Bio final exams study guide

What group of organisms best describe the closest relatives to eukaryotes? Archaea Bacteria Opisthokonta Prokaryotes Stramenopiles

Archaea

Bryophyte spores are genetically distinct from one another. The best explanation of this phenomenon is because... Bryophytes must cross fertilize. Crossing over and independent assortment occurred. Differential mate choice occurred. Mutations occur during the DNA synthesis phase.

Crossing over and independent assortment occurred.

How does the current concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere compare to historical concentrations? Currently much higher than it has ever been in the past 800,000 years Currently much higher than it has ever been in the past 200 million years Currently the same as it has been in earth's recent history Current concentrations fall within the normal variation of atmospheric carbon dioxide

Currently much higher than it has ever been in the past 800,000 years

Based on the theory of endosymbiosis, would you predict that the DNA sequence of a gene in the chloroplasts of green algae would most similar to the sequence of the same gene in... Cyanobacteria The mitochondria of green algae The nuclei of euglenids The nuclei of green algae

Cyanobacteria

Prior to reproduction, most cells in a normal fungal mycelium are... Dikaryotic Diploid Haploid Any of the above

Haploid

You observe that honeybees regularly visit many of the flowers in your yard, regardless of the size and shape of the flower, but you never see them visit the red roses on your rose bush. You wonder (pose a research question), "Why don't the bees visit the red roses?" You know from previous observation and research that honeybees visit a wide variety of flowers, and that their eyes have receptors for ultraviolet light but none for red light. What would be a valid scientific hypothesis in this situation? -Experimentally painting stripes on the rose petals using ultraviolet paint will result in more honeybees visiting the painted roses. -Honeybees are not visually attracted to the roses because they cannot see the red color of the flowers -Honeybees do not like the shape of roses, and so avoid visiting them -Honeybees visit flowers to collect nectar to bring back to their colony as a food source for the other bees and the young in the colony

Honeybees are not visually attracted to the roses because they cannot see the red color of the flowers You correctly chose the statement that answers the research question, follows from the background knowledge, and is not a prediction.

The Florida panther is a distinct population of cougar that lives in southern Florida. In the 1970s, the population of Florida panthers was as low as 20 individuals, and there was a higher incidence of heart and immune problems relative to other populations of cougars. Why did the Florida population have a higher incidence of these problems? Climate change and higher temperatures over-stressed the panthers The Florida climate is unsuitable for panthers Inbreeding and loss of genetic variation in the Florida population Increase genetic drift of diseases into the Florida population

Inbreeding and loss of genetic variation in the Florida population

Now imagine people have filled in the stream to build a shopping center. The construction also destroyed some of the unicorn catfish habitat in the two lakes, and there are now only 50 catfish in each lake. What will happen to the genetic variation between each of the two populations? Increase Decrease Stay the same Impossible to predict

Increase

Which of the following interactions disproves the idea that a species in a mutualistic relationship can never use the other species as a food source? Leaf-cutter ants and fungal garden Trees and mycorrhizae Venus fly trap and fly Primrose and honey bee None of the above

Leaf-cutter ants and fungal garden

What is wrong with the statement "Early hominins needed to use tools to advance, so natural selection gave them proportionally larger brains to develop and utilize tools"? Natural selection to does not create variation to fill a perceived need. Humans and our ancestors escaped and were no longer subject to natural selection. Brain size evolved through genetic drift, not natural selection. Nothing is wrong, it is a perfectly accurate statement.

Natural selection to does not create variation to fill a perceived need.

If a population is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, this implies that.. the population is going extinct the population is very ancient the population is evolving at the gene not in equilibrium all populations are in HW equilibrium because they are the control

the population is evolving at the gene not in equilibrium

The clade that includes lycopods (Lycopodophyta), ferns (Monilophyta), gymnosperms, and flowering plants (angiosperms) is characterized by being the first to have ALL of the following synapomorphies EXCEPT: Branching Diploid dominance True leaves Vascular tissue

true leaves

Assuming a Hardy-Weinberg population and the frequency of the b allele is 0.20. What is the frequency of individuals with Bb genotypes? 0.04 0.16 0.32 0.64

0.32

Prokaryotes do not reproduce sexually, but they do acquire genetic changes via ___. Conjugation Independent assortment Random fertilization All of the above

Conjugation

What is the primary function of fruit? Disperse seeds Protect seeds Food source for seeds A and B

Disperse seeds

While out walking, you see a red flower, shaped like a deep, narrow vase. It has no smell that you can detect. What type of pollinator would predict is most likely to visit the flower? Beetle Carrion fly Honey bee Hummingbird Wind

Hummingbird

What is the ultimate source of all genetic variation? Gene flow Genetic drift Mutation Natural selection Mutation and natural Selection Gene flow and mutation Genetic Drift and natural selection

Mutation

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between natural selection and evolution? They are synonymous terms Evolution is the formation of two new species due to natural selection Natural selection is one mechanism of evolution Natural selection is the only mechanism of evolution

Natural selection is one mechanism of evolution

When you eat a peach, what part of the plant are you eating? Megasporangium Gametophyte Ovary Ovule All of the above

Ovary

When does allopatric speciation take place? When a geographic barrier separates two populations When separated populations that have diverged from each other com back into contact When a second reproductive isolation mechanism evolves All of the above are part of the allopatric speciation process

