BIO Final Exam Chapters 12, 13, 14, and 15

In claudistics, a ____________ is a monophyletic group of species consisting of a common ancestor and all of its descendants.

Clade

Identify the Scientists And the important idea that they proposed about Evolution. Buffon

Closely related species arise from a common ancestor and are changing

An extinct animal named Tikaalik was an important discovery by scientists because it had chracteristics of both _______ and ___________.

fishes, and amphibians

Linnaeus designed a new system of assigning names to organisms. The first word in an organisms's scientific name designates the broader classification level called __________of the organism,and the second word designates the _____________

genus, species

Select all of the following that are true about marsupials A. They were at one time more widespread than placental mammals B. They include baboons and lemurs C. they are abundant and diverse on all continents today D. They include koalas and sugar gliders

{ A} They were at one time more widespread than placental mammals {D} They include koalas and sugar gliders

Although Darwin proposed that Natural Selection acted on heritable traits, Darwin did not understand A. how heritable traits were shuffled and passed on between generations B. if these conferred higher survival and reproductive success C. how birds were able to get to the Galapagos islands from the mainland

{A}

What figure in the image represents the gradualism model of speciation? A or B

{A}

Rank the eras of the geologic timescale from the Oldest to the Youngest {Hint} PMC {Pokemon Master Catchumall}

-Paleozoic -Mesozoic -Cenozoic

If a sheep and goat are mated, their offspring dies as an embryo. This is an example of ____ reproductive isolation. A. parapatric B. prezygotic C. allopatric D. sympatric E. postzygotic

{E} postzygotic

Match the name of the type of prezygotic reproductive barrier on the left with its description or an example on the right. - Mechanical isolation A. populations live in different places B. Active at different times during the day C. Sperm that does not fertilize the egg D. a variation in courtship ritual E. reproductive structures that do not fit together

{E} reproductive structures that do not fit together

The ability of an organism to camouflage with its environment is an example of ________________.

Adaptation

Eukarya

All organisms, except for bacteria, blue green algae and E.coli are categorized into eukaryotes. All types of species from the kingdoms of Protista, fungi, Plantae and Animalia are examples of eukaryotic organisms.

unicellular Eukaryotes

All unicellular eukaryotes are grouped in this family as they have a well developed nucleus followed by membrane bound organelles. All Unicellular eukaryotes move with the help of flagella. The unicellular eukaryotes possess similar characteristic features of multicellular. All Unicellular eukaryotes are aerobic and reproduce both by sexually and also by asexually. All types of functions including respiration, digestion, circulation, excretion, locomotion, reproduction, etc are all carried by a single cell only.

______________ specialization is a type of speciation in which a barrier physically separates a population into two group that cannot interbreed.

Allopatric

Rank the three types of speciation, from the form with complete reproductive isolation at the top to the form with continious intermingling of the species at the bottom A. sympatric B. parapatric C. allopatric {Hint: All Posers Suck}

Allopatric, Parapatric, Sympatric

In cladistics, __________characters are inherited attributes that resemble those of past relatives of the organism, where as ____________characters are features that are different from those found in the group's past relatives.

Ancestral, Derived

In the state of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, allele frequencies.

Are Not Changing

What is responsible for many breeds of domestic dogs and cats?

Artificial Selection

What Is The BottleNeck Effect? A. occurs when a small group of individuals leaves it's home population and establishes a new isolated settlement. B. occurs when a population drops rapidly over a short period

B. occurs when a small group of individuals leaves it's home population and establishes a new isolated settlement.

An ________ is any evidence of a past life that is more than 10,000 years old.

Fossil

The figure illustrates how an _____ fossil forms

Compression

Organisms do not share the same evolutionary lineage but have similar adaptions result from _______________ evolution

Convergent

Selection for extreme phenotype in a population would be considered a type of Natural selection called _________________ selection.

Directional

Coal, oil and natural gas are examples of __________ fuels that form by compression and then chemical alternation.

Fossil

Rank The Following Taxonomic Groups Into A Hiarchy, from the most inclusive Group at the top to the most speciffic group at the bottom Hint: Different Kids Play Chess Over Familyfued

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, , Order, Family

We know know that _____________ is about 4.6 billion years old.

Earth

Carbon -14

Fossils that are up to 40,000 years old

If speciation is the beginning of a species , then _________ is the end of a species

Extinction

A population consists of

Interbreeding members of the same species.

Carbon -14 dating, a type of radio metric dating, uses ___________as a type of clock to measure the age of fossils.

Isotopes

The disappearance of a great number of species over a relatively short expanse of time is called ______________ Extinction

Mass

An _________ clock uses differences in DNA to determine when organisms diverged from a common ancestor

Molecular

The only way that new genetic variants arise is through , which is the raw material of evolution.

Mutation

Allopatric {No Contact ALLOWED} A. continuous contact between populations B. No contact between populations C. Populations Share a Boarder Area

No Contact Between Populations

A condition called ___________occurs when the number of sets of chromosomes increase

Polyploidy

If a zygote cannot form between two organisms, then a type of ___________ reproductive barrier is present

Prezygotic

____________ dating places fossils into a sequence of events without assigning a specific age.

Relative

Cuvier thought that lower layers of rock were older than those above them. This principal describes?

Superposition

______________ is the study of classification and incorporates both taxonomy and phylogentics.

Systematic

A polyphyletic group excludes the most recent common ___________ shared by all members of the group

ancestor

What type of speciation gave rise to these two species of cichlid fish that occupy the same lake but have feeding and breeding differences. A. sympatric B. parapatric C. allopatric

{A}

____________ was the first scientists to give every species two names A. Carolus Linnaeus B. Francis Crick C. Charles Darwin D. Ernst Mayr

{A}

A radioactive substance has a half-life of 5,000 years. If the original sample contained 20 grams of the radioactive isotope, how much remains after 5,000 years have elapsed? A. 10 grams B. 2.5 grams C. 5 grams D. 11.5 grams

{A} 10 grams

Carbon-14 is radioactive isotope with a half life of 5,730 years. A squirrel bone found in southwestern Colorado contains 1/4 of the carbon- 14 of a living squirrel. Approximately how old is the squirrel bone? A. 11,460 years B. 17,190 years C. 5,730 years

{A} 11,460 years

If the percent of the original amount of Carbon 14 in a fossil is 12.5% how old is the fossil? The half-life of Carbon-14 is 5,730 years. A. 17,190 years old B. 22,920 years old C. 5,700 years old D. 11,460 years old

{A} 17,190 years old

When an organism dies and decays away, but mud fills the imprint of the organism and creates a replica of the organism, a fossil called an ___________ is formed. A. Cast B. Compression C. intact organism D. personification

{A} Cast

Select all the criteria biologists can use to define a species A. DNA sequence analysis B. Reproductive isolation C. lifespan D. Population size

{A} DNA sequence analysis {B} Reproductive isolation

Why is the fossil record incomplete? Select all that apply A. Erosion and the movement of the Earth's surface have destroyed many fossils that did form B. fossils were not formed south of Wallace line due to the proximity to the equator C. Organisms decomposed before they were buried D. thousands of years ago many fossilized bones were used as tools by early humans E. Many fossils may never be discovered because they are buried deeply or submerged under water.

{A} Erosion and the movement of the Earth's surface have destroyed many fossils that did form {C} Organisms decomposed before they were buried {E} Many fossils may never be discovered because they are buried deeply or submerged under water.

Select all of the following that are names of Domains Of Life A. Eukarya B. Archea C. Plantae D. Animalia E. Fungi F. Bacteria

{A} Eukarya {B} Archea {F} Bacteria

Match The Term With The Definition On The Right -Ancestral Characters A. Features present in the common ancestors of a Claude B. comparator organism outside the group being studied C. Phylogenic tree built on shared derived characters D. group of organisms consisting of a common ancestor and all its descendants.

{A} Features present in the common ancestors of a Claude

Match the type of the prezygotic reproductive barrier on the left with its example on the right -Behavioral Isolation A. Frog mating call differ B. Ladybird beetles feed on different plants C. Field crickets mature at different times.

{A} Frog mating call differ

Organisms have changed over time; new species have appeared while others species have gone extinct. This a description of A. Macroevolution B. Cladistics C. classification D. Microevolution

{A} Macroevolution

Match the terms on the left with the example on the right -Monophyletic A. Mammals B. all warm blooded animals C. traditional class Reptilia

{A} Mammals

Select all the areas covered by the definition of Taxonomy. A. Naming Organisms B. describing organisms C. cross breeding-organisms D. developing new organisms E. examining evolutionary relationships among organisms F. classifying organisms.

