Bio Final
What is the oldest fossil of Homo sapiens found outside of Africa
115,000 years
When did Homo sapiens appear in Africa
195,000 years ago
How old is the homo sapiens species
200,000
How identical are human and chimpanzee genomes
99%
Jaws first occurred in which extant group of fishes? A) lampreys B) chondrichthyans C) ray-finned fishes D) placoderms
A
Sponges differ from other animals based on the absence of A) a body cavity B) mesoderm C) true tissues D) complete digestive tract
A
What is believed to be the most significant result of the evolution of the amniotic egg? A) tetrapods were no longer tied to the water for reproduction B) tetrapods can now function with just lungs C) newborns are much less dependent on their parents D) embryos are protected from predators
A
Which extant (living) chordates are postulated to be most like the earliest chordates in appearance? A) lancelets B) adult tunicates C) amphibians D) chondrichthyans
A
Which of the following statements about fungi is FALSE: A) fungi are more closely related to plants than to animals B) fungi do not produce gametes C) fungi have sex but do not have male or female genders D) fungi can be single celled
A
Where are all living humans descended from?
African ancestors
A student encounters an animal embryo at the eight-cell stage. It spontaneously separates into 8 individual cells that do NOT produce viable embryos. IF it did not fall apart this embryo would have potentially developed into a(n) _____. A) turtle B) earthworm C) sea star D) sea urchin
B
In terms of food capture, which sponge cell is most similar to the cnidocyte of a cnidarian? A) amoebocyte B) chanocyte C) epidermal cell D) sponges
B
Plasmogamy can directly result in which of the following? 1. cells with a single haploid nucleus 2. heterokaryotic cells 3. dikaryotic cells 3. cells with two diploid nuclei A) 1 or 3 B) 2 or 3 C) 2 or 4 D) 3 or 4
B
The multicellular condition of animals and fungi seems to have arisen A) due to common ancestry B) by independent evolutionary events C) by inheritance of acquired traits D) by serial endosymbioses
B
The water vascular system of echinoderms _____. A) functions as a circulatory system that distributes nutrients to body cells B) functions in locomotion and feeding C) is bilateral in organization, even though the adult animal is not bilaterally symmetrical D) is analogous to the gastrovascular cavity of flatworms
B
Which of the following is (are) unique to animals? A) the structural carbohydrate, chitin B) gastrulation and muscular movement C) heterotrophy D) flagellated spores
B
Which of the following is a characteristic of all chordates at some point during their life cycle? A) jaws B) post-anal tail C) four-chambered heart D) vertebrae
B
Yeasts reproduce asexually by A) plasmogamy B) budding C) binary fission D) producing spores
B
All arthropods ______ 1) undergo complete metamorphose 2) have jointed appendages 3) molt 4) have segmented bodies 5) have an exoskeleton or cuticle A) 1, 2, and 4 B) 3 and 5 C) 2, 3, 4, 5 D) 1, 4, 5
C
Suppose, while out camping in a forest, you find a chordate with a long, slender, limbless body slithering across the ground near your tent. This critter could be A) a lamprey B) a mammal C) an amphibian D) a snake
C
The evolution of animal species has been prolific (the estimates go into the million and tens of millions). Much of this diversity is a result of the evolution of novel ways to _____. A) reproduce B) arrange cells into tissues C) sense, feed, and move D) form an embryo and establish a basic body plan
C
What do fungi and arthropods have in common? A) the haploid state is dominant in both groups B) both groups are predominantly autotrophs that produce their own food C) both groups use chitin for support D) both groups have cell walls
C
Which feature seen in chytrids supports the hypothesis that they diverged earliest in fungal evolution? A) the absence of chitin within the cell wall B) coenocytic hyphae C) flagellated spores D) parasitic lifestyle
C
