bio final
A molecule moves down its concentration gradient using a transport protein in the plasma membrane. This is an example of
facilitated diffusion.
Large proteins, like DNA polymerase and hemoglobin, are often composed of several polypeptides that are linked together. The _____ level of protein structure describes how the polypeptides are joined to create a larger complex.
fourth
Starch and glycogen are complex carbohydrates made by joining together long chains of __________ monomers
glucose
what is the primary sugar being pulled out of the hole high in the tree?
glucose
which molecule is broken down in cellular respiration, providing fuel for the cell?
glucose
cellular respiration
glucose + o2 = co2 + h2o + atp
The enzyme lactase breaks the sugar lactose into which compound(s)?
glucose and galactose
The highlighted part of this molecule is derived from
glycerol
In fat synthesis,________and fatty acids combine to make fats plus________
glycerol; water
Which of the following processes takes place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell?
glycolysis
sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration
glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain
Individual water molecules are held to one another by relatively weak ________ bonds
hydrogen
The chemical reaction in which a large molecule is broken down into the smaller parts that make it up, is called a __________ reaction
hydrolysis
The breaking of a large organic molecule into smaller individual subunits involves multiple
hydrolysis reactions
All lipids are
hydrophobic
In the reaction that builds a fat,________ groups react with ________ groups
hydroxyl; carboxyl
Basal metabolic rate
includes the energy consumed by the body during cellular respiration, If all other factors are identical, a person who weighs more will have a higher BMR than a person who weighs less.
All sodium atoms have 11 protons. The nuclei of some sodium atoms contain 12 neutrons and others contain 11. These different forms of sodium are called
isotopes
Respiration is called aerobic because ________
it requires oxygen
A food company hydrogenated a barrel of fat. The treatment
made the fat less fluid
Blood volume level
maintained through the process of negative feedback
Blood glucose level
maintained through the process of negative feedback, a form of self-regulation in which the result of a process acts to inhibit that same process
In what organelle would you find acetyl CoA formation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain?
mitochondrion
In active transport,
molecules move across the plasma membrane against their concentration gradient.
Part complete Predict how many molecules of carbon dioxide are produced from the mitochondrial "burning" of one molecule of glucose?
6
Predict how many molecules of carbon dioxide are produced from the mitochondrial "burning" of one molecule of glucose?
6
What are the four classes of large organic molecules important to life on Earth?
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
Why are all living organisms based on molecules that contain carbon?
Carbon atoms can form strong covalent bonds with many other carbon atoms, and the atoms of hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
are the fundamental units of life
Cells
You decide to eat healthier. When it comes to fat and the food panel, which of the following should be your goal?
Consume unsaturated fats, while avoiding saturated fats trans fats.
Mitochondrion
organelle of cellular respiration, harvests chemical energy from food, produces CO2 as a waste product, found in both animal cells and plant cells
Chloroplast
organelle of photosynthesis, found only in plant cells and some algae, converts solar energy to chemical energy, produces O2 as a waste product, contains thylakoid
The passive transport of water is specifically called
osmosis
diffusion
passive transport where molecules move across the plasma membrane by crossing the lipid bilayer
Endocytosis
plasma membrane forms a pocket that pinches inward, forming a vesicle that contains material from outside the cell
Evaluate this statement: Cholesterol is a type of lipid, and thus all cholesterol lipids are bad for human health.
False, because some types cholesterol increase heart disease, but other types are necessary, especially in the plasma membrane.
Scott, the doctor in the video, had fatty liver disease. What was the cause of the fat in his liver?
He had a higher number of calories in his diet than what he burned through exercise.
Which of the following are you least likely to learn about a product when reading the Nutrition Facts panel?
If the ingredients are genetically modified
Where does most of the absorption of food nutrients take place?
In the small intenstine
Which of the following on a product's label would be best for you to review to determine if it is safe for her to consume?
Ingredient list
What happens to the shape and function of a protein if one of the amino acids is replaced with a different type of amino acid?