{A} Naming Organisms {B} describing organisms {F} classifying organisms

Match each type of speciation with its correct description -Allopatric Speciation A. Occurs between populations that are physically separated and do not exchange genes B. Occurs between populations that inhabit neighboring habitat and have minimal gene flow C. Occurs between populations that live in the area but specialize in different environments

{A} Occurs between populations that are physically separated and do not exchange genes

Select the two theories that explain what may have contributed to Earth's mass extinction in the past A. Plate tectonics B. Hardy-Weinberg's equilibrium C. impact theory D. Earth's orbit around the Sun changed E. moon's gravitational pull on the tides

{A} Plate tectonics {C} impact theory

The _______is divided into series a eons and era's, which are further divided into periods and epochs A. geological timescale B. migration patterns of species C. aquatic ecosystem D. atmosphere of Earth

{A} geological timescale

Select all the reasons why Mayr's biological species concept is not a perfect definition of a species A. Some distinct species can occasionally produce fertile offspring B. Reproduction of fossil species is difficult to determine C. it will only work when isolated populations are considered D. it does not take into consideration the gene pool of the population

{A} Some distinct species can occasionally produce fertile offspring {B} Reproduction of fossil species is difficult to determine

Whose essay, describing how factors limit human population size, influenced Charles Darwin's ideas about variation and survival among individuals in a population A. Thomas Malthus B. Alfred Russel Wallace C. Charles Lyell D. Erasmus Darwin

{A} Thomas Malthus

Match Each Era With The Major Event That Took Place on Earth During That Era -Paleozoic Era A. Vascular Plants Appear B. Dinosaurs appear C. Humans appear

{A} Vascular Plants Appear

If the frequency of homozygous recessive genotype is known for a population , what can then be determined using the Hardy-Weinberg equation? A. allele frequency B. maximum population size C. birth rate D. fitness value

{A} allele frequency

What can limit the action of natural selection? A. an organisms evolutionary history B. low variation alleles in a population C. traits that affect survival but not reproduction D. an individual's limited awareness that the environment is changing.

{A} an organisms evolutionary history {B} low variation alleles in a population {C} traits that affect survival but not reproduction

In the past, scientists constructed evolutionary trees based on which of the following? Select all that apply A. as many characteristics as possible B. strictly homologous structures C. derived characteristics D. similarities in characteristics

{A} as many characteristics as possible {D} similarities in characteristics

Our closest living relatives on the evolutionary tree are A. bonobos and common chimpanzees. B. gorillas C. orangutans and gibbons D. Homo erectus {XD} E. Homo neanderthalensis

{A} bonobos and common chimpanzees.

A diagram depicting evolutionary relationships based on shared derived characteristics is called a A. cladogram B. character map C. geological time scale D. gene pool

{A} cladogram

Match The Type of speciation on the left with its description on the right. - Sympatric A. continuous contact between population B. no contact between the populations C. populations sharing a boarder

{A} continuous contact between population

Sympatric {Continious Like A Symphony} A. continuous contact between populations B. No contact between populations C. Populations Share a Boarder Area

{A} continuous contact between populations

Which statement correctly interprets the cladogram A. crocodiles are more closely related to nonvian dinosaurs then they are to lizards and snakes B. Birds and nonvivan dinosaurs have a common ancestor C. rabbits are closely related to frogs as they are to turtles D. Turtles share a more common recent ancestor with mammals than with lizards and snakes

{A} crocodiles are more closely related to nonvian dinosaurs then they are to lizards and snakes {B} Birds and nonvivan dinosaurs have a common ancestor

Match Each Type Of Fossil With It's Correct Description - Petrifaction Fossil A. decaying organism turns to stone B. organism decays but imprint fills with mud that hardens into rock to create a replica of the organism C. Organism becomes buried in sediments and can be chemically altered as sediments harden. D. entire organism preserved in tree resin or mud , and decomposition is minimal

{A} decaying organism turns to stone

Think about fish and amphibians {frogs, toads and salamanders} select all statements that are correct in reference to ancestral and derived characteristics. A. eggs laid in water would be ancestral B. forelimbs would be derived from the amphibian lineage C. eyes would be derived from fish lineage D. gills in amphibians are homologous to gills in fish E. vertebrae would be derived in the amphibian lineage

{A} eggs laid in water would be ancestral {B} forelimbs would be derived from the amphibian lineage {D} gills in amphibians are homologous to gills in fish

Match Each Feature of a Cladogram to it's correct description -Tip of long branches A. existing species B. any ancestor and all of its descendants C. divergence of two species or groups from a common ancestor

{A} existing species

Select all the ways in which humans are creating situations that cause situations that cause extinctions of animals and plants on Earth A. fragmentation of habitat B. captive breeding programs C. introducing species D. creating disturbances of the asteroid belt around Earth with experimental rocket probes E. releasing pollution into the atmosphere and water F. destruction of habitat

{A} fragmentation of habitat {C} introducing species {E} releasing pollution into the atmosphere and water {F} destruction of habitat

Select all the reasons that could cause a species to go extinct A. habitat loss B. natural disaster C. convergent evolution D. new predator E. new disease F. adaptive radiation

{A} habitat loss {B} natural disaster {D} new predator {E} new disease

Select all of the following that are examples of vestigial structure. A. hind-limb bones in snakes B. human embryo tails C. wings in insects D. eyes of lobsters and crayfish

{A} hind-limb bones in snakes {B} human embryo tails

An ________ gene is a type of gene that regulates development and that, when mutated, leads to organisms with structures in abnormal or unusual locations on their body. A. homeotic B. radiometric C. symmetry D. analogous

{A} homeotic

Common ancestry can be indicated by which of the following? Select all that apply A. homologous structures B. adaptions that result from convergent evolution C. analogous structures D. nucleotide and amino acid sequence similarities

{A} homologous structures {D} nucleotide and amino acid sequence similarities

Which two of the following was Charles Darwin not able to explain or understand with respect to his ideas on natural selection as a force of evolution? A. how heritable traits were passed from one generation to the next B. that variation is present in a population C. bone and beak structures in the finches D. the source of variation within populations

{A} how heritable traits were passed from one generation to the next {D} the source of variation within populations

Select all of the post-zygotic reproductive barriers A. hybrid inviability B. hybrid breakdown C. hybrid infertility D. gametic isolation E. mechanical isolation F. ecological isolation

{A} hybrid inviability {B} hybrid breakdown {C} hybrid infertility

It is believed that the two main reasons for mass extinctions in Earth's history have been. A. impact of Earth with a large, celestial body and shifting of Earth's continents. B. human intervention and shifting of Earth's continents. C. global warming and shifting of Earth's continents. D. global warming and human intervention. E. impact of Earth's with a large, celestial body and human intervention.

{A} impact of Earth with a large, celestial body and shifting of Earth's continents.

Select all the characteristics of homologous structures A. include genes and chromosomes B. evolved independently C. common evolutionary origin D. may different have functions

{A} include genes and chromosomes {C} common evolutionary origin {D} may different have functions

Select all of the following that are true about vestigial structures A. include pelvic and hind limb bones in whales B. persist in related organisms even when no longer used C. are related to co-evolutionary patterns in plants and pollinators D. have no common ancestry in vertebrates

{A} include pelvic and hind limb bones in whales {B} persist in related organisms even when no longer used

Select all the situations that could lead to adaptive radiation A. individuals are isolated on an island where there is little competition for resources B. A species colonizes an island where most niches are already full C. The ranges of two species overlap, such that a gene flow occurs frequently between the populations D. A few individuals colonize a new, isolated habitat with new resources

{A} individuals are isolated on an island where there is little competition for resources {D} A few individuals colonize a new, isolated habitat with new resources

Select all of the reasons why elaborate ornamentation may have evolution in the males of some species. A. large or brightly colored structures costly to produce, indicating good health B. low-quality males identified by larger and more show ornaments C. brightly colored feathers reduce fertility, indicating lower fitness D. brightly-colored indicate good competitors, which indicates good genes

{A} large or brightly colored structures costly to produce, indicating good health {D} brightly-colored indicate good competitors, which indicates good genes

Select all the following that are examples of Convergent Evolution A. loss of pigmentation In cave animals B. shape of shark fins and Dolphin flippers C. middle ear bones of mammals and bones supporting jaw in other vertebrates D. spines and modified stems of unrelated dessert plants E. flipper of a seal and arm of a human

{A} loss of pigmentation In cave animals {D} spines and modified stems of unrelated dessert plants {E} flipper of a seal and arm of a human

The types of living organisms on Earth have changed over time, new species have originated, and existing species have disappeared. These are examples of A. macroevolution B. hybridization C. alternation of generations D. speciation E. extinction

{A} macro evolution

Select all the reasons why mitochondrial DNA {mtDNA} might be better to use than nuclear DNA in studying molecular evolution A. many copies mtDNA are present in cells B. mtDNA doesn't accumilate mutations C. mtDNA may be more likely to remain intact in extinct organisms D. mtDNA contains more genes than DNA

{A} many copies mtDNA are present in cells {C} mtDNA may be more likely to remain intact in extinct organisms

Select mechanisms that can cause polyploidy A. meiosis fails, leading to diploid gametes that fuse during self-fertilization B. animals that are closely related are able to reproduce in captive settings like zoos C. gametes from two different species fuse D. two populations utilize different food resources.

