bio final

Humans can be infected with the Lyme disease bacterium. According to the graph, a hiker has the highest risk of encountering an infected black-legged tick nymph in forests that are ________ in area.

1 hectare

Approximately what percentage of the visible light that reaches Earth's producers is converted to chemical energy?

1%

On a hike in the mountains, you find a stream with a rocky bottom. Many of the rocks are covered in algae. Which type of mollusc is most likely to be found living in this environment?

A gastropod because it can use its radula to scrape the rocks for algae on which to feed.

________ are characterized body tissues, radial symmetry, and tentacles with stinging cells.

Cnidarians

What is one way in which the movement of energy and chemicals differ in an ecosystem?

Energy flow is unidirectional; chemical elements can be recycled.

From the figure, which part of Earth receives the greatest intensity of solar radiation?

Equator

What question would be investigated by someone who studies ecosystem ecology?

How do phosphoruscycling and solar energy affect water temperature and phytoplankton growth in aquatic ecosystems?

What question would be investigated by someone who studies organismal ecology?

How does a change in vocal signals helpurban great tits (Parus major)survive in urbanized areas?

Which result might be a consequence of stabilizing selection?

Infants born with weights between 3 and 4 kg have a higher survival than infants much lighter or heavier at birth.

________ are the most diverse group of arthropods.

Insects

In angiosperms, what is the function of fruit?

It is a mechanism for the dispersal of seeds.

Which statement about the voyage of the Beagle is TRUE?

It turned into a tremendous opportunity for Darwin to collect fossils, plants, and animals.

________, a chemical that hardens cell walls and supports terrestrial plants, is found in all plants EXCEPT ________.

Lignin; bryophytes

Which statement is TRUE?

Natural selection works on variation already present in a population.

The figure below shows the growth curves of two populations of Paramecium, P. aurelia and P. caudatum. From the data, we can conclude that ________.

P. aurelia is the superior competitor in this habitat

Examine the figure. Zooplankton feed on phytoplankton that are contaminated by PCBs in the water. Which comparison correctly describes the concentration of PCBs in different trophic levels?

Quaternary consumers have the highest PCB concentration.

In Yellowstone National Park, wolves were hunted to extinction in the 1920s. A current restoration project has reintroduced wolves to Yellowstone National Park. Predict the response of the Yellowstone ecological community if wolves are a keystone species.

Species richness should increase, and the relative abundances of each species should be about equal.

After surviving a bottleneck, a population recovers to the point where it consists of as many individuals as it did prior to the bottleneck. Which statement is most likely to apply to this population?

The post-bottleneck population exhibits less genetic variation than the pre-bottleneck population.

Recent scientific studies of the impact of microbiota on the amount of fat versus lean body mass (i.e., body composition) are described in your text. How do those studies illustrate the importance of microbiota communities in our bodies?

The studies suggest that intestinal microbiota may be involved in regulating our digestive processes.

Suppose that a group of climate scientists claims that they can predict future impacts of global climate change with 98% accuracy. Why should you be skeptical of this claim?

Their predictions are based on incomplete information about species diversity and interactions of living organisms with each other and with their environments.

Why are gymnosperms considered to be "naked seed" plants?

Their seeds are not enclosed within ovaries.

Which is a phenomenon that can result from directional selection?

There is an increase in the number of giraffes with long necks in areas of Africa where low-growing trees have died.

A traveler was crossing the border from Canada to the United States and with a bag of Washington State apples. The customs officer at the border would not let the traveler take the apples into the United States, despite the apples originating from the United States. Why did the customs officer refuse to allow the traveler to cross the border with the apples?

There may have been a species that was not native to the United States hitching a ride on the apples.

Why is the symbiotic relationship of truffle mushrooms and tree roots considered to be crucial to the colonization of land?

This relationship is found in some of the oldest plant fossils.