Which of the following best describes the physical relationship of the partners involved in lichens? A) fungal cells are enclosed with algal cells B) lichen cells are enclosed within fungal cells C) photosynthetic cells are surrounded by fungal hyphae D) the fungi grow on rocks and trees and are covered by algae
C
Which of the following ecological roles are NOT played by at least one type of fungi A) decomposition B) mutualistic C) autotroph D) all are possible roles
C
Which of the following is/are true statements about animals? 1. All animals are multicellular 2. All animals undergo metamorphosis 3. All animals lack cell walls 4. All animals share the unique family of Hox genes A) 1 and 4 B) 1, 2, and 3 C) 1, 3, and 4 D) All are correct
C
Which of the following statements concerning animal taxomony is (are) true? 1. Animals are more closely related to plants than to fungi 2. Animals only reproduce sexually 3. Animals are thought to have evolved from flagellated protists similar to modern choanoflagellates A) 1 and 2 B) 1 and 3 C) 3 only D) 1 only
C
Invertebrates account for approximately what percentage of all known animal species A) 25% B) 50% C) 75% D) 95%
D
One day, Tommy, a fourth grader, got the urge to pet Nemo (the clownfish), who was swimming among the waving petals of a pretty underwater "flower" that had a big hole in the midst of the petals. Tommy giggled upon finding that these petals felt sticky. A few hours later, Tommy was in the nurse's office with nausea and cramps. Microscopic examination of his fingers would probably have revealed the presence of ____. A) teeth marks B) spines C) spicules D) nematocysts
D
One should expect to find cilia associated with the feeding apparatus of ____. A) annelids B) coral animals C) tapeworms D) sponges
D
The last common ancestor of all animals was probably a A) unicellular chytrid B) multicellular algae C) multicellular fungus D) flagellated protist
D
The presence of a lophophore in a newly discovered species would suggest that the species ______ A) has an exoskeleton B) grows by shedding its external covering C) is motile D) is a suspension feeder
D
The presence of a swim bladder allows the typical ray-finned fish to stop swimming and still ____ A) effectively circulate its blood B) use its lateral line system C) use its swim bladder as a respiratory organ D) not sink
D
The teacher and class were especially saddened when the colonial hydrozoan in their fish tank died. THey had watched it carefully, and the unfortunate creature never even got to produce offspring by budding. Yet, everyone was elated when one of the students noticed a small colonial hydrozoan growing in a part of the tank far from the location of the original colony. The teacher was apparently unaware that these hydrozoans exhibit _______. A) spontaneous generation B) sexual selection C) alternation of generations D) a medusa stage
D
The teacher was unaware of the difference between suspension feeding and predation. The teacher thought that providing live copepods (small crustaceans 2 mm long) and feeder fish (2 cm long) would satisfy the dietary needs of all of the organisms in the fish tank. Consequently, which two organisms would have been among the first to starve to death (assuming they lack photosynthetic endosymbionts)? A) sponges and corals B) sea stars and sponges C) shrimp and bivalves D) bivalves and sponges
D
Vertebrates and tunicates share ______ A) jaws adapted for feeding B) a high degree of cephalization C) the formation of structures from the neural crest D) a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord
D
Which of the following characteristics is shared by a hagfish and a lamprey? A) a rasping tongue B) paired fins C) jaws D) a well-developed notochord
D
Why are mycorrhizal fungi superior to plants at acquiring mineral nutrition from the soil? A) hyphae are one hundred to one thousand times larger than plant roots B) hyphae have a smaller surface-area-to-volume ratio than do the hairs on a plant root C) mycelia are able to grow in the direction of food D) fungi secrete extracellular enzymes that can break down large molecules
D
What are tetrapods?
Gnathostomes with limbs
First fully bipedal, large-brained hominid
Homo ergaster
When did the first mammals rise?
Jurassic (200-145 MYA)
How are reptiles unlike amphibians?