{A} meiosis fails, leading to diploid gametes that fuse during self-fertilization {C} gametes from two different species fuse

Select all forms of evidence scientists use to support the theory of evolution A. molecular data B. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium C. fossils D. founder effect E. embryological comparison's F. Biographical studies

{A} molecular data {C} fossils {E} embryological comparison's {F} Biographical studies

Select all of the following that occurred in the lower panel to produce the black spot on the fly A. more transcription factors were able to bind to the enhancer B. a new gene was inserted into the DNA and was expressed C. a gene was not expressed D. an enhancer site was altered by a mutation

{A} more transcription factors were able to bind to the enhancer {D} an enhancer site was altered by a mutation

A population of snails is separated when an eight-lane highway is built. After 50years , the two separate populations can no longer interbreed. This describes the process of A. new species forming B. adaptive radiation C. convergent evolution D. co-evolution

{A} new species forming

An ___________ group organisms contains a common ancestor and to some, but not all, of its descendants. A. paraphyletic B. polyphyletic C. allopphyletic D. monophyletic

{A} paraphyletic

During his voyage on the beagle, which of the following did Charles Darwin observe? Select all that apply. A. plants and animals on the Galapagos Islands B. the same organisms found in Europe C. Forest plant fossils mixed in with ocean sediments D. evidence that prompted him to believe in special creation E. land altered by forces, such as Earthquakes and Erosion

{A} plants and animals on the Galapagos Islands {C} Forest plant fossils mixed in with ocean sediments {E} land altered by forces, such as Earthquakes and Erosion

Match the name of the type of prezygotic reproductive barrier on the left with its description or an example on the right. - habitat isolation A. populations live in different places B. Active at different times during the day C. Sperm that does not fertlize the egg D. a variation in courtship ritual E. reproductive structures that do not fit together

{A} populations live in different places

Select all the reasons why Mayr's biological species concept is not a perfect definition of a species A. reproduction of fossil species is difficult to determine B. Some distinct species can occasionally produce fertile offspring C. it does take into consideration the gene pool of the population D. it will only work when isolated populations are considered.

{A} reproduction of fossil species is difficult to determine {B} Some distinct species can occasionally produce fertile offspring

Mechanism of ____________prevent successful reproductive and include prezygotic barriers and post zygotic barriers A. reproductive isolation B. colonization C. Gene flow D. ecological succession

{A} reproductive isolation

What is an example of protein sequence similarity among species? A. sheep keratin and keratin in human hair B. duplication of homologous genes C. mitochondrial DNA similarity D. the shape of a shark's body and a shape of a dolphin's a body

{A} sheep keratin and keratin in human hair

What might cause smaller populations to be more vulnerable to extinction? Select all that apply A. small populations experience fewer genetic mutations. B. small populations might contain too few beneficial alleles to withstand a challenge C. small populations often have high genetic diversity D. small populations interbreed more, which can bring together lethal recessive alleles E. small population can withstand rapid and massive environmental changes.

{A} small populations experience fewer genetic mutations. {B} small populations might contain too few beneficial alleles to withstand a challenge {D} small populations interbreed more, which can bring together lethal recessive alleles

The spatial arrangements that may help cause speciation are A. sympatric, parapatric, and allopatric. B. sympathetic, symphonic, and sympatric. C. paraplegic, parapatric, and paralegal. D. allopathic, paraplegic, and sympathetic. E. allopatric, allopathic, and allelopathy.

{A} sympatric, parapatric, and allopatric.

Match the postzygotic reproductive barrier on the left with the right -Hybrid breakdown A. the offspring of hybrids in the future generations have abnormalities B. Hybrid not able to produce offspring C. Embryo may die before it reaches reproductive maturity.

{A} the offspring of hybrids in the future generations have abnormalities

Select the true statement about the hierarchical system of taxonomy currently in use A. the ranks are somewhat arbitrary and do necessarily reflect evolutionary relationships B. the simpler the species, the fewer the taxonomic levels it occupies C. Two species in the same kingdom have more similarities than two species in the same family D. orders usually contain about 50 species each, and families contain about 25 species each.

{A} the ranks are somewhat arbitrary and do necessarily reflect evolutionary relationships

Analysis of DNA sequences reveals that cells can gain new functions through which of the following? A. the transfer of genes from one organism to another B. overuse of a body structure C. duplication of genes D. using molecules other than ATP as energy

{A} the transfer of genes from one organism to another {C} duplication of genes

Biologists group distinct types of organisms into ____________, which may be defined as a group of interbreeding organisms. A. nodes B. species C. niches D. orders

{B}

Match the postzygotic reproductive barrier on the left with the right -Hybrid infertility A. the offspring of hybrids in the future generations have abnormalities B. Hybrid not able to produce offspring C. Embryo may die before it reaches reproductive maturity.

{B}

Polyploidy is one mechanism of ________ speciation among plants because new species can arise due to errors in meiosis and fusion of gametes from two different species A. allopatric B. sympatric C. parapatric

{B}

What definition best describes Phylogenetics A. Describing the physical appearance of species B. Studying evolutionary relationship among species C. Comparing anatomy and physiology among animals D. Assigning names to newly found organisms

{B}

What figure represents the punctuated equilibrium model of speciation proposed by Gould and Eldredge? A Or B?

{B}

If the gene sequences of two organisms differ by 4% to 6% and substitution occur at a rate of 1% per 1 million years, then how long ago did the species diverge? A. 3 to 4 million years B. 4 to 6 million years C. 12 to 16 million years D. 6 to 8 million years

{B} 4 to 6 million years

Match the name of the type of prezygotic reproductive barrier on the left with its description or an example on the right. - Temporal Isolation A. populations live in different places B. Active at different times during the day C. Sperm that does not fertilize the egg D. a variation in courtship ritual E. reproductive structures that do not fit together

{B} Active at different times during the day

In studies by Carl Woese to deduce the three domains of life, what type of DNA was used? A. mitochondrial DNA B. DNA encoding rRNA C. genes encoding sensory structures D. homeotic genes

{B} DNA encoding rRNA

Match Each Era With The Major Event That Took Place on Earth During That Era -Mesozoic A. Vascular Plants Appear B. Dinosaurs appear C. Humans appear

{B} Dinosaurs appear

A pattern of organism's skin preserved in rock is an example an _________ fossil. A. intact B. impression C. compression D. petrifaction

{B} Impression

Match the type of the prezygotic reproductive barrier on the left with its example on the right -Habitat Isolation A. Frog mating call differ B. Ladybird beetles feed on different plants C. Field crickets mature at different times.

{B} Ladybird beetles feed on different plants

The biological species concept proposed by _________ states that a biological species is a population whose members can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. A. Linnaeus B. Mayr C. Lyell D. Darwin

{B} Mayr

Match each type of speciation with its correct description -Parapatric Speciation A. Occurs between populations that are physically separated and do not exchange genes B. Occurs between populations that inhabit neighboring habitat and have minimal gene flow C. Occurs between populations that live in the area but specialize in different environments

{B} Occurs between populations that inhabit neighboring habitat and have minimal gene flow

During the _____ period, jawless fishes were the first vertebrates to leave fossil evidence. A. Cambrian B. Ordovician C. Silurian D. Devonian E. Carboniferous

{B} Ordovician

Select all the ideas that WERE considered fundamental principals for the explanation of the diversity of life before the late 1800's. A. Changes in DNA are responsible for the differences among organisms B. Organisms arose by special creation and did not change C. Members of particular species are identical in form capacity D. Natural Selection is a force acting on life forms

{B} Organisms arose by special creation and did not change {C} Members of particular species are identical in form capacity

Two researchers found a fossil that was in rock known to be at least 1 million years old. What Isotope can they use determined the age of the fossil? A. Oxygen-14 B. Potassium-40 C. Nitrogen-12 D. Carbon- 14

{B} Potassium-40

Select implication of Conover's and Munich's studies on selective forces of fish harvesting A. only the smallest fish need to be protected by commercial harvest B. Protecting the largest fish from harvest would help favor fast growing fish C. Fisheries would benefit from both a Minimum and Maximum size limit D. large fish do no affect the growth rate of future generations in fish populations

{B} Protecting the largest fish from harvest would help favor fast growing fish {C} Fisheries would benefit from both a Minimum and Maximum size limit

The Cenozoic era consists of the _____ periods. A. Permian and Triassic B. Tertiary and Quaternary C. Triassic and Jurassic D. Cretaceous and Tertiary E. Jurassic and Cretaceous

{B} Tertiary and Quaternary

Select all of the following that are true about Molecular clocks A. They can be used to predict when new species are going to form in the future. B. They use the mutation rate of genes to determine the time of divergence from a common ancestor C. They can be used in absolute dating fossils D. They can be used to estimate when humans and chimps diverged from a common ancestor

{B} They use the mutation rate of genes to determine the time of divergence from a common ancestor {D} They can be used to estimate when humans and chimps diverged from a common ancestor

What evidence supports that the fact that descent from a common ancestor resulted in the diversity of life? A. No two enzymes are alike between different organisms B. a diversity of organisms use the same chemical reactions to extract energy from nutrients C. different species have similar proteins and enzymes D. Most life forms use the same genetic code for gene expression

{B} a diversity of organisms use the same chemical reactions to extract energy from nutrients {C} different species have similar proteins and enzymes {D} Most life forms use the same genetic code for gene expression

The type of dating that involves testing an actual fossil, or the layers above and below it, and assigning an age to the fossil relative to the present is called _____________ dating. A. relative B. absolute C. Relational D. homologous

{B} absolute

Scientists use two methods to estimate the age of fossils. Pick the following 2 correct methods A. chromatography dating B. absolute dating C. X-ray crystallography D. biochemical dating E. relative dating

{B} absolute dating {E} relative dating

Speciations can happen in rapid bursts during an _______________, in which a population inhabiting a patchy or heterogeneous environment gives rise to multiple specialized forms in a relatively short time period. A. independent assortment B. adaptive radiation C. convergent evolution event D. co-evolutionary event.

