BIO final study guide part A

Which of the following statements comparing photosynthesis and cellular respiration is accurate?

Both photosynthesis and cellular respiration require electron transport chains.

The process of mitosis is thought to have evolved from binary fission. What similarities exist between these processes?

Both processes include DNA segregation.

which of the following is/ are part of accepted cell theory

Every living organism is composed of one or more cells, and all living cells arise from preexisting cells

Which of the following is true of the chromosomes in a homologous pair?

They carry the same genes.

Chemical reactions that break down lipids are

catabolic

Experimental studies are an effective way of establishing a ________ relationship between two or more aspects of the natural world because they provide a way of testing predicted interaction

cause- effect

Which of the following sequences correctly represents the biological hierarchy of a multicellular organism?

cells tissues organs individual

you are given an unknown substance and asked to determine whether it is polar or non polar. the easiest way to do this would be to

determine whether the compound dissolves in water

A given enzyme

increases the rate of a particular reaction

New medications undergo extensive human testing before receiving FDA approval. These tests represent an experiment and variations in the dosage given to participants represents the

independent variable

DNA is one of the features common to all known forms of life;

it is the blueprint that guides the growth, development, behavior, and reproduction of all organisms

adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C) are the ________ building blocks for DNA; they are organized in different combinations to code for all of the proteins needed to accomplish everything the cell does

nucleotide

the genetic material found in all living things is made of building blocks called

nucleotides

which of the following types of bonds hold hydrogen and oxygen atoms together within an individual water molecule?

polar covalent bond

Experimentation is the primary, but not only, means used to verify or refute the ________ made by a hypothesis

predictions

Ribosomes are very small nonmembranous organelles that can either exist freely in the cytoplasm or be embedded in the endoplasmic reticulum of a cell; they are associated with the synthesis of

proteins

A scientific hypothesis must be ________; if not, science cannot evaluate it.

testable

A duplicated chromosome consists of ________ sister chromatid(s).

2

the central element found in organic molecules is

Carbon

C6H12O6 what are the reactants?

H2O and CO2

Which of the following statements about cell division is correct?

It is the process by which organisms grow and maintain their tissues.

From what substance do liposomes spontaneously form and why are they important?

Liposomes form from phospholipid bilayers and provide a barrier between an external environment and an internal environment; this creates an internal environment where specific chemical reactions needed to establish a living cell can occur separately from the external environment.

Which of the following is an organic compound

Methane (CH4)

Which of the following differentiates meiosis from mitosis?

Mitosis is used for the repair of cells, whereas meiosis creates cells for sexual reproduction.

Examine the illustration below. Which statement best summarizes the contribution of Photosystem I (PSI) during photosynthesis?

PSI generates the high-energy electrons that are transported by NADPH to the Calvin cycle and will eventually reduce the carbon in CO

Which of the following choices states a correct reason why the process of cell division is different for prokaryotic than for eukaryotic cells?

Prokaryotes have a circular DNA molecule.

Which of the following would be a theory?

Specific pathogens are directly responsible for specific diseases and conditions.

What best summarizes the events of the Calvin cycle?

The cycle uses ATP and NADPH to produce sugars.

A group of researchers conducted an experiment and collected the data presented in this graph. Which of the following statements are supported by the information in this graph?

The hypothesis was supported because all members of the control group survived while most of the members of both treatment groups died by the end of the study

Which of the following statements is true of chloroplasts?

They capture energy from sunlight.

What is the role of water in photosynthesis?

Water provides electrons to the chlorophyll.

Cells contain the molecule GTP (guanosine triphosphate). Would this molecule be useful as an energy carrier (similar to ATP)?

Yes, because it contains the same number of phosphates as does ATP.

The chemical 3-(3,4-dichloro-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU) blocks the movement of electrons at the point indicated by the black, downward-pointing arrow in the figure below. Which of the following would be an immediate effect of treating a chloroplast with this drug?

A proton gradient would not be created, so ATP could not be made.

Which of the following is either consumed or synthesized in virtually every cellular reaction?

ATP

As an energy carrier, ATP differs from NADPH in that

ATP transfers energy through phosphorylation, whereas NADPH donates electrons and hydrogen ions.

Which of the following accurately describes the similarities between mitosis, meiosis, and binary fission?

All three of the processes are used to produce daughter cells.

Some antibiotics used to treat bacterial infections kill the bacteria by chemically punching holes in the cell wall of the bacteria, by preventing the bacteria from replicating their DNA, or by many other actions that ultimately cause cell death. Why do these antibiotics not work to kill viruses and cure people of viral infections?