When a geographic barrier separates two populations

Which of the following taxonomic ranks is the most exclusive (potentially includes the least species)? Class Domain Family Order

family

Sexual reproduction has been favored in eukaryotes in part because it... is cheaper than asexual reproduction. produces offspring that may be more likely to survive under changing environmental conditions is slower than asexual reproduction and so fewer mutations will occur. will result in more offspring during periods of stable environmental conditions. mandates extended periods of haploidy and diploidy.

produces offspring that may be more likely to survive under changing environmental conditions

Red-green color-blindness is a recessive, X-linked trait in humans. Suppose a color-blind male and female homozygous for normal vision have a child together. What is the probability the child will be color-blind? 0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

0%

In cats, all white fur is dominant to colored fur, and short hair is dominant to long hair. Suppose two white, short-haired cats mate. If they are both heterozygous both genes, what is the probablility that one of their kittens will have long, colored fur? 1 out of 16 (6.25%) 2 out of 16 (12.5%) 3 out of 16 (18.75%) 4 out of 16 (25%) 5 out of 16 (31.25%) 6 out of 16 (37.5%) 7 out of 16 (43.75%) 8 out of 16 (50%) 9 out of 16 (56.25%) 10 out of 16 (62.5%) 11 out of 16 (68.75%) 12 out of 16 (75%) 13 out of 16 (81.25%) 14 out of 16 (87.5%) 15 out of 16 (93.75%) 16 out of 16 (100%)

1 out of 16 (6.25%)

Snapdragons show incomplete dominance in flower color, with the red (R) allele and the white (r) allele combining in the heterozygote to produce pink flowers. What is the expected phenotypic ratio in the offspring of a cross between two pink flowers? 1 RR to 2 Rr to 1 rr 1 red to 2 pink to 1 white 3 red to one white All pink 2 RR to 2 rr

1 red to 2 pink to 1 white

What is the maximum number of alleles per gene that an individual can have (assume a diploid species)? 1 2 3 No limit

2

In Drosophila, long wings are dominant to short wings, and brown body color is dominant to yellow body color. A female fly with a short wings and heterozygous for body color has a child with a male fly who is heterozygous at both genes. What is the expected ratio of phenotypes among their offspring? 4 long wings and brown body to 4 long wings and yellow body to 4 short wings and brown body to 4 short wings and yellow body 6 long wings and brown body to 2 long wings and yellow body to 6 short wings and brown body to 2 short wings and yellow body 6 long wings and brown body to 6 long wings and yellow body to 2 short wings and brown body to 2 short wings and yellow body 9 long wings and brown body to 3 long wings and yellow body to 3 short wings and brown body to 1 short wings and yellow body

6 long wings and brown body to 2 long wings and yellow body to 6 short wings and brown body to 2 short wings and yellow body

Adrenal hyperplasia is a genetic recessive disease that is rare, but most common in people of East Asian ancestry, where it occurs at a rate of 9.6 per 10,000 people (frequency of 0.00096; Xiao & Lauske, 2021). Japan has a population of about 125 million (125,000,000). How many of them are expected to be carriers of the adrenal hyperplasia allele, assuming Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium 115 3,872,983 7,509,750 117,379,125

7,509,750

From previous studies I know that the gene for making hairs on leaves is controlled by two alleles: H - the dominant allele codes for hairs and the recessive allele h is unable to make hairs. I also know that flower color is controlled by another gene such that the dominant allele P codes for purple flowers whereas the recessive allele p is unable to produce pigment. Suppose I now cross a true breeding hairy plant with purple flowers with a hairless plant that has white flowers. The F1 all turn out to be purple flowered and hairy. When I cross these plants, my F2 generation should exhibit what phenotypic ratio? 9 hairy and purple : 3 hairy and white : 3 hairless and purple : 1 hairless and white 9 hairless and white : 3 hairy and white : 3 hairless and purple : 1 hairy and purple 3 hairy : 1 white flowered 9 hairy : 3 hairless : 3 purple : 1 white

9 hairy and purple : 3 hairy and white : 3 hairless and purple : 1 hairless and white

In which population would you expect the most rapid evolutionary change? A small population with a high mutation rate in a changing environment. A small population with a low mutation rate in a stable environment. A large population with a high mutation rate in a changing environment. A large population with a low mutation rate in a stable environment.

A

What distinguishes angiosperms from gymnosperms? Angiosperms have flowers, gymnosperms don't Angiosperms have fruit, gymnosperms don't Angiosperms have seeds, gymnosperms don't Angiosperms have vascular tissue, gymnosperms don't A and B A, B, and C

A and B

Venus flytraps are able to photosynthesize and harness energy from the sun into chemical energy. These plants grow in nitrogen-poor soil, and so they obtain their nitrogen requirements by luring, trapping, and digesting herbivorous insects. What trophic level do venus flytraps occupy in a food web? Primary producer Herbivore First-level carnivore Second-level carnivore A and B A and C B and C C and D

A and C

Which of the following foxes has the greatest fitness? A fox that lived for 7 years and had 10 offspring A fox that lived for 13 years and had 8 offspring. A fox that can run faster than any other fox. A fox that is young and just entering reproductive age.