{B} adaptive radiation

Match the terms on the left with the example on the right -Polyphyletic A. Mammals B. all warm blooded animals C. traditional class Reptilia

{B} all warm blooded animals

Match Each Feature of a Cladogram to it's correct description -Clade A. existing species B. any ancestor and all of its descendants C. divergence of two species or groups from a common ancestor

{B} any ancestor and all of its descendants

The Cambrian explosion refers to Earth's life history benchmark of A. mass extinction of the nonavian dinosaurs. B. appearance of fossils for all major phyla of animals. C. origination of life, when the progenotes formed the first cells. D. All of the answer choices are correct. E. development of the first multicellular organisms

{B} appearance of fossils for all major phyla of animals

What type of extinction results from the gradual loss of a species as populations shrink in the face of new challenges A. mass B. background C. great D. adaptive radiation

{B} background

Match The Term With The Definition On The Right -Outgroup A. Features present in the common ancestors of a Claude B. comparator organism outside the group being studied C. Phylogenic tree built on shared derived characters D. group of organisms consisting of a common ancestor and all its descendants.

{B} comparator organism outside the group being studied

Select all of the effects of gene flow A. lead to nonrandom meeting by mate choice B. decrease regional differences in genetic diversity C. increase the frequency of mutation D. introduce new alleles into a population

{B} decrease regional differences in genetic diversity {D} introduce new alleles into a population

The similar structures in vertebrate embryos shows that ______________ can reveal homologous A. analogous structures B. molecular changes C. development D. Convergent evolution

{B} development

Select three ways that genetic divergence can occur between two separated populations A. random mating B. gene flow C. natural selection D. genetic drift.

{B} gene flow {C} natural selection {D} genetic drift.

What genotype for the "Sickle Cell gene" causes mild symtoms of sick cell disease but confers resistance to malaria? A. homozygous dominant B. heterozygous C. homozygous recessive

{B} heterozygous

Your friend think her dog can evolve into new species because it is so different than any other dog she has ever seen. You know this is not true because A. natural selection does not act on appearance B. individual organisms cannot evolve C. dogs are subject to artificial selection and therefore, cannot evolve D. her dog is competing for limited resource with another organism

{B} individual organisms cannot evolve

Select of the following that are homologous structures A. shape of dolphin and shape of shark B. limbs of terrestrial vertebrates C. middle ear bones of mammals and jaw-support in primitive fishes D. the gill of fish and the lungs birds

{B} limbs of terrestrial vertebrates {C} middle ear bones of mammals and jaw-support in primitive fishes

The accumulation of small changes in a population by microevolution can eventually lead to large scale A. plate tectonics B. macroevolution C. continental drift D. induction

{B} macroevolution

Select all the roles of Plate Tectonics in the distribution of organisms on Earth A. half-lives of isotopes are adjusted B. mountain ranges emerge C. oxygen can accumulate in the atmosphere D. land that was under water can be exposed E. oceans can separate continents that were once were together.

{B} mountain ranges emerge {D} land that was under water can be exposed {E} oceans can separate continents that were once were together.

What DNA regions are especially useful in tracking human migration patterns? Select all that apply A. autosomal B. mtDNA C. Y Chromosome D. X Chromosome

{B} mtDNA {C} Y Chromosome

Match The Type of speciation on the left with its description on the right. - allopatric A. continuous contact between population B. no contact between the populations C. populations sharing a boarder

{B} no contact between the populations

What Is The Founder Effect? A.occurs when a population drops rapidly over a short period B. occurs when a small group of individuals leaves it's home population and establishes a new isolated settlement.

{B} occurs when a small group of individuals leaves it's home population and establishes a new isolated settlement.

Match Each Type Of Fossil With It's Correct Description - Cast A. decaying organism turns to stone B. organism decays but imprint fills with mud that hardens into rock to create a replica of the organism C. Organism becomes buried in sediments and can be chemically altered as sediments harden. D. entire organism preserved in tree resin or mud , and decomposition is minimal

{B} organism decays but imprint fills with mud that hardens into rock to create a replica of the organism

The type of Speciation that occurs when part of a population enter a new habitat bordering the range of the parent species is __________ Speciation. A. allopatric B. parapatric C. sympatric

{B} parapatric

Natural selection acts on A. genotypes B. populations C. communities D. individuals E. alleles

{B} populations

Bumblebees pollinate M. lewisii, whereas hummingbirds prefer the M. cardinalis. If, by chance, a hummingbird carries M. cardinalis pollen to M. lewisii, the resulting hybrid offspring are viable. M. lewisii and M. cardinalis are different species due to A. adaptive radiation B. prezygotic barriers to reproduction. C. independent assortment. D. gradualism. E. postzygotic barriers to reproduction

{B} prezygotic barriers to reproduction

The exact match for an amino acid sequences of proteins found in an example of how comparison's of _________can indicate evolutionary relationships. A. biogeoraphy B. proteins C. development D. anatomy

{B} proteins

Fossil records of bryozoans and mollusks provide examples of the ________ model of speciation because macroevolution appears to have occurred in brief bursts. A. gradualism B. punctuated equilibrium C. impact D. background polyploid

{B} punctuated equilibrium

After harvesting only large fish from experimental tanks, researchers then harvested fish at random for five generations and showed that A. size of fish in large-harvested populations would likely remain the same B. reduced size of fish in large harvested populations could rebound C. reduced size of fish in small harvested populations was maintained D. a change in size of fish in large harvested populations led to lower growth rates

{B} reduced size of fish in large harvested populations could rebound

Select scenarios that may lead to allopatric speciation A. an entire population moves to neighboring habitat B. rivers or glaciers divide a habitat C. an easily passable hill replaces flat land D. organisms are unable to reach a part of an ecosystem where others of the members of species live E. rising sea levels trap a population on an island

{B} rivers or glaciers divide a habitat {D} organisms are unable to reach a part of an ecosystem where others of the members of species live {E} rising sea levels trap a population on an island

A cladogram is a tree like diagram that shows hypothesized evolutionary relationships among organisms based on A. similarities among organisms B. shared derived characteristics C. size of organisms D. analogous traits

{B} shared derived characteristics

When a population contains two separate groups that can no longer interbreed and produce fertile offspring, then _____________ has occurred. A. Outgrouping B. speciation C. phylogenetics D. hybridization

{B} speciation

The type of specitation that occurs when populations diverge genetically while living in the same physical area is called __________ speciation. A. allopatric B. sympatric C. parapatric

{B} sympatric

In the hierarchical classification a group at any rank is called a A. gene B. taxon C. clade D. biological species

{B} taxon

How many domains of life, the most inclusive level of taxonomic hierarchy, are organisms grouped into? A. five B. three C. two D. four

{B} three

Analogus structures have similar _________ but do not have a common developmental pathway A. half-lives B. origins C. functions D. clocks

{C}

Assuming fertilization occurs during a mating between two different species, viable and fertile offspring are prevented by ___________________ barriers. A. prezygotic B. behavioral C. postzygotic D. geographic

{C}

Match Each Feature of a Cladogram to it's correct description -Node A. existing species B. any ancestor and all of its descendants C. divergence of two species or groups from a common ancestor

{C}

Match the postzygotic reproductive barrier on the left with the right -Hybrid inviability A. the offspring of hybrids in the future generations have abnormalities B. Hybrid not able to produce offspring C. Embryo may die before it reaches reproductive maturity.

{C}

Previously the most widespread land mammal on Earth, marsupials are now abundant and diverse only on what continent due to it's location? A. Africa B. South America C. Australia D. North America

{C}

The development of limbs in a bird and no limbs in a snake is controlled by A. convergent evolution B. noncoding DNA C. homeotic D. coevolution

{C}

What has made comparison of few bases, one gene, or families of genes possible. A. stem cell research B. embryological studies C. DNA sequencing D. protein electrophoresis

{C}

Bacteria cannot be classified using the biological definition of a species for which reason? A. Bacteria cannot reproduce B. Bacteria are present everywhere and cannot be reproductively isolated from other bacteria. C. Bacteria Are A-Sexual D. Bacteria do not evolve E. The DNA sequences of all bacteria are more than 97% identical.