Natural selection generally results in ________.

a population that is adapted to its current environment

A reproductive barrier that prevents individuals from closely related species from interbreeding is an example of ________.

a prezygotic barrier

Natural selection can be defined as ________.

a process in which organisms with certain inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than individuals with other traits

Nearly all food plants are ________.

angiosperms

In angiosperms, the male gametophyte develops within ________.

anthers

The prokaryotic group that tends to inhabit extreme environments belongs to ________.

archaea

Which prokaryotic group is most closely related to eukaryotes?

archaea

There are more species of ________ than of any other type of animal.

arthropods

All organisms that photosynthesize fit into which nutritional category?

autotrophs

What kind of prokaryotes are shown in the figure?

bacilli

The organisms that can convert atmospheric nitrogen gas to a form that can be utilized by plants are ________.

bacteria

What name is given to the open ocean?

benthic realm

An example of a mutualism, or +/+ relationship, is ________.

between corals and unicellular algae

Prokaryotes reproduce by means of ________.

binary fission

Which is a component of the fossil record?

bones of dinosaurs

In the food chain grass → antelope → human → lion, the antelope is ________.

both an herbivore and a primary consumer

What is this organism?

bryophyte

The greenhouse effect causes an increase in global temperatures. This increase is due primarily to ________.

carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases slowing the escape of heat from Earth

Like plants, fungi have ________; however, in plants they are composed of ________, whereas in fungi they are composed of ________.

cell walls; cellulose; chitin

Which of these biomes are maintained by fire?

chaparral and savannas

What name is given to the food-trapping cells of sponges?

choanocytes

The common ancestor of all animals is likely to have been a ________.

colonial, flagellated bacterium

Homology is evidence of ________.

common ancestry

Refer to the accompanying figure. Together, all of the living components of the coral reef represent a(n) ________.

community

What level of ecology is concerned with groups of individuals of different species?

community

What level of ecology is concerned with groups of individuals of the same species?

community

All but one of these are causes for increasing carbon dioxide levels. Choose the EXCEPTION.

creating compost piles from vegetable waste

All ________ exhibit the arthropod characteristic of multiple pairs of specialized appendages.

crustaceans

The edible portion of a(n) ________ is a ripened ovary.

cucumber

The ________ help(s) plants retain water.

cuticle

Most animals are ________ and reproduce ________.

diploid; sexually

What level of ecology is concerned with energy flow and the cycling of chemicals among various biotic and abiotic factors?

ecosystem

In angiosperms, the ________ is a nutrient-storing tissue that nourishes a developing embryo.

endosperm

Which organisms would likely be the most difficult to kill if you were you to can your own food?

endospores

Which biome is one of the most biologically productive of all biomes?

estuaries

Placental mammals are called ________.

eutherians

In Yellowstone National Park, hot springs can reach temperatures of 205°F (96°C). Despite these high temperatures, Aquifex bacteria flourish. How might one best classify Aquifex bacteria?

extremophiles

________ are seedless vascular plants.

ferns

________ is a critical abiotic factor that contributes to plant growth in savanna ecosystems.

fire

In the ecosystem shown, a toxin that accumulates in body tissues would have the largest effect on ________.

fish that eat shrimp and other invertebrates

The figure shows a simple worm. Bilateral symmetry and a highly branched gastrovascular cavity all suggest that the worm is a(n) ________.

flatworm

Which protozoan group has primarily been identified through fossils?

forams

Which explanation is most likely for a particular human population with a higher incidence of polydactyly (extra fingers/toes) than the human population as a whole?

founder effect

Most decomposers are ________.

fungi and prokaryotes

The total collection of alleles in a population at any one time makes up that population's ________.

gene pool

A change in the gene pool due to chance results in ________.

genetic drift

Sympatric speciation specifically EXCLUDES ________.

geographic isolation

Which group of organisms is most closely related to plants?

green algae

Gametophytes are ________; sporophytes are ________.

haploid & diploid

Ecology is the study of ________.

interactions between organisms and their environments

The present rate of species loss ________.

is as much as 100 times higher than at any time in the last 100,000 years

In the oceans, global warming has ________.