Antibiotics cannot kill a virus because viruses are not living cells with cell walls to puncture, nor do they have their own organelles to replicate DNA.

Which of the following statements describe the function of the light reaction in photosynthesis?

As electrons move through the light reaction, they release energy that is used to concentrate protons in the thylakoid.

Which of the following would be a fact?

Bats with white noses have been observed in the wild.

A scientific hypothesis must be constructed with which of the following characteristics?

It provides a reasonable explanation to a question and is consistent with current observations; it must also be testable and falsifiable.

which of the following is likely to participate in ionic bonding?

Li+

According to the image below, during which phase of the cell cycle does the cell increase in size in preparation for division?

Region 2

According to the image below, during which phase of the cell cycle is the genetic material evenly partitioned between daughter cells?

Region 6

Scientific understanding can always be challenged, and even changed, with new ways of observing and with different interpretations. For example, new tools and techniques have resulted in new observations and the discovery of additional information. This has resulted in revised ways of understanding how molecules are moved across the plasma membrane of cells. Hence, there is no certainty in science, only degrees of probability (likelihood) and potential for change. In light of this understanding, which of the following statements is most meaningful

Scientific knowledge is necessarily contingent knowledge.

A tissue is defined as

a group of cells that performs a unique set of tasks in the body

Which of the following best exemplifies homologous chromosomes?

a tetrad

Which of the following would be the best analogy for the function of the Golgi apparatus?

a worker in a factory who places labels on products and then packs them into a shipping box

Examine the figure below. If each sugar molecule represents a percentage point of sugar dissolved in the solution, what change would you expect to see in the solution level over time and why?

The solution level on the left side of the figure would rise while the solution level on the right side of the figure would decrease. This is because the solution on the left side of the figure is hypertonic while the solution on the right side of the figure is hypotonic.

A species of butterflies gradually becomes darker in color over many generations; this is an example of which characteristic of living organisms?

They can evolve as groups.

Which of the following can be used to accurately describe viruses?

Typically just a piece of genetic material encased in proteins, viruses are small, non-cellular infectious agents that are only capable of reproducing when inside a living cell such as those of plants, animals, fungi, protozoans, or bacteria.

The image below diagrams the action of an enzyme. Notice that the enzyme is depicted as being more tightly wrapped around the substrates in step 2 than it is in step 1. Why is this?

When a substrate locks into the active site of an enzyme, the enzyme changes shape to mold itself around the substrates.

In making your morning tea, you drop a sugar cube into some hot water. You stir the mixture but no longer see the sugar cube at the bottom of your mug. Based on your observation of sugar dissolving in hot water, you properly conclude that the sugar is

a solute

if iodine ions were dissolved in water, they would be attracted to

A and C

Based on the water molecule pictured below, which of the labeled areas possesses a partial negative charge?

B only

nucleotides

are the building blocks of nucleic acids

Which of the following types of organisms are commonly single-celled (unicellular)?

bacteria, some fungi (yeast), and many protozoans

The circle near the center of this structure represents a

centromere.

in the chemical reaction that forms hydrogen peroxide, hydrogen and oxygen share electrons creating ____ bonds between the two atoms

covalent

Which of the following represents conducting an experiment?

dialing a telephone number

The energy required for life processes must be extracted from an organism's

environment.

The human heart pumps blood throughout the blood vessels in the body. This is a scientific

fact

in 1890, Robert Koch developed a hypothesis regarding the cause of communicable diseases. He designed an experiment and collected data that supported his hypothesis. Later, his experiment was repeated by many other scientists who used other pathogens and documented similar results that not only supported their hypotheses but also supported Koch's original hypothesis. These many experiments that supported multiple hypotheses regarding the cause of communicable diseases contributed to the development of the

germ theory of disease

individual water molecules orient toward each other because of the _______ bonds that form between them

hydrogen

you often experience numbness and pain in the thumb and first two fingers on your right hand. You go to the doctor who suspects that carpal tunnel syndrome is the reason for the numbness and pain. The doctor then orders a simple test to see how fast nerve impulses are moving up and down your arm. The doctor's preliminary diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome is a

hypothesis

when calcium and chloride interact with one another they bond using ______ bonds

ionic

which of the following distinguishes ionic bonds from covalent bonds?

ionic bonds hold together oppositely charged atoms, whereas covalent bonds hold together atoms that share electrons

When sodium chloride is dissolved in water, the sodium ion

is attracted to the oxygen atoms of water molecules

Which of the following is associated with mitosis?

maintenance of chromosome number

The boundary that surrounds the contents of the nucleus is the

nuclear envelope.