{C} Bacteria Are A-Sexual

Charles Darwin consulted John Gould about the birds that he had collected on the Galapagos Island. Gould identified 13 distinct types of birds based on the bird's A. Feathers B. Wings C. Beaks D. Stomach Contents E. Feet

{C} Beaks

Select the accurate statement that defines Cladistics A. Cladistics is an approach that creates phylogenies base on similarities among organisms, weither they are homologous or analogous B. Cladistics is an evolutionary system that defines groups based entirely on their fossil record C. Cladistics is a phylogenetic system that defines groups by distinguishing between ancestral and derived characters.

{C} Cladistics is a phylogenetic system that defines groups by distinguishing between ancestral and derived characters.

Select the correct order of the taxonomic groups from the most inclusive to the most specific from the choices below A. Domain, phylum, order, kingdom,family, class, genus species B. Kingdom, Phylum, domain family, order species, genus class C. Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species D. Kingdom, phylum, class, family ,domain, order, genus, species {Hint: Don't Kick Pussy Cats Over Food Getting Squished}

{C} Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Earth's continents are in motion; this referred to as A. volcanic upheaval B. erosion C. catastrophism D. Continental drift

{D} Continental drift

A population's entire collection of genes and their alleles is called its __________, which does not mix with the genes of a different species. A. propensity for evolution B. Kingdom C. gene pool D. clade

{C} Gene pool

Match Each Era With The Major Event That Took Place on Earth During That Era -Cenozoic A. Vascular Plants Appear B. Dinosaurs appear C. Humans appear

{C} Humans appear

Select the most accurate statement about gradualism and the fossil record A. speciation only occurs in short bursts, and then is followed by long periods of little change B. speciation has only begun to occur gradually since humans evolved so no transitional form exist in the fossil record C. In species that evolved gradually, fossils of transitional forms may still remain hidden or may have been destroyed

{C} In species that evolved gradually, fossils of transitional forms may still remain hidden or may have been destroyed

Match the type of the prezygotic reproductive barrier on the left with its example on the right -Temporal Isolation A. Frog mating call differ B. Ladybird beetles feed on different plants C. Field crickets mature at different times.

{C} Ladybird beetles feed on different plants

The Cretaceous and Jurassic periods are part of the _____ era. A. Paleozoic B. Archean C. Mesozoic D. Proterozoic E. Cenozoic

{C} Mesozoic

Match each type of speciation with its correct description - Speciation A. Occurs between populations that are physically separated and do not exchange genes B. Occurs between populations that inhabit neighboring habitat and have minimal gene flow C. Occurs between populations that live in the area but specialize in different environments

{C} Occurs between populations that live in the area but specialize in different environments

Match Each Type Of Fossil With It's Correct Description -Compression Fossil A. decaying organism turns to stone B. organism decays but imprint fills with mud that hardens into rock to create a replica of the organism C. Organism becomes buried in sediments and can be chemically altered as sediments harden. D. entire organism preserved in tree resin or mud , and decomposition is minimal

{C} Organism becomes buried in sediments and can be chemically altered as sediments harden.

Match The Term With The Definition On The Right -Cladogram A. Features present in the common ancestors of a Claude B. comparator organism outside the group being studied C. Phylogenic tree built on shared derived characters D. group of organisms consisting of a common ancestor and all its descendants.

{C} Phylogenic tree built on shared derived characters

Development of young within uterus is adaption of ___________ mammals that enables the group to be the most successful mammal group on Earth. A. avian B. metronome C. placental D. marsupial

{C} Placental

Parapatric {Populations Share Leppracan Gold} A. continuous contact between populations B. No contact between populations C. Populations Share a Boarder Area

{C} Populations Share a Boarder Area

Match the name of the type of prezygotic reproductive barrier on the left with its description or an example on the right. - gametic isolation A. populations live in different places B. Active at different times during the day C. Sperm that does not fertilize the egg D. a variation in courtship ritual E. reproductive structures that do not fit together

{C} Sperm that does not fertilize the egg

The deep- water trench that has separated the islands of Borneo and Sulawesi in the Malay Archipelago, preventing migrationof organism's called ________line. A. Marina's B. the Triassic C. Wallace's D. the international

{C} Wallace's

Wallace's line, as shown on the map, represents A. a line underwater, active volcano's that form new plate material at a high rate B. the limit of Wallace's study area during his research C. a deep-water trench that prevented the migration of species D. the path of Wallace's research ship.

{C} a deep-water trench that prevented the migration of species

Select all the characteristics of allopatric speciation A. occurs between two habitats that are connected B. accounts for speciation in boarder zones C. accounts for diversification of organisms on islands D. speciation that occurs in isolated bodies of fresh water E. most common mechanisms of speciation

{C} accounts for diversification of organisms on islands {D} speciation that occurs in isolated bodies of fresh water {E} most common mechanisms of speciation

The wings of a bird and the wings of a butterfly are considered __________ structures A. homologous B. vestigial C. analogous D. evolutionary

{C} analogous

Historical relationships rather than similarities of the organisms is the emphasis of a A. genetic map B. pedigree C. cladogram D. traditional phylogeny

{C} cladogram

Select of the following that are true about Linnaeus's system of classification A. represented evolutionary relationships B. incorporated Darwin's theory of natural selection C. consists of hierarchical group D. included orders, classes and kingdoms E. helped scientists communicate with each other

{C} consists of hierarchical group {D} included orders, classes and kingdoms {E} helped scientists communicate with each other

In "evo-devo" studies, researches examine genes and how they affect. A. distribution of organisms over time B. the likelihood that the organisms or lineage left fossils C. development D. physiological function

{C} development

In parapatric speciation disruptive selection may favor A. the heterozygous phenotype in all habitats B. one phenotype that is the most adaptive C. different phenotypes in different habitats D. the intermediate phenotype in two different habitats

{C} different phenotypes in different habitats

The discovery of the fossilized remains of Archaeopteryx in 1860 led to the beginning of the hypothesis of birds being closely related to A. butterflies B. bats C. dinosaurs D. salamanders E. bees

{C} dinosaurs

What type of selection can begin the process of parapatric speciation by favoring one phenotype in one habitat and a different phenotype in a neighboring area. A. sexual B. directional C. disruptive D. stabilizing

{C} disruptive

In cladistics, a clade is a ________ group A. polyphyletic B. paraphyletic C. monophyletic

{C} monophyletic

Adaptive Radiation of organisms are especially common A. in the ocean B. on large continents C. on islands D. on desserts

{C} on islands

Match The Type of speciation on the left with its description on the right. - parapatric A. continuous contact between population B. no contact between the populations C. populations sharing a boarder

{C} populations sharing a boarder

The research by Bradshaw and Schemske supports the hypothesis that a change in just one gene locus may have jump-started speciation in Mimulus. If so, this would be an example of A. adaptive radiation. B. postzygotic barriers to reproduction. C. punctuated equilibrium D. prezygotic barriers to reproduction E. gradualism

{C} punctuated equilibrium

Select the types of population that are more vulnerable to extinction A. fast reproducing species B. populations in an environment that changes slowly C. small populations D. large populations E. populations that experience a drastic climate change.

{C} small populations {E} populations that experience a drastic climate change.

Select all of the following that are prevented by post zygotic reproductive barriers. A. contact between compatible sexual partners B. union of egg and sperm C. survival of offspring to maturity D. production of fertile offspring

{C} survival of offspring to maturity {D} production of fertile offspring

Select all of the following that are true about Continental Drift in Earth's history. A. Continents move at the same rate in the same direction, such that their positions move relative to the sea floor but not to each. B. Continental Drift has caused the formation of the salty water that makes up Earth's oceans C. the continents were once united into one super continents D. Plate tectonics can cause molten rock to emerge at Earth's surface.

{C} the continents were once united into one super continents {D} Plate tectonics can cause molten rock to emerge at Earth's surface.