It depends on the role of the amino acid that is altered. One amino acid might be replaced with no measurable effect on the protein's function; replacing another might cause a total loss of function.
What did researchers discover about the genetic mutation causing lactase persistence?
It is found in a regulatory region (a "switch") upstream of the lactase gene.
What do fats, steroids, and waxes have in common?
Low solubility in water
What is the sum total of all the chemical reactions that take place in your body called?
Metabolism
How could milk-drinking have provided strong favorable selection for lactase persistence?
Milk is protein and fat-rich and therefore could have been an important, high-quality food source. Milk was safer to drink than water and reduced exposure to pathogens. Milk may have been a critical food source during times of famine.
What molecules are constituents of animal cell membranes?
Phospholipids, proteins, carbohydrates and cholesterol
________ refers to how a body system functions, and ________ refers to the structure of a body part
Physiology; anatomy
What is another name for the polymers of carbohydrates?
Polysaccharides
Based on the comparison in the video between cola, fruit-flavored soda, and fruit juice, what can we assume about the processed non-diet drinks we purchase at the grocery store?
Sodas and fruit juices may have large amounts of added sugar.
Who is likely to be the most frustrated with the new food panel as compared to the old food panel?
Someone with a Vitamin A deficiency
Which would most likely pass unaided through a plasma membrane?
Something small and nonpolar, such as nitrogen gas
Which reaction represents cellular respiration?
Sugar + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide+ Water + ATP
According to the video, what is often true about low-fat diet foods?
Sugar is often added to low-fat diet foods to help boost the taste.
Based on your understanding of the definitions of glycemic load and glycemic index, which item has greater potential to raise your blood glucose?
The Milky Way bar because it has a higher glycemic load, which accounts for the actual amount of sugar available in the bar.
What might happen if a protein has a change in one amino acid?
The amino acid chain folds incorrectly, the protein can no longer function properly, the protein has a new shape
What is the main purpose of cellular respiration?
To produce ATP
Which of the following dietary fats is considered to be the least healthy?
Trans fat
Proteins are diverse molecules that perform a wide variety of functions. Which of the following are typical functions of proteins?
Transport, movement, catalyze reactions via enzymes NOT a function: energy storage
Which of the following is an accurate description of the plasma membrane?
Two layers of phospholipids with a number of proteins embedded within
What is the name of the tubes that run from the kidneys to the bladder?
Ureters
An essential nutrient is specifically a nutrient that your body
cannot make by itself
Organic compounds are distinguished by molecules that contain ________ bonded to other elements
carbon
Which of the following options lists the structural elements of organisms in the correct order, from smallest to largest?
cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms
The bond in which bonded atoms share electrons is called a(n)
covalent bond
The plasma membrane forms a pocket that pinches inward, forming a vesicle that contains material from outside the cell. This describes the process of
endocytosis
Enzymes are a type of
protein
During digestion, __________ are broken down into __________ through __________ reactions
proteins; amino acids; hydrolysis
active transport
requires energy from the cell. molecules move against their concentration gradient
The presence of many C-C and C-H bonds causes fats to be
rich in energy and insoluble in water
Your body contains thousands of different types of proteins, each with a specific function. A protein's function is largely determined by its
shape
Most of the absorption of nutrients (besides water) takes place in the
small intestine
The sodium-potassium pump uses energy from ATP to move sodium ions out of the cell, and potassium ions into the cell. This is an example of
active transport
The primary structure of a protein is like the arrangement of beads on a string. In this analogy, the beads are
amino acids
Form refers to ________, and function refers to ________
anatomical structure; physiological actions
Monosaccharides __________, and polysaccharides __________.
are single monomer units; are made of many monosaccharides chained together
What kinds of molecules can be used as metabolic fuel to produce ATP?
sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids
mechanical digestion
teeth chew and grind up food, stomach muscles churn food
The most unsaturated fats have
the most double bonds
A protein's alpha helices and beta sheets fold together to create an overall shape at the _____ level of protein structure.
third
Water crosses the plasma membrane
through facilitated diffusion or diffusion
The primary nitrogenous waste product of humans
urea
exocytosis
vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing their contents into the extracellular fluid
What is the maximum number of single covalent bonds a carbon atom can form with other elements?