A fox that lived for 7 years and had 10 offspring

Mammals are born with an active lactase gene that helps digest the lactose in milk while they are nursing. When they stop nursing, the lactase gene turns off, lactase is no longer produce, and they can no longer digest milk. Approximately 10,000 years ago, some populations of cattle-rearing prehistoric humans began to be able to digest milk as adults, and this ability spread through a large segment of the human species. What happened 10,000 years ago to begin this process? The ability to digest milk in adulthood gave a greater fitness advantage Behavioral isolation evolved separating populations that could digest milk for those that couldn't Gene flow brought a lactase allele that stayed on through adulthood into the population A mutation occurred that kept the lactase gene on into adulthood

A mutation occurred that kept the lactase gene on into adulthood

What best describes the body structure of multicellular fungi? A colony of unicellular organisms cooperating with each other A network (mycelium) of branching filaments (hyphae) A single string of cells (hypha) with feeding structures at one end and reproductive structures at the other end A solid mass of cells underground (mycelium)

A network (mycelium) of branching filaments (hyphae)

A fruit fly from a pure-breeding line of flies with round, red eyes (the wild type traits) is crossed with a fly from a pure-breeding line of the flies with star-shaped, purple eyes. The offspring all have round, red eyes. The offspring are crossed with each other, and the phenotypic ratio among their offspring are almost exactly 9 round red eyes to 3 round purple eyes to 3 star-shape red eyes to 1 star shaped purple eyes. What possible conclusions can you make? The genes for eye shape and eye color are on different chromosomes The genes for eye shape and eye color are on the same chromosome, but far apart from each other The genes for eye shape and eye color are close together on the same chromosome Eye shape and eye color are controlled by the same gene A or B A, B, or C

A or B

In sexual life cycles, gametes can be produced by ... Mitosis Meiosis Synapsis Karyogamy A or B

A or B

With which of the following groups of organisms are fungi capable of forming mutualistic interactions? Animals Plants Bacteria Protists A and B All of the above

All of the above

You have an individual with the dominant phenotype and want to test the hypothesis that it is a homozygote. What is a logical prediction from this hypothesis? All of the offspring of a testcross (with the recessive phenotype) have the dominant phenotype All of the offspring of a testcross (with the recessive phenotype) have the recessive phenotype Half of the offspring of a testcross (with the recessive phenotype) have the dominant phenotype, the other half have the recessive phenotype Three fourths of the offspring of a testcross (with the recessive phenotype) have the dominant phenotype, the other fourth have the recessive phenotype

All of the offspring of a testcross (with the recessive phenotype) have the dominant phenotype

In Drosophila, there is a gene that affects eye color. One allele is responsible for eyes that are purple in color, and the other allele is responsible for normal, red colored eyes. Crossing a pure-breeding fly with red eyes and a pure-breeding fly with purple eyes results in offspring that all have red eyes. Which allele is dominant? Allele for purple eyes Allele for red eyes They are incompletely dominant Cannot be determined

Allele for red eyes

Anabaena is a genus of cyanobacteria that have heterocysts. Which of the following is NOT correct about them? Anabaena is photosynthetic Anabaena exhibits some degree of multicellularity with different cell types Anabaena is involved in nitrogen fixation Anabaena cannot survive in the presence of oxygen

Anabaena cannot survive in the presence of oxygen

Which of the following statements about bacterial genomes is true? The products of meiosis in bacteria are four haploid cells. Bacterial chromosomes are found in a nucleoid region which is not contained within a nuclear membrane. Bacterial cells have multiple chromosomes packaged with a relatively large amount of protein. Bacterial genomes are composed primarily of DNA interspersed with short stretches of RNA. Bacterial genomes are composed of DNA arranged in linear chromosomes.

Bacterial chromosomes are found in a nucleoid region which is not contained within a nuclear membrane.

Courtship in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is characterized by a series of actions on the part of the male: antennal probing, wing movements, rotating around the female, chasing the female, and licking. Eventually, the female may permit the male to proceed with copulation. Mating in these flies usually occurs on rotting fruit, where other species of Drosophila may be feeding as well. What type of reproductive isolation keeps these species separate from one another? Behavioral isolation Habitat isolation Hybrid infertility Temporal isolation

Behavioral isolation

What will happen when two species are attempting to co-exist on a limiting resource? They will co-exist peacefully, sharing the limited resource They will be in a permanent cycle of competition for the resource One will be eliminated from that environment One will be eliminated from that environment A or B C or D

C or D

Chemotrophic bacteria... Can gain their energy by the oxidation of organic compounds. Can only gain organic molecules by ingesting other organic molecules Can make organic molecules from single-carbon molecules Can survive in the absence of any nutrient source

Can gain their energy by the oxidation of organic compounds.

In Drosophila, there is a gene that affects wing development. One allele is responsible for wings that are curled up, and the other allele is responsible for wings that lay flat. Flies with curled wings are unable to fly and have difficulty finding and attracting mates. Which allele is dominant? -Allele for curled wings -Allele for flat wings -They are incompletely dominant -Cannot be determined

Cannot be determined

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding the lysogenic cycle? Cells infected by a virus in its lysogenic phase can continue to grow and divide. Lysogenic viruses are harmless. Lysogenic viruses have a membranous envelope to assist in infecting a host cell. Viruses in the lysogenic phase have no discernable impact on the host cell.

Cells infected by a virus in its lysogenic phase can continue to grow and divide.

