?

These proteolytic enzymes, in active form, would digest the very tissues that synthesize them

Mycoplasmas are bacteria that lack a peptoglycan layer or outer membrane. Therefore, on the basis of this structure feature you could expect that...

They would stain pink with gram stain

Which option would be the least effective initial line of defense against pathogens?

Thin, nonkeratized skin of a frog

Caprimulgiformes birds (oilbirds, frogmouths, photos, and owlet-nightjars) have been observed opening their mouths (gape) and exposing the wet surface of their mouths while performing gular (throat) fluttering. The rate of blood flow is also increased to the mouth as well. Why might do they do this?

To allow themselves to lose excess heat via evaporation

An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) occurs in a membrane made more permeable to which of the following?

Two of the above are potentially correct [out of potassium ions, sodium ions, chloride ions]

Which pair of alternatives is highlighted by the life cycle of the cellular slime molds, such as dictyostelium?

Unicellular or multicellular

In a survivably cold environment, an ectotherm is more likely to survive an extended period of food deprivation than would an equally sized endotherm because the ectotherm

invests little energy in temperature regulation