4
The food you eat is processed during cellular respiration to produce stored chemical energy in the form of __________. __________ and __________ are by products
ATP; CO2; water
What is the basic structure of typical dietary fats?
A glycerol head and up to three fatty acid tails
How does the term "lactase persistent" relate to the term "lactose tolerant"?
A lactase-persistent person is lactose tolerant
What is a phospholipid?
A special kind of lipid with a water-loving head and 2 water-fearing tails
Which energy-rich molecule produced by cellular respiration directly powers cell work?
ATP
Which of the following is a common energy currency in living cells that powers most living organisms?
ATP
Which of the following is true regarding food labels in the United States?
All ingredients must be listed
What are the monomers of proteins?
Amino acids
Which discovery supports the hypothesis that evolution of the lactase-persistence trait was driven by the use of milk in pastoralist cultures?
Ancient pots used to hold milk are about the same age as the lactase-persistence mutations.
Which of the following cells contain a plasma membrane?
Animal cells, plant cells, and bacterial cells
From what you learned in the video, how does blood glucose level change (or not change) in a non-diabetic human?
Blood glucose level hovers within a narrow range.
In what ways are chloroplasts similar to mitochondria?
Both organelles provide energy to the cell
How does CO2 move from your blood cells into your lung cells?
By passive transport
Triglycerides vary with respect to the number of
C atoms in the tails and double bonds in the tails
What is the correct general equation for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy
How is diabetes linked with homeostasis?
Diabetes results from the body not responding with a negative feedback to the level of glucose in the blood
During which stage of cellular respiration is the majority of the ATP produced?
Electron transport chain
chemical digestion
Enzymes in your stomach break down proteins into animo acids, saliva in your mouth breaks down carbohydrates into sugar monomers
Which would have the highest concentration of C-H bonds?
Saturated fat
definition of glycemic index
The glycemic index classifies carbohydrate-containing foods according to their potential to raise your blood sugar level.
glycemic load
The glycemic load is an index taking into account not only how quickly it makes glucose enter the bloodstream, but also how much glucose per serving it can deliver.
What is the part of the kidney where urine is formed?
The nephron
Identify the part of the atom that most determines the chemical properties of the atom.
The number of electrons
To a large extent, a protein's function is dependent upon its shape. What determines a protein's shape?
The sequence of amino acids
Part complete How does a gastric bypass lead to patient losing weight?
The stomach is reduced in size so patients eat less.
How does yeast make bread dough rise?
The yeast cells produce CO2, Fermentation in yeast produces carbon dioxide, as well as alcohol.
Explain how molecules other than glucose can be used as energy sources
They are modified first and then enter the same metabolic pathway as glucose.
According to the video, what can we assume about the artificial sweeteners found in food today?
They are safe, and have been thoroughly tested on human subjects.
What do DNA, proteins, and fats have in common?
They contain carbonyl groups
According to the reporter, what does the boost in mood and brainpower from tasting glucose illustrate?
This boost ensures that we will continue to seek foods high in glucose.
Which statement describes the citric acid cycle?
This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion.
Which statement describes glycolysis?
This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose.
Which statement describes the electron transport chain?
This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration
What is the role of the villi?
To absorb small nutrient molecules from the digestive tract
Dr. Haxton told one of his students, "To move in the bloodstream, fats need the help of phospholipids." What would a good student say?
Yes. Nonpolar molecules aren't compatible with water.
facilitated diffusion
a form of passive transport that uses transport proteins
Suppose that a mutation for lactase-persistence occurred in each of the populations described below. In which populations would the mutation be more likely to increase in frequency over time because of natural selection?
a population that raises wheat and sheep
Follicle cells in your scalp assemble proteins to build new hair. This most likely involves __________ reactions
dehydration synthesis