Which of the following characteristics of fungi most accurately reflects their relatedness to plants vs. animals? Cell walls of chitin Chemoheterotrophic metabolism Separation of plasmogamy and karyogamy Spore dispersal

Chemoheterotrophic metabolism

What is the result of crossing over? Chromosomes that have switched homologous pairs with another pair of chromosomes Chromosomes that are a mixture of maternal and paternal DNA Tangled up chromatids that won't break apart properly Tangled up homologous pairs of chromosomes that won't segregate properly

Chromosomes that are a mixture of maternal and paternal DNA

When studying the sequence of a particular gene in gorillas, scientists found that the sequence was very similar to sequence of the same gene in chimpanzees. Horses had a sequence that was slightly less similar. Snapping turtles had a gene sequence that was also similar, but with a few more differences than the horse. This is evidence for which evolutionary theory? Perpetual change Gradualism Natural selection Common descent

Common descent

Which of the following is a good way to preserve genetic variation in endangered populations? Create conservation area with the largest size possible Create conservation areas as far apart as possible in case something happens to one. Contain individuals in their own local populations to prevent spread of disease Allow invasive species, habitat fragmentation, and climate change to continue. The challenges this places on species will spur evolution and adaptation.

Create conservation area with the largest size possible

Now imagine people have filled in the stream to build a shopping center. The construction also destroyed some of the unicorn catfish habitat in the two lakes, and there are now only 50 catfish in each lake. What will happen to the genetic variation within each of the two populations? Increase Decrease Stay the same Impossible to predict

Decrease

Imagine two lakes that are connected by a stream. The very rare unicorn catfish lives in the lakes, but can swim between the lakes using the stream. There are about 1000 unicorn catfish in each lake. What is the likely degree of divergence or variation between the two populations in the two lakes? Divergence or variation between the populations is high Divergence or variation between the populations is low Impossible to predict

Divergence or variation between the populations is low

Based on segregation and independent assortment, what are the possible gamete genotypes produced by a diploid individual with genotype EeFf? E, e, F, f EE, Ee, ee, FF, Ff, ff Ee, Ff EF, Ef, eF, ef EF, ef

EF, Ef, eF, ef

Many Drosophila melanogaster (fruit flies) populations around the world have evolved to be resistant to the insecticide DDT. Which of the following statements most accurately describes how this evolution happened? Female fruit flies choose mates on the basis of insecticide resistance. Flies needed to be able to withstand DDT in the environment, so resistance alleles appeared and evolved. Flies carrying the resistant allele were more likely to survive to adult hood and pass that allele to a greater proportion of the offspring in the next generation. The evolution of resistance alleles ensured that the species would survive in an environment with DDT.

Flies carrying the resistant allele were more likely to survive to adult hood and pass that allele to a greater proportion of the offspring in the next generation.

Greater potential for adaptation in new or changing environments is one likely driving force behind which evolutionary trend in plants? Dispersal by seeds rather than spores Gametophyte dependence to independence Sperm transport by pollen Gametophyte dominance to sporophyte dominance

Gametophyte dominance to sporophyte dominance

Vascular, seedless plants include ferns, and non-vascular plants include mosses. How has the dominant generation evolved from non-vascular plants to angiosperms? Gametophytes are dominant in both groups Gametophytes are dominant in non-vascular plants; sporophytes are dominant in angiosperms Sporophytes are dominant in both groups Sporophytes are dominant in non-vascular plants; gametophytes are dominant in angiosperms

Gametophytes are dominant in non-vascular plants; sporophytes are dominant in angiosperms

Which factor likely helped drive the transition of the ancestor of land plants from aquatic to terrestrial life? Greater access to light and carbon dioxide Their complexity was too great for aquatic living Vascular tissue allowed upright growth All of the above

Greater access to light and carbon dioxide

Which of the following is NOT an example of an ecosystem service? Gypsy moth caterpillars defoliating trees in New England. The biting midge Forcipomyia pollinating cacao flowers in Central and South America Populations of native damsel bugs eating aphids feeding on soybean plants in farm fields Butterfly species visiting flowers in a garden.

Gypsy moth caterpillars defoliating trees in New England.

Which of the following is a true statement about horizontal gene transfer? HGT can only happen among individuals of the same species HGT only occurs in prokaryotes HGT can occur between species, no matter closely or distantly they are related to each other HGT has had little to no impact on the evolution of species

HGT can occur between species, no matter closely or distantly they are related to each other

What reproductive isolation mechanism is usually the first to appear in allopatric speciation? Behavioral isolation Habitat isolation Mechanical isolation Temporal isolation

Habitat isolation

Suppose some scientists hypothesized the natural selection was involved the change in number of spots, and they wanted to get more evidence supporting their hypothesis. They carry out an experiment to test the relationship between the number of spots on a father guppy and the number of spots on his sons. For what necessary element for natural selection would this experiment provide evidence? Differential reproduction Fitness benefit to fish with spots Heritability of trait Variation in trait

Heritability of trait

Sickle cell anemia is caused by a recessive mutant allele at one of the hemoglobin genes. Individuals that are heterozygous for the mutant allele are resistant to malaria. This situation is an example of... Convergent evolution Frequency-dependent selection Heterozygote advantage Sexual selection

Heterozygote advantage

A man is color blind (a recessive, X-linked trait). From which of his parents could he have inherited his color-blind allele? His mother His father Either parent Both parents Neither parent

His mother

What evolutionary advantage did true leaves offer to land plants? Increased surface area for photosynthesis to provide energy for other, energetically expensive adaptations Increased height to gain more access to sunlight Increased surface area for water absorption in drier environments Ability to shade spores to protect them during germination away from water

Increased surface area for photosynthesis to provide energy for other, energetically expensive adaptations