made the water more acidic

The type of reproductive barrier that occurs when reproductive structures of different species are physically incompatible is referred to as ________.

mechanical isolation

Which group of prokaryotes aids digestion in cattle, deer, and other animals that obtain nutrition from cellulose?

methanogens

Which is a behavioral response to environmental variability

migrating to a different location

It is a mechanism for the dispersal of seeds.

mountains can block the flow of moist air from a coast, causing radically different climates on opposite sides of a mountain range

The original source of genetic variation that serves as the raw material for evolution is ________.

mutation

Mutualistic associations of plant roots and fungi are called ________.

mycorrhizae

Plants can most readily utilize the ________ form of nitrogen.

nitrate

Which nutrients often limit the distribution and abundance of photosynthetic organisms?

nitrogen and phosphorus

What can moderate climate by absorbing heat when the air is warm and releasing heat when the air is cold?

oceans and lakes

In an aquatic ecosystem, what name is given to the region where photosynthesis can occur?

photic zone

The figure shows regions of an ocean. In what region do phytoplankton live?

photic zone

The stationary stage of the cnidarian life cycle is the ________ stage.

polyp

What level of ecology is concerned with the adaptations of individuals?

population

The rate at which an ecosystem's producers convert solar energy to chemical energy stored in biomass is called ________.

primary productivity

In the soil, some ________ help to decompose dead organisms and other waste materials, returning vital chemical elements such as nitrogen to the environment.

prokaryotes

When two frog species, Rana pipiens and Rana sylvatica, mate, the offspring die early in embryonic development. This is an example of ________.

reduced hybrid viability

What does evolutionary fitness measure?

relative reproductive success

Bacilli are ________ prokaryotes

rod - shaped

In an aquatic food chain, small fishes that eat zooplankton are ________.

secondary consumers

Unique features of vertebrates include the presence of a(n) ________.

skull and a backbone

Radial symmetry is seen in a ________.

snowflake

A characteristic of arthropods that has allowed for their great success is the presence of ________.

specialized segments

Gametophytes produce ________.

sperm and eggs

Which situation is most likely to decrease genetic variation?

stabilizing selection

Which structure of a flower traps pollen?

stigma

What is one important difference between savannas and temperate grasslands?

temperate grasslands are mostly treeless.

Which anatomical features are homologous?

the forelimb of a dog and the forelimb of a cat

A feature unique to mammals includes ________.

the presence of hair

Would you expect desert plants to have a thin or thick cuticle?

thick because desert plants need to retain water in this dry environment

What are estuaries?

transition areas between a river and the ocean

Which biome is characterized by permafrost?

tundra

As a result of a severe disturbance, a community will ________.

undergo succession

Which organism is a colonial form of green algae?

volvox

In suburban areas with a high density of humans, it is necessary to have a well-functioning wastewater treatment system. If engineers wanted to create a wastewater treatment system that takes advantage of natural resources, they should consider incorporating ________ into their plan.

wetlands

Insects, such as the grasshopper in the image, have ________.

a three-part body; head, thorax, and abdomen

Under the biological species concept, what criterion is used to assign populations of organisms to the same biological species?

ability to interbreed and produce fertile offspring

Among vertebrates, the unique feature of lampreys and hagfish is the ________.

absence of jaws

Scientists have documented that spring seasons starting earlier due to climate change have resulted in some caterpillar species beginning their maturation stage earlier than normal. There are bird species that need the caterpillars to feed their chicks. However, since the caterpillars are maturing before the chicks hatch (and therefore cannot be used for chick food), the birds are experiencing a drop in their lifetime reproductive success. Interestingly, scientists have also documented that the individual birds that are successful in altering their egg-laying patterns to align with earlier spring seasons have the greatest lifetime reproductive success. These phenomena are examples of ________.

an evolutionary response to climate change

An effect of deforestation has been to ________.

increase the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

Global warming may trigger all but one of these results to occur. Choose the EXCEPTION.

increased forest clearing for agricultural purposes