Living cells have an intact phospholipid bilayer that separates the cell from its external environment; this structure is commonly referred to as the

plasma membrane

The goal of meiosis is to

produce eggs and sperm.

Which of the following would be likely to require facilitated diffusion to move across the plasma membrane?

sodium ions, hydrogen ions, sugars, and amino acids

The Golgi apparatus

sorts proteins and lipids and sends them to their final destination.

which of the following could be built solely from glucose molecules?

starch

Once supported by a predictable experimental outcome, a scientific hypothesis

still cannot be considered to have been proven true.

which of the following explains why ice floats on water?

the distance between water molecules in ice is greater than in liquid water

A group of astronauts returning from outer space studied samples taken from their lunar landing. They found that one of their samples was coated with organic compounds. Which of the following statements must be correct about their samples?

the samples must contain carbon atoms

The process shown in the figure could produce

two identical prokaryotic cells.

which of the following is a monomer that can be commonly made from components in earths atmosphere?

amino acids

bats use echolocation to orient themselves and locate objects. Doing this requires special adaptations in their inner ear, midbrain, and auditory cortex of their cerebrum. The echolocation system of bats is an example of

an organ system

A researcher is recording the process of bacteria cell division using time-lapse microscopy. Which of the following processes would she be observing?

binary fission

Which of the following is a difference between binary fission and mitosis?

breakdown of the nuclear envelope

the enzyme rubisco is important to the process of

carbon fixation

Some kinds of drain cleaners use enzymes rather than strong, more dangerous chemicals. These enzymes must be able to

catalyze a catabolic reaction.

Some daughter cells are described as clones. For this description to be appropriate, the daughter cells must

contain a set of DNA that is identical to that of the parent cell.

the caves in upstate New York, where Alan Hicks' team first noticed the deaths of thousands of bats, represent the

ecosystem where bats live

When ATP breaks down into ADP and a phosphate group,

energy is released and can power cellular activities.

When scientists generate a single informed, logical, and plausible explanation for a question and observations of the natural world, they are proposing a scientific

hypothesis

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum

is the site where lipids destined for other cellular compartments are manufactured.

The capture and use of energy by living organisms involves numerous chemical reactions. Collectively these processes are known as

metabolism

Your muscle cells need large amounts of ATP to function in the movement of your body. Which of the following organelles would you expect to be especially abundant in muscle cells?

mitochondria

The leaves of a plant typically have different tissue layers that function in different ways. The epidermis layer functions like a covering of skin to protect the leaf while vascular bundles carry water and nutrients through the leaf. The palisade mesophyll layer is responsible for most of the photosynthesis that occurs while the spongy mesophyll layer underneath it aids in the exchange of gases (CO2 and O2) ) and water vapor. In which leaf tissues would you expect to find the highest density of chloroplasts?

palisade mesophyll

Neighboring water molecules are held together with hydrogen bonds because

partially negatively charged oxygen atoms and partially charged hydrogen atoms on separate water molecules are attracted to one another

Many important cellular functions in eukaryotic cells occur within membrane-enclosed organelles, such as cellular respiration occurring within the mitochondria. The membranes of the mitochondria provide a place for enzymes needed for cellular respiration to anchor and function. Prokaryotic cells must also carry out respiration but do not have mitochondria. Where is the most likely place that enzymes needed for cellular respiration are anchored and functioning?

the plasma membrane

In science, when a hypothesis or group of hypotheses supported by repeated experimental evidence holds true through time, it can be developed into a ________. It is not a guess. It is not static. It is tentative and dynamic and can be adjusted when new, compelling evidence is discovered. It is typically an overarching explanation that best fits all of the available information or evidence

theory

Enzymes can catalyze a reaction only if

they encounter a substrate that fits their active site.

which of the following is correct about hydrogen bonds?

they form due to partial positive and partial negative charges on atoms

Why do scientists repeat their experiments over and over again?

they must make sure the results were not an accident and that they are repeatable

Each time you take a breath you are bringing in the oxygen you need to stay alive. The ultimate source of the oxygen used by all aerobic organisms comes from a reaction that breaks down

water

Oil and water do not mix together well because

water is polar and oil is nonpolar