Mammals are born with an active lactase gene that helps digest the lactose in milk while they are nursing. When they stop nursing, the lactase gene turns off, lactase is no longer produce, and they can no longer digest milk. Approximately 10,000 years ago, some populations of cattle-rearing prehistoric humans began to be able to digest milk as adults, and this ability spread through a large segment of the human species. How did the lactase allele that stayed on into adulthood increase fitness? All members of a village were more likely to survive and reproduce if some of the people had the persistant allele Individuals with the persistant allele had access to more food sources, were better nourished, and more likely to survive and reproduce Individuals with the persistant allele were more likely to spread the allele to other individuals Mutations giving rise to the persistant allele were more common in cattle-rearing societies

Individuals with the persistant allele had access to more food sources, were better nourished, and more likely to survive and reproduce

On the island of Trinidad, there are many streams flowing out of the mountainous center of the island down to the sea. These streams consist of a series of pools separated by small waterfalls as the streams flow down the mountainsides. Trinidad is famous for the guppies that inhabit many of these pools. Guppies are rather small fish, and guppies in a given pool cannot traverse the waterfalls to reach higher pools upstream, and they carefully avoid being washed over the falls to lower pools downstream. This means that each pool has a more or less isolated population of guppies inhabiting it. As a result, the streams and fish of Trinidad are particularly famous among biologists for the opportunities they present to conduct evolutionary experiments that can be replicated in different pools. In pools where the guppies live with no larger fish species, the male guppies often have brilliantly colored strips or spots during the mating season. This is a result of... Balancing selection Intrasexual selection Intersexual selection Natural selection

Intersexual selection

If humans were to immediately eliminate all carbon dioxides contributions from farming and burning plant matter, how would that affect the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere? It would continue to increase. It will decrease to two-thirds of its current concentration It will slowly start to decrease It will remain at its current concentration

It would continue to increase.

Sickle cell anemia is caused by a recessive mutant allele at one of the hemoglobin genes. Individuals that are heterozygous for the mutant allele are resistant to malaria. Many medical non-profit organizations are promoting the "No More Malaria" campaign, the goal of which is to eradicate malaria. If they are successful, what will happen to the frequency of the sickle cell allele? Its frequency will increase Its frequency will decrease, eventually to zero Its frequency will stay in constant in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Impossible to determine

Its frequency will decrease, eventually to zero

What molecule or material provides vascular tissue with its rigidity, providing the structural support for upright growth? Cellulose Lignin Protein Sporopollenin

Lignin

In Drosophila, long wings are dominant to short wings, and brown body color is dominant to yellow body color. A female fly with a short wings and heterozygous for body color has a child with a male fly who is heterozygous at both genes. What is the phenotype of the male fly? WB WwBB wwBb WwBb Short wings and brown body Long wings and yellow body Long wings and brown body

Long wings and brown body

eafowl (Pavo cristatus) are well-known birds native to southern Asia. Males, called peacocks have long tails or "trains" patterned with numerous eyespots they they can hold upright in a display, and have long claws on their legs. Females, called peahens, have much short, undecorated tails. In a 2005 study, a researcher named Loyau and her colleagues examined the role of intrasexual selection in peafowl. Which of the following pieces of evidence from their study support the presence of intrasexual selection among male peacocks? Females showed preference for males with a greater density of eyespots on their trains Males with longer legs were more likely to acquire and defend territory from other males to display their trains The length of a claw on the legs of males was unrelated to mating success Shorter trains in males tended to have a greater density of eyespots

Males with longer legs were more likely to acquire and defend territory from other males to display their trains

What does a megaspore produce? Eggs Megagametophyte Megasporophyte Sperm

Megagametophyte

Why is a family member that lives with you the best source for a stool sample for fecal transplant? Considered to be the most ethical source Less chance of transplant rejection by your body Most convenient source Most likely has a similar healthy gut flora as you do

Most likely has a similar healthy gut flora as you do

Many scientists have conjectured that mutation rate is a selectable parameter. This would mean that the rate at which mutations occur in a population can evolve through natural selection. If this is true, would we expect to see populations with naturally selected mutation rates of zero? (I.e. populations where no mutations ever occur due to natural selection) Yes, eliminating mutations will keep a population in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Yes, mutations are harmful and eliminating them increases fitness No, a mutation rate of zero will ultimately result in an inability adapt to new environments No, mutations are always beneficial and more mutations will increase fitness

No, a mutation rate of zero will ultimately result in an inability adapt to new environments

Where on the "Tree of Life" do viruses belong? Domain Archaea Domain Bacteria Domain Eukarya None of the above

None of the above

Which of the following is not hypothesized to form the direct basis of a plastid in some lineage of photosynthetic protists? Cyanobacteria Green algae Nuclei Red algae All of these have are the evolutionary ancestors of a plastid in some photosynthetic protist

Nuclei

Which of the following is an accurate statement about phylogenies? Phylogenetic trees are scientific hypotheses proposing a set of evolutionary relationships Phylogenetic trees depict the taxonomic classifications of a group of species Phylogenetic trees are based on the intuition and experience of expert taxonomists Phylogenetic trees depict the true evolutionary relationships among species

Phylogenetic trees are scientific hypotheses proposing a set of evolutionary relationships

You go to go graduate school to study biology, and take a mycology (study of fungi) class. Another grad student, who didn't go to as good of a school as Miami University, is surprised to observe that the cells in a mushroom have two nuclei. Even more surprising, the nuclei are genetically different! You, of course, are not surprised by this. You explain that the cells in the mushroom have undergone _________, but have not yet undergone ________. Asexual reproduction; sexual reproduction Karyogamy; plasmogamy Plasmogamy; karyogamy Sexual reproduction; asexual reproduction

Plasmogamy; karyogamy

Which of the following is NOT part of an ovule? Integuments Megagametophyte Megapore coat Megasporangium Pollen grain

Pollen grain

Which of the following is NOT a step in the extinction vortex? Small populations tend to lose genetic variation through genetic drift Natural selection is hindered or limited in populations with less genetic variation. Population will have harmful traits selected for by natural selection Population in an extinction vortex experience a gradual reduction in fitness.