In comparing nucleotide or amino acid sequences, researchers base evolutionary relationships on the assumption that A. the similarities in DNA and proteins most like arose from independent mutation events. B. the more nucleotide and amino acid sequences, researches base evolutionary relationship among organisms C. the more closely related two species are, the greater the similarity in their DNA and proteins

{C} the more closely related two species are, the greater the similarity in their DNA and proteins

Match the terms on the left with the example on the right -Paraphyletic A. Mammals B. all warm blooded animals C. traditional class Reptilia

{C} traditional class Reptilia

The term _______ mean that a feature or features of an organism neither increase nor decrease reproductive success. A. differential productive successful B. micro-evolution C. Natural Selection D. selectively neutral

{D}

What describes how a petrifaction fossil forms A. organism decays, and the imprint fills with mud that later hardens rocks B. decomposition is minimal and the entire organisms is preserved in amber C. organism decays and leaves an imprint in the mud that later hardens to rock D. minerals replace organic matter and organism turns to stone

{D}

In 1858 Darwin recieved a manuscript from Alfred Russel Wallace describing what similar idea to Darwin's? A. Earth is more than 6,000 years old B. limitation of artifical selection C. populations grow geometrically D. Evolution by natural selection

{D} Evolution by natural selection

On what Islands did Darwin spend five weeks gathering observations that would later shape his ideas about Natural Selection and evolution A. Falkland Islands B. Easter Islands C. Farallon Islands D. Galapagos Islands

{D} Galapagos Islands

The amniote egg in which an embryo could develop completely on dry land arose during the _____ period. A. Devonian B. Ordovician C. Silurian D. Permian E. Cambrian

{D} Permian

Match the name of the type of prezygotic reproductive barrier on the left with its description or an example on the right. - behavioral isolation A. populations live in different places B. Active at different times during the day C. Sperm that does not fertilize the egg D. a variation in courtship ritual E. reproductive structures that do not fit together

{D} a variation in courtship ritual

A process called ___________created the diversity of the species in Hawaiian honey-creepers following the relocation of mainland species to an island. A. the molecular clock B. vestigial adaptation C. convergent evolution D. adaptive radiation

{D} adaptive radiation

Ernst Mayr's definition of a biological species does not fit all organisms. Groups of organisms that reproduce __________do not fit his definition of species A. commonly B. in the wild C. sexually D. asexually

{D} asexually

What is the correct name for the figure below? A. gradualism tree B. pedigree C. out grouping model D. cladogram

{D} cladogram

Migration between populations will tend to A. decrease mutation rate in populations B. increase genetic differences between populations C. increase mutation rate in populations D. decrease genetic differences between the populations

{D} decrease genetic differences between the populations

Match Each Type Of Fossil With It's Correct Description - Intact Preservation A. decaying organism turns to stone B. organism decays but imprint fills with mud that hardens into rock to create a replica of the organism C. Organism becomes buried in sediments and can be chemically altered as sediments harden. D. entire organism preserved in tree resin or mud , and decomposition is minimal

{D} entire organism preserved in tree resin or mud , and decomposition is minima

If the environment changes, a trait that was adaptive may become non adaptive or costly , demonstrating that A. natural selection B. evolution is finite C. phenotypes cannot be poorly adapted D. evolution continuously shapes populations

{D} evolution continuously shapes populations

Phylogenies are trees of organisms that depict hypotheses about A. causes of extinction B. frequencies of genotypes in offspring C. who are the parents of each offspring are D. evolutionary relationships

{D} evolutionary relationships

Which of the following is not a type of prezygotic reproductive isolation? A. mechanical isolation B. ecological isolation C. temporal isolation D. gametic isolation E. hybrid infertility

{E} hybrid infertility

Paleontology is the study of A. insects and their close arthropod relatives B. Earth's rocks layers C. human culture D. fossil remains of past life on Earth

{D} fossil remains of past life on Earth

Advantage (advantages) of bipedalism include A. movement through the treetops and clinging to vines. B. All of the answer choices are correct. C. ability to run faster. D. freeing of hands to carry objects and use tools. E. increased brain size

{D} freeing of hands to carry objects and use tools

Match The Term With The Definition On The Right -Clade A. Features present in the common ancestors of a Claude B. comparator organism outside the group being studied C. Phylogenic tree built on shared derived characters D. group of organisms consisting of a common ancestor and all its descendants.

{D} group of organisms consisting of a common ancestor and all its descendants.

In molecular evolution studies DNA sequences similarities present in a group of species usually represent A. analogy B. fossilization C. convergent evolution D. homology

{D} homology

A cladogram depicts A. exact evolutionary lineages B. a sequence of geological events C. familial trait pedigrees D. hypothesized evolutionary relationships

{D} hypothesized evolutionary relationships

The speciation and extinction of _____________, and the increased frequency of a particular genotype that specifies a color pattern in fish is an example of ___________. A. microevolution, coevolution B. macroevolution, coevolution C. microevolution, macroevolution D. macroevolution, microevolution

{D} macroevolution, microevolutionA

According to the theory of ___________, the Earth surface consists of several rigid layers that move. A. bio-geography B. natural selection C. evolution D. plate tectonics

{D} plate tectonicsSelec

A mass extinction, perhaps caused by a large asteroid hitting Earth near the Yucatan peninsula in the Cretaceous period, would have A. triggered forest and range fires over hundreds of years, destroying habitats and killing plant, animal, and other species. B. activated tectonic plate movements that rapidly repositioned continental plates in different regions of Earth. C. produced a geological reaction to the impact, resulting in large numbers of volcanic eruptions for millions of years. D. produced massive volumes of soot, and triggered major climate changes that species could not survive. E. All of the answer choices are correct.

{D} produced massive volumes of soot, and triggered major climate changes that species could not survive.

Two different models of __________are gradualism and punctuated equilibrium. A. Hybridization B. extinction C. polyploidy D. speciation

{D} speciation

Formation of a tetraploid plant from two different diploid parental species of plants is an example of ____ speciation A. parapatric B. allopatric C. prezygotic D. sympatric E. postzygotic

{D} sympatric

The movement of _____________ overtime, which affected environments on the Earth, has been offered as a possible explanation of mass extinctions of organisms on Earth. A. postzygotic barriers B. species C. tectonic Plates D. the sun

{D} tectonic plates

Bio-geography is the study of A. human artifacts and cultures in the past B. fossil remains or other clues to past life C. comparative anatomy of a group of closely related organisms D. the distribution of species across the Earth

{D} the distribution of species across the Earth

Before the late 1800's, how did some scientist explain the presence of fossils without denying a creator? A. the fossils were placed to trick nonbelievers B. the fossils were from another planet C. the fossils represented extinct organisms D. the fossils could be explained using religious stories

{D} the fossils could be explained using religious stories

Characteristics shared by primates include A. flat nails instead of claws B. binocular vision and excellent depth perception. C. large brain size in comparison to body size D. grasping hands with opposable thumbs. E. All Answers Are Correct

{E} All Answers Are Correct

Why do scientists hypothesize that RNA was the first form of genetic material? A. RNA can catalyze reactions and form membranes. B. RNA can store genetic information C. RNA can store genetic information and form membranes D. RNA can catalyze reactions E. RNA can catalyze reactions and store genetic information.

{E} RNA can catalyze reactions and store genetic information.

Select all the true statements regarding polyploidy in plants and animals. A. about 95% of ferns are natural polyploids B. about 50% of all animals are polyploid, as this condition increases their fitness C. Polyploid is rare in animals D. Polyploidy is equally in common in animals as it is in plants E. about 50% of flowering plants are polyploid.

{E} about 50% of flowering plants are polyploid. {C} Polyploid is rare in animals

According to endosymbiosis theory, host archaea engulfed ___, which then allowed both popopulations to survive together. A. anaerobic bacteria B. aerobic archaea C. photosynthetic archaea D. photosynthetic bacteria E. aerobic bacteria

{E} aerobic bacteria

Darwin reasoned that the variety of finch species found on the Galapagos Islands descended from a common ancestor. He used the phrase "_________" with ___________" to describe gradual genetic changes from the ancestral type.

"Decent with Modification"

Select all examples of nonrandom mating

- Choosing mates based of certain characteristics -mating within only a specific group -mate choice based on social position

Name The Statements about Charles Darwin that are correct.

- Darwin Proposed that Natural Selection was the driving force of Evolution -Darwin Studied similarities and differences among organisms and related them to geological observations

Name All Of The reasons Charles Darwin was influenced by Thomas Malthus's essay.

- There is variation in a population -More individuals are born into a population than the habitat can support - Some individuals in a population are better able to obtain resources than others.

What describes the Founder Effect? A. a small group of individuals establishes a new colony B. a large population experiences a drastic reduction in size C. Individuals enter a population, contributing new alleles to the gene pool D. a hetrozygous genotype has a higher fitness than homozygous genotypes

A. a small group of individuals establishes a new colony

Selection of dairy cows that produce more milk for human consumption is an example of __________ selection, and a selection of light- colored moths over dark colored moths by a bird predator is an example of ____________ selection.

Artificial, Natural

When a population's size drops rapidly over a short period, resulting in a loss of many alleles that were present in the larger ancestral population, this is refereed to as the _____________ effect.

BottleNeck

One definition of __________ is "Changes in traits from generation to generation.

Evolution

____________ is defined as a change in allele frequencies in a population over time.

Evolution

There are three genotypes within a population. Each genotype's _________ is the number of individuals with that genotype, divided by the total size of the _________.

Frequency, Population

_________ flow is the movement of individuals or gametes into or out of a population.

Gene

Select all of the following that are mechanisms of evolution that can alter allele frequencies. A. Gene Flow B. Natural Selection C. Hardy Weinstein equilibrium D. Mitosis E: Mutation

Gene Flow, Natural Selection. and Mutation.

Natural Selection requires

Genetic Diversity

In evolutionary terms, fitness of an organism is defined as as an organisms.