They have scales that contain keratin
What do all turtles have
a boxlike shell made of upper and lower shields
Ectothermic
absorbing external heat as the main source of body heat
Whats an important characteristic of marsupials
an embryo developing within a placenta in the mother's uterus
Diapsids
another ancient clade of reptiles, came after the parareptiles
What lineage do alligators and crocodiles belong to?
archosaur
What lineage do birds belong to?
archosaur
Hominins
are more closely related to humans than to chimpanzees
What protein are feathers made out of
b-keratin
What are characteristics distinguishing humans from apes?
bipedal, larger brain, language, symbolic thought, artistic expression, and the manufacture and use of complex tools
What does amphibian mean
both ways of life
Endothermic
capable of maintaining body temperature through metabolic activity
The amniotic egg
contains the membranes that protect the embryo, a major characteristic of amniotes
What do archosaurs include
crocodiles, pterosaurs, dinosaurs, and birds
Where do most turtles reside
deserts and others live entirely in ponds, rivers, or the sea
What do tetrapod feet have?
digits
Homo habilis
earliest fossils placed in our genus homo, ranging in age from about 2.4 to 1.6 million years
What is a misconception of Hominins
early homonins were chimpanzees
What 2 mammals are in monotremes
echidnas and platypus
Are reptiles exothermic, endothermic, or ectothermic
ectothermic
Are birds exothermic, endothermic, or ectothermic
endothermic
What characteristics does Tiktaalik have?
fin, gills, lungs, and scales ribs to breathe air and support its body a neck fins with the bone pattern of a tetrapod limb
Importance of Homo sapiens
first group to show evidence of symbolic and sophisticated thought
Importance of Pterosaurs
first tetrapods to exhibit flight
What did early feathers help dinosaurs with?
gain lift when they jumped, traction running up hills, and glide from trees
Primate characteristics
hands and feet, flat nails, large brain, short jaws, forward-looking eyes close together on the face, social behavior, parental care, and a fully opposable thumb
What are other adaptations of birds
lack of urinary bladder, females with only one ovary, small gonads, and loss of teeth
Snakes
legless lepidosaurs that evolved from lizards
What are three main groups of living primates
lemurs, lorises, bush babies, tarsiers, and anthropoids
what are two main lineages of diapsids
lepidosaurs and archosaur
What squamates are under lepidosaurs
lizards and snakes
What characteristics are specific to mammals?
mammary glands and hair
Which primates have a opposable thumb?
monkeys and apes
What are three living lineages of mammals?
monotremes, marsupials, and eutherians
Homo neanderthalensis
neanderthals
Tiktaalik
nicknamed "fishapod", shows both fish and tetrapod characteristics
Do tetrapods have gills?
no
Parareptiles
one of the first group of reptiles to emerge, mostly large, stocky quadrupedal herbivores
What do marsupials include
opossums, kangaroos, and koalas
Ratites
ostriches, kiwis, and emus
Australopiths
paraphyletic assemblage of hominins living between 4 and 2 million years ago
Eutherians
placental mammals
What helps penguins "fly" in water
powerful pectoral muscles
How can birds be distinguished?
profile, colors, flying style, behavior, and beak shape
Which groups of birds are flightless?
ratites, penguins, rails, ducks, and pigeons
How can tetrapod heads move separately?
second vertebra in the neck
Importance of homo ergaster
significant decrease in sexual dimorphism compared with its ancestors
Characteristic of "gracile" australopiths
slender with lighter jaws
Monotremes
small group of egg-laying mammals
Australopithecus afarensis
species that walked fully erect
Characteristic of "robust" australopiths
study skulls and powerful jaws
Where is the oldest fossil of Homo sapiens found outside of Africa
the Middle east
What is the pelvic girdle of a tetrapod fused to?
the backbone
Lizards
the most numerous and diverse reptile apart from birds
Archaeopteryx
the oldest bird known
Paleoanthropology
the study of human origins
Who did birds descend from?
theropods, a group of carnivorous dinosaurs
What are characteristics of neanderthals?
thick-boned with a larger brain, buried their dead, and made hunting tools
What do lepidosaurs include
tuataras, lizards, and snakes
What does the reptile clade include
turataras, lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodiles, birds, and some extinct groups
What are three orders of amphibians
urodela, anura, and apoda
What kind of environments do crocodilians live in?
warm
Where does the marsupial complete its embryonic development
while being nursed in a maternal pouch
What is a major adaptation of birds?
wings with feathers
Where do young eutherians complete their embryonic development?
within a uterus, joined to the mother by the placenta