Population will have harmful traits selected for by natural selection

Which of the following statements about productivity pyramids in terrestrial ecosystems is true? Primary producers will always have more energy/biomass; the pyramid can never be inverted Tertiary consumers will always have more energy/biomass; the pyramid can never be inverted There is an average of 50% loss of energy or biomass with each trophic level Mutualistic interactions will always outnumber other types of interactions in a community, since both parties are more productive as a result of the interaction.

Primary producers will always have more energy/biomass; the pyramid can never be inverted

Which of following distinguish prokaryotes from eukaryotes? Prokaryotic cells lack a defined nucleus Prokaryotic cells have a single, circular chromosome Prokaryotic cells are larger A and B A, B, and C

Prokaryotic cells lack a defined nucleus

When during meiosis does crossing over take place? Anaphase I Prophase I Metaphase II Prophase II Telophase II

Prophase I

According to the Eocyte Hypothesis in the tree in the previous question, was is the closest relative to cyanobacteria? Acidobacteria Proteobacteria + Acidobacteria Spirochetes Spirochete + Planctomycetes

Proteobacteria + Acidobacteria

Which of the following is the ultimate cause of plant tissue differentiation? Chloroplasts Gametangia Ovules Rosette proteins

Rosette proteins

Which of the following is an accurate statement about the 3 domains of life? All single-celled forms of life are grouped into one domain The division of life into three domains dates back to the ancient Greeks Prokaryotic organisms are not included among the 3 domains Some prokaryotic organisms are as different from each other as they are from eukaryotic organisms The three domains of life arose from separate, independent origins of life

Some prokaryotic organisms are as different from each other as they are from eukaryotic organisms

The ability to move into drier environments is a likely driving force behind what trend in plant evolution? Dispersal by seeds rather than spores Gametophyte dependence to independence Sperm transport by pollen Gametophyte dominance to sporophyte dominance

Sperm transport by pollen

What is the dispersal agent in ferns? Archegonia Seeds Spores Pollen Wind

Spores

What is the difference between a sporophyte and gametophyte? Sporophytes are haploid and generate gametes, gametophytes are diploid and generate spores Sporophytes are haploid and generate spores, gametophytes are diploid and generate gametes Sporophytes are diploid and generate gametes, gametophytes are haploid and generate spores Sporophytes are diploid and generate spores, gametophytes are haploid and generate gametes

Sporophytes are diploid and generate spores, gametophytes are haploid and generate gametes

How has the evolution of pollen been most directly important to land plants adapting to terrestrial life? Embryonic sporophyte protected and supplied with food source Enables plants to grow to greater heights for photosynthesis and see dispersal Standing water no longer required for fertilization Wind no longer required to transport sperm

Standing water no longer required for fertilization

What feature of land plants was made possible by the evolution of delayed meiosis? Archegonia Cuticle Megagametophyte Stems

Stems

Which of the following is a characteristic unique to land plants? Multicellularity Phragmoplasts Primary plastids with chlorophylls a and b Stomata

Stomata

The common ancestor of all insects was wingless and molted throughout its life. However, most insects belong to a monophyletic subgroup called the Pterygota, which have evolved wings, and molting stops at adulthood. The possession of wings and the cessation of molting in adults are... Coevolved traits Homologies Synapomorophies Sympleisiomorphies

Synapomorophies

If a hypothesis is supported by one experiment, the next step in the scientific method is to... -Accept the hypothesis as a theory -Propose a different hypothesis -Publish the results showing you have proved the hypothesis -Revise the hypothesis -Test the same hypothesis using a different prediction

Test the same hypothesis using a different prediction

Sickle cell anemia is caused by a recessive mutant allele at one of the hemoglobin genes. Individuals that are heterozygous for the mutant allele are resistant to malaria. What is the long-term fate of the sickle cell allele in this situation? The allele will eventually be eliminated from the population The allele will eventually be the only hemoglobin allele in the population The allele will be maintained in the population along with the normal hemoglobin allele Impossible to predict

The allele will be maintained in the population along with the normal hemoglobin allele

What is the agricultural benefit of legumes' mutualistic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria? The bacteria convert nitrogen in the atmosphere to usable forms of nitrogen, increasing nitrogen content of soil in fields planted with legumes The bacteria help decompose legumes, releasing their nitrogen into the soil The bacteria take nitrogen from the legumes and transfer it to the soil in fields planted with legumes The legumes increase the bacterial diversity of the field, jump-starting the nitrogen cycle

The bacteria convert nitrogen in the atmosphere to usable forms of nitrogen, increasing nitrogen content of soil in fields planted with legumes

What can happen when a piece of bacterial DNA becomes packaged in a viral capsid? The genetic information on the bacterial DNA could become incorporated into another bacterium's genome when the virus carrying the bacterial DNA infects another cell The virus begins to evolve into a bacterium The virus can become resistant to certain antibiotics It is impossible for bacterial DNA to be packaged in a viral capsid

The genetic information on the bacterial DNA could become incorporated into another bacterium's genome when the virus carrying the bacterial DNA infects another cell

What role do bacteria that utilize nitrogen in energy acquisition play in ecosystems? They can form the basis of ecosystems where no other energy source is available, such as deep-sea vents. They converted the nitrogen in the atmosphere of prehistoric earth to oxygen. The help cycle nitrogen in ecosystems, converting it into forms that certain plant species can utilize. A and B None of the above

The help cycle nitrogen in ecosystems, converting it into forms that certain plant species can utilize.