Genetic contribution to the next generation.

The modern evolutionary synthesis connects natural selection and

Genetic variation that arises by mutation.

The Principal of superposition explain the idea that________ layers of rock, along with the fossils they contain, are older than the layers ___________ them.

Lower, Above

The appearance of a new species of oak tree would be called an _________ event.

Macroevolutionary

Changes in allele in a population or species that occur over a relatively short time rather than a million years is an example of ________________.

Micro-evolution

A ______________ is a change in an organism's DNA sequence and is the raw material for evolution , because genes affect Phenotypes and evolution acts on those Phenotypes.

Mutation

Identify the Scientists And the important idea that they proposed about Evolution. Lyell

Natural Processes are slow and steady, and the Earth is much older than, 6,000 years.

What occurs when environmental factors cause the differential reproductive success of individuals with particular genotypes?

Natural Selection

The entire collection of the genes and their alleles in a population is called the gene __________.

Pool

Interbreeding members of the same species compose a _______________.

Population

Identify the Scientists And the important idea that they proposed about Evolution. Lamarck

Repeated use of a body part increases an organism's abilities, and this change during a lifetime passes to the next generation.

Darwin noted that in natural selection occurs because

Some traits are different among organisms in a population and those differences can be inherited.

A precise of evolution is the

genetic change in a population over multiple generations.

If a predator is more likely to prey upon fish that are the Brightest Color, then Natural Selection in this environment will favor A. bright predators B. brighter fish C. drabber predators D. drabber fish

{D} drabber fish

If many human genes differ in about 10% of their bases from another species' same genes and substitutions occur at an estimated rate of 2% per one million years, then about _____ years have passed since the two species diverged. A. 10 million B. three million C. 20 million D. five million E. 200,000

{D} five million

The entire collection of genes and their alleles is a population's A. recessive traits B. genotype C. dominant traits D. gene pool E. phenotype.

{D} gene pool

According to "On The Origin Of Species " by Charles Darwin, what gives rise to new species? A. uniformitarianism B. migrations C. acquired characteristics D. natural selection

{D} natural selection

Some dinosaurs and birds share characteristics that make flight possible such as A. hollow bones B. a horizontal back C. a short tail D. an upright stance E. All of the answer choices are correct

{E} All of the answer choices are correct

Which Scientist who first stated that the Earth was more than 6,000 years old. A. Hutton B. Lamarck C. Darwin D. Cuvier E. Lyell

{E} Lyell

The mode of natural selection in which extreme phenotypes are less fit than the optimal intermediate phenotype is A. directive selection B. disruptive selection C. convergent selection D. artificial selection E. stabilizing selection

{E} stabilizing selection

Identify the Scientists And the important idea that they proposed about Evolution. Darwin

Variation exists in a population and new species arise when Natural Selection acts on variation.

Balanced polymorphism means that multiple ___________ of a gene persist in a population at more or less constant frequencies indefinitely.

alleles

To calculate an allele frequency, you should divide the number of copies of that allele by the total number ____________ in the population for that gene.

alleles

Gradual genetic changes in organisms from an ancestral species describes

decent with modification.

Select all the key properties of Evolutionary adaptions. A. They are heritable B. They Are a conscious choice C. They arise during adult hood D. They can confer reproductive success

{A.} They are heritable {D.} They can confer reproductive success

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1. If the dominant allele frequency is 0.8 what percent of the population will be heterozygous? A. 0.32 B. 0.16 C. 0.04 D. 0.64 E. 0.40

{A} 0.32

Because genes do not "Know" when to mutate, it follow that bacterial species with a resistance to an antibiotic must have a mutation __________exposure to the antibiotic. A. before B. cause by C. after

{A} Before

Petrification occurs when A. minerals replace the organic material left by a decaying organism B. a leaf sinks into water and fine sediment covers the leaf and compresses C. the imprint of an animal fills with mud, that later hardens to rock D. a whole organism is trapped in a plant resin. E. All of the answer choices are correct

{A} Minerals replace the organic material left by a decaying organism

Select The Correct Statement about Natural Selection. A. Natural Selection does not have a goal of a perfect organism B. Natural selection acts to produce successfully more complex and bigger species over time. C. Natural Selection produces new phenotypes when a species needs them.

{A} Natural Selection does not have a goal of a perfect organism

What trend has been observed in ocean population due to industrial-scale fishing during the past several decades. A. numbers of large fish have declined B. numbers of small fish have declined C. fast-growing fish have become more numerous D. the reproductive rate of large fish exceeds their death rate

{A} Numbers of large fish have declined

Fitness depends on which of the following? Select All That Apply A. ability to survive long enough to reproduce B. proportion of offspring that survive to reproduce C. ability to maintain a territory at home range D. number of successful reproductive efforts in a life time E. ability to move fast

{A} ability to survive long enough to reproduce {B} proportion of offspring that survive to reproduce {D} number of successful reproductive efforts in a life time

In biology lab, your instructor informs you that Carbon-14 dating will demonstrate the use of determining the age of a fossil. Using only this information, you estimate that the age of the fossil must be less than A. about 40,000 years old. B. only one or two half-lifes of carbon, or from 5,730 to 11,460 years. C. about 10,000 years old D. about 1.3 billion years old E. about 300,000 years old

{A} about 40,000 years old

As evolutionary theory was being developed prior to the mid 1700's what fossil evidence conflicted with the idea that the diversity of life was due to creation? A. different layers of rock contained different groups of fossilized organisms B. fossils showed species were extinct C. fossils depicted organisms never seen before D. fossils were mostly found in only the most recent layers of rock.

{A} different layers of rock contained different groups of fossilized organisms {B} fossils showed species were extinct {C} fossils depicted organisms never seen before

Select the true statement about mutation and natural selection A. natural selection acts on existing mutation B. mutations arise when a population needs to adapt C. natural selection produces mutation

{A} natural selection acts on existing mutation

The shortened title of the book that Charles Darwin published in 1859 was A. on the origin of species B. Essay on the principals of population C. on the tennacies of varieties to depart D. Principals of Geology

{A} on the origin of species

Name all the statements that describe Lamarck's ideas about the Origin Of species A. organisms that can use a body part repeatedly increase their abilities B. Variation caused by random mutations leads to some individuals that reproduce more often than other individuals. C. Organisms do not change over time, and members of species are identical. D. any physical changes that happen to the parents during their lives can be passed on to the next generation

{A} organisms that can use a body part repeatedly increase their abilities {D} any physical changes that happen to the parents during their lives can be passed on to the next generation

Select all of the reasons why number of large fish or different commercially-harvested species have declined. A. small fish have high reproductive success B. slow-growing fish have a selective advantage C. Fishing regulations permit the harvest of individuals only above a minimum size. D. large fish are the only ones able to evade larger ships and emigrate from fisheries E. Too many small fish have been harvested such that the populations can't recover.

{A} small fish have high reproductive success {B} slow-growing fish have a selective advantage {C} Fishing regulations permit the harvest of individuals only above a minimum size.

Babies that are at a low birth weight are more likely to have health problems, while women will have difficulty delivering babies with high birth weight. Together this leads to ______ for babies of average birth weight. A. stabilizing selection B. directional selection C. sexual selection D. artificial selection E. disruptive selection

{A} stabilizing selection

What is the frequency of CC if 320 individuals have the genotype CC in a population of 2,000 individuals.? A. 0.32 B. 0.16 C. 0.08 D. 0.4

{B} 0.16

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1. If the dominant allele frequency is 0.8, what percent of the population will be homozygous recessive? A. 0.64 B. 0.32 C. 0.16 D. 0.40 E. 0.04

{B} 0.32

In a population of 100 individuals, 36 of the individuals are homozygous recessive {aa} for particular gene, What is the frequency of that genotype? A. 0.84 B. 0.36 C. 0.64 D. 0.16

{B} 0.36

Within the country of Indonesia, the island of Sumatra has tigers and rhinos, while to the East, the island of Sulawesi has cockatoos and tree kangaroos. What is the best explanation for this observation? A. animals in Sumatra and Sulawesi both came from Asia, but those in Sulawesi migrated farther B. Animals in Sumatra came from Asia, while those in Sulawesi came from Australia C. Sumatra separated from Sulawesi millions of years ago, and the Sumatran animals have since become dissimilar to their ancestors in Australia D. Some species can migrate between islands and others cannot E. The climates on the two islands are very different, allowing some species to survive, and others not

{B} Animals in Sumatra came from Asia, while those in Sulawesi came from Australia

According to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, changes in allele or genotype frequencies from one generation to the next indicate that A. evolution does not occur in populations B. Evolution is occurring C. Population size is infinitely large D. random mating is occurring

{B} Evolution is occurring

Disruptive Selection is a mechanism of Natural Selection that A. Is seldom seen in natural populations B. Favors Two Or More extreme phenotypes in a population C. Favors the intermediate phenotype in a population D. Favors only one extreme phenotype in a population.