One experiment that scientists have conducted with these guppies is to introduce predators to some of the pools that previously had only guppies. They counted the number of colorful spots on male guppies over several generations. How would you predict that number of spots would change when predators are introduced to the ponds? The number of spots would decrease because the new environment with predators has a greater fitness cost for colorful spots. The number of spots would decrease because female guppies would no longer be attracted to colorful fish. They would not want their offspring to inherit the very visible spots. The number of spots would increase as a warning to the predators The number of spots would increase through gene flow from nearby ponds The number of spots fluctuate up and down through genetic drift

The number of spots would decrease because the new environment with predators has a greater fitness cost for colorful spots.

From previous studies I know that the gene for making hairs on leaves is controlled by two alleles: H - the dominant allele codes for hairs and the recessive allele h is unable to make hairs. I also know that flower color is controlled by another gene such that the dominant allele P codes for purple flowers whereas the recessive allele p is unable to produce pigment. I cross a purple flowered plant with a white flowered plant. All 250 of the plants in the F1 have purple flowers. From this I can hypothesize that... Both parents were heterozygotes The F1 is homozygous dominant The purple flowered parent was homozygous dominant The purple flowered parent was homozygous recessive None of the above explain the data

The purple flowered parent was homozygous dominant

Which of the following statements is true for BOTH seed plant and fern life cycles? The gametophyte is the dominant generation Pollen carries sperm to the egg Spores are the dispersal agent The sporophytes is photosynthetic and independent

The sporophytes is photosynthetic and independent

Which of the following trees would be chosen as the phylogenetic hypothesis in a Maximum Parsimony analysis? The tree that requires the fewest number of evolutionary transitions when mapping the data onto the tree The tree that is closest to the true evolutionary history of the group The tree with only homologous characters when the data is mapped onto the tree The tree with only monophyletic groups

The tree that requires the fewest number of evolutionary transitions when mapping the data onto the tree

Which of the following is incorrect regarding homologous chromosomes? They share the same genes in the same order They are inherited one from each parent They are exact copies of each other They undergo crossing-over They form tetrads during Meiosis I

They are exact copies of each other

How are megaspores transported in seed plants? Blown by the wind Carried by animals Swim through water They are not transported; they stay in the megasporangium

They are not transported; they stay in the megasporangium

What role did cyanobacteria play in the early history of the Earth? They helped cool the planet from its initial molten state They began the process of oxygenating the atmosphere They started the nitrogen cycle moving They cleaned up toxins in the early oceans They are the ancestor of all other living organisms

They began the process of oxygenating the atmosphere

Why are small, isolated populations at greatest risk of extinction? They experience more genetic drift and more gene flow They experience less genetic drift and more gene flow They experience more genetic drift and less gene flow They experience less genetic drift and less gene flow

They experience more genetic drift and less gene flow

Why do mosses and liverworts never grow more than a few centimeters tall? For shelter to avoid wind and extreme temperatures They don't use seeds to disperse They lack vascular tissue to transport water to greater heights They're scared of heights A and B

They lack vascular tissue to transport water to greater heights

Which is true of the very first sporophytes? They were long-lived and complex. They had unlimited growth potential and were independent of the gametophyte for survival. They produced spores once and died They had only weak branching.

They produced spores once and died

A desert-dwelling plant is more likely to have... More lignin in the cells walls of the vascular tissue Less lignin in the cells walls of the vascular tissue Thicker cuticle on leaves Thinner cuticle on leaves

Thicker cuticle on leaves

From previous studies I know that the gene for making hairs on leaves is controlled by two alleles: H - the dominant allele codes for hairs and the recessive allele h is unable to make hairs. I also know that flower color is controlled by another gene such that the dominant allele P codes for purple flowers whereas the recessive allele p is unable to produce pigment. If I crossed a true breeding hairy plant with a true breeding hairless plant and then crossed two of the F1 generation plants, what I should get in the F2 generation? All hairy plants All hairless plants A one to one ratio of hairy to hairless plants Partially hairy plants Three hairy plants for every hairless one

Three hairy plants for every hairless one

In 2005, several panthers from a larger Texas population were introduced to Florida. Why did was this done? To artificially restore gene flow and increase the genetic diversity of the Florida population Because Texas panthers better adapted to the climate in southern Florida To control invasive species in the Everglades in southern Florida Because Florida panthers needed competition to improve their fitness

To artificially restore gene flow and increase the genetic diversity of the Florida population

Once inside a hot cell, what does a virus first do during a lytic cycle? Burst out of the host cell Find another virus in the cell to exchange genetic information with Incorporate itself into the host genome and allow it to reproduce Use the host cells' ribosomes to make more virus capsid proteins