{B} Favors Two Or More extreme phenotypes in a population

In The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the terms p2, 2pq, and q2 refer to A. Allele frequencies gene of a population B. Genotype frequencies in a population C. Phenotype frequencies in a population D. Numbers of individuals in a population

{B} Genotype frequencies in a population

Select All Of The Following that are examples of The Bottleneck affect. A. the Amish of Pennsylvania B. North American bison C. greater prairie chickens D. sick-cell disease in Africa

{B} North American bison {C} greater prairie chickens

When the intermediate phenotype of a trait is being selected for and the extreme phenotypes are being selected against, the population is probably undergoing. A. Sexual Selection B. Stabilizing Selection C. Disruptive Selection D. Directional Selection

{B} Stabilizing Selection

Select all the factor that limit the results of Natural Selection A. Organism can alter their genotype during the course of their lifetime due to behavioral changes B. a population is limited by alleles present in its gene pool C. Selection cannot result in phenotype, only genotype D. distastes such as floods, earthquakes, and volcano's can indiscriminately eliminate allele combinations.

{B} a population is limited by alleles present in its gene pool {D} distastes such as floods, earthquakes, and volcano's can indiscriminately eliminate allele combinations.

The wing of a bat and an insect are examples of _____ structures. A. homeotic B. analogous C. homologous D. heterologous E. vestigial

{B} analogous

Select all the ways that the Hardy-Weinberg equations can be used A. reveal which mechanism of evolution is acting B. calculate genotype frequencies if allele frequencies are known C. determine ideal population size D. indicate if evolution is occurring E. calculate allele frequencies if genotype is unknown.

{B} calculate genotype frequencies if allele frequencies are known {D} indicate if evolution is occurring {E} calculate allele frequencies if genotype is unknown.

Select all of the following that are true about the heterozygous genotype in the situation of heterozygous advantage. A. Reduces polymorphism B. can contain harmful alleles C. has a greater fitness than homozygous genotypes D. has reduced fitness compared to the homozygous dominant genotype but greater fitness compared to the homozygous recessive genotype

{B} can contain harmful alleles {C} has a greater fitness than homozygous genotypes

What describes how genetic drift occurs? A. flow of alleles into a population B. gain or loss of alleles by chance C. changes in DNA sequence D. selective inheritance of adaptive alleles

{B} gain or loss of alleles by chance

A change in allele frequencies that occurs by chance and that tends to eliminate alleles in a population rather than increase diversity is called A. selection B. genetic drift C. nonrandom mating D. migration

{B} genetic drift

As proposed by James Hutton, the theory of Uniformitarianism states that A. Physical process such as gravity and magnetism are present in all of Earth's environments. B. gradual geological processes such as erosion and sedimentation that act in modern times also occurred in the past. C. most geological formations are produced by brief, violent upheavals such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. D. biological processes such as development and evolution apply to both plants and animals

{B} gradual geological processes such as erosion and sedimentation that act in modern times also occurred in the past.

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1: 2pq represents the frequency of A. homozygous dominant individuals. B. heterozygous individuals C. homozygous dominant and heterozygous individuals. D. homozygous recessive and heterozygous individuals E. homozygous recessive individuals

{B} heterozygous individuals

An ___________ does not evolve because alleles do not change , however an __________ can evolve because allele frequency can change. A. species ; population B. individual; population C. community ; Species D. population ; individual

{B} individual; population

Absolute dating uses ______ to estimate how old a fossil is. A. a molecular clock B. radioactive isotopes C. embryonic structures D. depth within rock layers E. structural features

{B} radioactive isotopes

A mutation can affect evolution in a species only if A. the organism detects it and is able to adapt to it B. it affects the individual but not the offspring of the individual C. subsequent generation inherit it D. it occurs in the somatic tissue of an adult.

{C.} subsequent generation inherit it

If two species that live on opposite sides of the planet share common characteristics and live in similar habitats, then these two species have undergone A. co-evolution B. micro evolution C. convergent evolution D. artificial selection

{C} Convergent evolution

How does natural selection act to change allele frequencies? A. Eliminates Alleles by random chance B. Moves New alleles into a population C. Favors Adaptive phenotypes D. Creates New Alleles

{C} Favors Adaptive phenotypes

If similarities between two structures in different organisms reflect common ancestry, these structures are A. vestigial B. homeotic C. heterologous D. homologous E. analogous

{C} Homologous

Directional, disruptive, and stabilizing are all types of _____________, in which certain phenotypes are favored over others. A. Mutation B. Genetic drift C. natural selection D. migration

{C} Natural Selection

Rock layers at the bottom of geologic deposit are the A. most radioactive B. youngest C. oldest D. heaviest

{C} Oldest

Marsupials are mammals that A. breathe through gills B. do not bear live young C. carry their young in a pouch D. have evolved recently E. lay eggs

{C} carry their young in a pouch

What is a mechanism by which harmful alleles can be maintained in a population even though homozygous recessive individuals have greatly reduced fitness? A. Hardy-Weinberg stack B. population bottleneck C. heterozygote advantage D. genetic drift

{C} heterozygote advantage

In ___________ selection, the members of one sex compete among themselves for access to mates, where as in ___________ selection, members of one sex choose their mates among multiple members of the opposite sex. A. balanced ;hetrozygote B. heterozygote ; balanced C. intrasexual ;intersexual D. intersexual ; intrasexual

{C} intrasexual ;intersexual

The appearance of a new species of oak tree would be called an _____________ event. A. polytechnic B. micro-evolutionary C. macro-evolutionary D. equilibrium

{C} macro-evolutionary

Select all statements that describe Lamarck's ideas about The Origin Of Species A. Organisms do not change overtime, and members of species are identical B. variation caused by random mutations lead to some individuals that reproduce more often than other individuals. C. organisms that use a body part repeatedly increase their abilities D. Any physical changes that can happen to the parents during their lives can be passed on to the next generation.

{C} organisms that use a body part repeatedly increase their abilities {D} Any physical changes that can happen to the parents during their lives can be passed on to the next generation.

What increases genetic variability within a species through shuffling and reshuffling of parental alleles to produce genetically different offspring. A. asexual reproduction B. co-evolution C. sexual reproduction D. binary fission

{C} sexual reproduction

Suppose the migration of a subset of the human population to a new area leads to relatively low genetic diversity in the new population. This is an example of A. the bottleneck effect B. balanced polymorphism C. the founder effect D. directional selection

{C} the founder effect

Hardy- Weinberg is seldom seen in natural populations because A. Mating Is Usually Random B. Biologists cannot determine allele frequencies in wild animals C. Wild populations Are too large to use mathematical calculations. D. Selection Takes Place In Natural Systems

{D.} Selection Takes Place In Natural Systems

Select all the correct examples of artificial selection A. Broccoli, cauliflower, and kale were created by Artificial selection of Wild mustard B. Artificial selection is responsibly for the fact that similar species may appear in similar habitats in different parts of the world. C. The 13 of Galapagos finches were created by Darwin using artificial selection of two species he brought back to England D. Darwin raised and developed several breeds of pigeons using Artificial selection

{D} Darwin raised and developed several breeds of pigeons using Artificial selection {A} Broccoli, cauliflower, and kale were created by Artificial selection of Wild mustard

In a fruit fly embryo, the end that becomes the head will contain a protein called bicoid. What would happen if you injected additional bicoid in the other end of the embryo? A. It would fail to develop a head. B. It would not grow legs. C. Legs would grow out of its head. D. It would develop two heads. E. It would not have segments

{D} It would develop two heads

Sexual Selection is a type of natural selection resulting from variations in the ability to A. Reproduce Asexually B. Covolve with another unrelated species C. Maintain cryptic coloration D. Obtain Mates

{D} Obtain Mates.

What is a common misconception about natural selection? A. Natural Selection does not operate with the goal of a perfect organism B. phenotypes that decrease an organism's reproductive success can be selected against C. A phenotype can be adaptive in one environment and non-adaptive in another environment D. Organisms evolve the traits they need and lose traits they don't need.

{D} Organisms evolve the traits they need and lose traits they don't need.

After reading Malthus's Essay, Darwin realized that A. females only produce enough offspring to survive each year B. Aristotle was correct in his assumptions that all individuals were equal C. natural processes on Earth were slow and steady, like changes in organisms over time D. Poorly adapted individuals would not survive if resources were limited

{D} Poorly adapted individuals would not survive if resources were limited

Populations of peacock ,deer, and prairie chickens that use reproductive methods in which one individual picks a mate based on a particular characteristic would violate what Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium assumption? A. No mutation B. No Migration C. Large Population D. Random Mating

{D} Random Mating

A difference between males and females of a species is called A. Convergent Evolution B. Differential Evolution C. Random Mating D. Sexual Dimorphism

{D} Sexual Dimorphism

Farmers and horticulturalists have bred broccoli, cauliflower, kale, and cabbage from the wild mustard plant through A. sexual selection B. genetic drift C. natural selection D. artificial selection E. evolution.

{D} artificial selection