Use the host cells' ribosomes to make more virus capsid proteins

Which of the following is the broadest taxonomic group (i.e. which answer includes the other answers as subgroups)? Embryophyta Spermatophyta Tracheophyta Viridiplantae

Viridiplantae

Which of the following groups has members with genomes composed of RNA? Archaea Bacteria Protists Viruses A and B

Viruses

A healthy person practicing normal hygiene most likely has... A diverse community of bacteria on their body Very few to no bacteria on their body. Viruses in the lysogenic cycle Viruses in the lytic cycle

a diverse community of bacteria on their body

The cichlid fish in the great African lakes (such as Lake Victoria and Lake Malawi) are classic examples of sympatric speciation. Which of the following is most likely to be the closest relative of a cichlid species living Lake Victoria? A cichlid species living in Lake Malawi Another cichlid species living Lake Victoria A non-cichlid species living in Lake Malawi A non-cichlid species living in Lake Victoria

another chichild

Which group of land plants was never the dominant group in forests at any point in Earth's history? Angiosperms Bryophytes Ferns Gymnosperms Lycopods

bryophytes

Sporophytes first arose in the by means of . angiosperms ... carpel formation bryophytes ... delayed meiosis charophytes ... gametangia lycopods ... delayed mitosis

bryophytes ... delayed meiosis

Which of the following is present in ALL viruses? Capsid proteins DNA Membranous envelope Spike proteins All of the above

capsid proteins

Cacti in the deserts of southwestern North America and some euphorbs of the deserts of Africa have barrel-shaped stems, short-lived leaves, and spines, yet these two types of plants are from different evolutionary lineages. This is an example of... selective breeding transitional forms homologous traits convergent evolution

convergent evolution

Scientists are trying to treat certain genetic diseases by insert a functioning allele into a person's cells to replace the non-functioning allele causing the disease. Understanding what basic biological process would help scientists accomplish this? Conjugation Convergent evolution Gene flow Horizontal gene transfer Lytic cycle

horizontal gene transfer

Which of the following could theoretically increase the amount energy available to secondary consumers? More efficient digestion among primary consumers More energy to respiration in primary consumers More energy to respiration in secondary consumers More energy to biomass in secondary consumers

more efficient digestion

It is possible for person with type B blood to have had two parents with type O blood? Yes No

no

You are a conservation biologist working on the Cache la Poudre River, a federally designated Wild and Scenic River in Colorado. You are worried that a nearby trout hatchery is not taking precautions against flooding, and the brook trout adapted to the environment of a commercial fish farm are regularly being washed into the wild brook trout population in the Cache la Poudre River. To see if there is any evidence of this, you have taken fin clippings from 200 trout in the river. One of the genetic markers you test has two alleles, and the genotypic data is shown below. The frequency of the A1 allele is 0.58. Which assumption of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium is most likely being violated in this population? Observed Freq. A1A1 0.525 A1A2 0.11 A2A2 0.365 1.00 Random mating No selection No gene flow No mutation None - the population is in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

no gene flow

In a species with both sexually and asexually reproducing forms, which populations of that species are most likely to exhibit the greatest rates of sexual reproduction? Oldest populations Populations in the least ecologically diverse habitats Populations with the greatest risk of parasite infection Smallest populations

oldest populations

Across all sexually reproducing organisms, what is always produced after Meiosis II? Eggs or sperm Gametes Haploid cells Zygotes

possible: haploid cells

Across sexual life cycles, the change from haploid to diploid and the subsequent change from diploid to haploid is controlled, respectively, by... Karyogamy followed by fertilization Mitosis followed by meiosis Independent assortment followed by cross-over Fertilization followed by meiosis The lateral and central elements of the synaptonemal complex

possibly: fertilization followed by meiosis

What is the maximum number of alleles per gene that a population or species can have (assume a diploid species)? 1 2 3 No limit

possibly: no limit

Reproductive strategies that include organisms that reproduce in one "big bang" --having all their offspring in a single event are called _______, whereas those that have multiple reproductive events over their lifetime are called ______. iteroparous; semelparous endothermic (like elephants), exothermic (like turtles) exothermic (like turtles), endothermic (like elephants) semelparous; iteroparous

semelparous; iteroparous

Conjugation, when two Parameciums exchange micronuclei, is an example of Reproduction Sex Both Neither

sex

Which type of vaccine requires certain viral genes (such as for a spike protein in a viral capsid) to be incorporated into genome of the individual receiving the vaccine? Attenuated or weakened virus Inactivated virus vaccine mRNA vaccine Virus vector vaccine

virus vector vaccine

In Drosophila, long wings are dominant to short wings, and brown body color is dominant to yellow body color. A female fly with a short wings and heterozygous for body color has a child with a male fly who is heterozygous at both genes. What is the genotype of the female fly? wB wwBB wwBb WWBb Short wings and brown body Short wings and yellow body Long wings and brown body

wwBb

It is possible for person with type O blood to have had two parents with type B blood? Yes No

yes

You are a conservation biologist working on the Cache la Poudre River, a federally designated Wild and Scenic River in Colorado. You are worried that a nearby trout hatchery is not taking precautions against flooding, and the brook trout adapted to the environment of a commercial fish farm are regularly being washed into the wild brook trout population in the Cache la Poudre River. Is there evidence that trout hatcher is not taking sufficient precautions? Yes No Impossible to determine

yes