bio inquizitive chapter 9

How many different bases can be found in a molecule of DNA?

4

The figure below presents two molecules of DNA that were produced from replication of one molecule of DNA. How many of the bases shown were present in the original double stranded DNA molecule?

8

Which of the following can cause mutations in DNA?

all of them

All DNA mutations have negative effects on the organism.

false

PCR can provide the sequence of bases of DNA in a sample.

false

Which DNA sequence is complementary to ACCGT?

tggca

The DNA-editing technique CRISPR is being used to potentially allow for pig organs to be transplanted into humans. Use the figure to identify what is required for scientists to use the CRISPR technique to edit pig DNA.

Necessary to Edit DNA with CRISPR Cas9 protein Two RNA molecules DNA sequence to be edited not necessary Heat Bacteriophage virus DNA polymerase

When DNA is replicated, some of the chemical bonds holding the molecule together must first be broken. Identify which bonds are broken during the replication process.

are broken -hydrogen - bonding between pairs not broken -covalent - bonding in the sugar

DNA replication is described as semiconservative. Which description of semiconservative DNA replication is accurate?

at the end of dna replication a parent template strand is paired with a new daughter strand

CRISPR is a DNA-editing technique. CRISPR is derived from part of the defense system of which kind of organism?

bacteria

labels on figure page 156 - 158

complementary base pair , base , nucleotide

If you think of a DNA double helix as a ladder, the sides of the ladder are held together by - bonds, while the rungs of ladder are held together by - bonds.

covalent , hydrogen

Place the steps of DNA mutation repair in order from first to last.

dna detected and tagged , dna removed , dna polmerase fills the gap

What is responsible for repairing DNA mutations in cells?

dna polymerase

DNA is a __ made of ___ which contain a sugar, a phosphate and a ____ such as ______

double helix , nucleotides , base , cytosine

Due to DNA repair mechanisms, most humans will never experience a DNA mutation in their cells during their lifetime.

false

Which DNA strand contains the complementary sequence to ACCTG?

gtggaccat

In a beetle, a substitution point mutation occurs in a DNA segment between two genes. One of the genes controls antennae length, with more expression leading to longer antennae. The other gene controls body color, with more expression leading to darker color. What is the most likely effect of this mutation?

length and body color will be normal

An animal inherits a mutation in a gene that produces dark pigment proteins that are expressed in the animal's skin tissue. If the mutation terminates the gene's ability to be expressed, what would be the most likely effect on the animal?

lighter than normal

In a tree, a mutation occurs in which half of a gene that produces a major growth hormone is deleted. What is the most likely effect of this mutation?

not grow as tall as normal

DNA is a(n) __ comprised of individual repeating units called __ Each of these units is made up of a(n) __ group connected to a(n) deoxyribose __ and one of four __

nucleic acid , nucleotides., phosphate , sugar , bases.

A molecule of DNA, the genetic material in cells, consists of two long connected strands of_____in the shape of a_____. The two strands of DNA are bound to each other, with bases pairing together, via ____ _____ pairs with adenine, and cytosine pairs with _____

nucleotides , double helix , hydrogen bonds, thymine , guanine

What is the function of PCR?

produce many copies of dna

Mutations are errors or changes in a DNA sequence. The original wild type sequence (prior to any mutation) is shown below. Match each description or type of mutation to the appropriate DNA sequence. Note that some target DNA sequences can accept more than one description or type of the mutation.

sub & sickle cell trait , inser , del & pig dna

The base-pairing rule of DNA means that if you know one strand of the double helix, you automatically know the nucleotide order of the other strand.

true

CRISPR can be used in several ways to develop pigs for human transplant organs. In ____, CRISPR can be used to allow pig organs to be transplanted. CRISPR must be used to mutate ____ genes and to manipulate production of __ system proteins to avoid rejection. Another method uses CRISPR to grow human organs in pigs by first deleting genes that normally stimulate ___ and then inserting human ___ into the resulting pig embryo, allowing a pig to grow a human organ.

xenotransplantation , perv , immune , organ development , stem cells

At how many different locations on the long blue DNA sequence would all of the bases in the short red DNA sequence be able to bind to their complementary bases?

2

Chargaff's rule addresses base-pairing and predicts the proportion of nucleotides in a string of DNA: If you know the percentage of one nucleotide base in a DNA molecule, you can predict the percentages of the others. Imagine a DNA molecule that contains 22% adenine. What percentage will be cytosine?

28%

During DNA replication in a skin cell, the DNA polymerase makes a mistake that introduces a substitution point mutation, shown in orange. The skin cell divides three times, leaving behind eight daughter cells, each with their own DNA replicated from this mutated molecule. Assuming that the mutation is not repaired and that no additional mutations occur, how many of the eight daughter cells are affected by this mutation?

4

If 9% of a DNA molecule is adenine, what percent of the molecule is guanine?

41%

The DNA molecule below is the product of a recent replication event. What fraction of this DNA molecule was incorporated directly from the original DNA molecule?

50%

The DNA-editing technique CRISPR is being used to potentially allow for pig organs to be transplanted into humans. What are benefits of using CRISPR to edit DNA?

Benefit of Using CRISPR -CRISPR is quick and efficient. -CRISPR is less expensive than other established techniques. -CRISPR can be used on nearly any organism. not benefit -CRISPR is specific to pigs, and pigs are an important animal in biomedical research. -CRISPR only requires heat to stimulate DNA editing. -CRISPR targets one gene at a time.

In your book, you read a story about the DNA-editing technique called CRISPR. You also read about another technique called PCR. For scientists working to allow pig organs to be transplanted into humans, how are these two techniques used together?

Correct Answer(s) -PCR is used to amplify the DNA, and CRISPR is used to edit the DNA. -PCR replicates the DNA to be used in CRISPR experiments. incorrect -PCR is used to stimulate mutations in the DNA, and CRISPR is then used to replicate those mutations. -After CRISPR is used to replicate the DNA, PCR is used to lengthen it.

Which statements about mutations are correct and incorrect?

Correct Answer(s) Technological tools like CRISPR can be used to mutate genes. Cells have mechanisms to proofread and avoid mutations during replication. serious diseases like sickle cell disease can be caused by a single substituted nucleotide. incorrect Mutations are harmful errors in DNA replication. Mutations occur frequently during replication. Point mutations are harmless changes to a single nucleotide.

Mutations in DNA can be defined as changes in _they can result from errors during __or be caused by environmental insults, such as errors are repaired by the cell's machinery, and those that are not repaired often lead to , which can have significant effects on the biology of the organism.

DNA sequence , DNA replication , exposure to radiation , Most , malfunctioning proteins

DNA replication does not happen without some help. Which other molecules or types of molecules are needed for DNA replication to occur?

Correct Answer(s) enzyme protein DNA polymerase incorrect cholesterol lipid steroid

In your book, you read a story about the DNA-editing technique called CRISPR. You also read about another technique called PCR, polymerase chain reaction. How do scientists use PCR?

pcr is used to make many copies of a specific dna sequence

If a DNA molecule is 19% cytosine, what are the percentages of the other three bases?

thymine 31% adenine 31% guanine 19%

In your book, you read a story about the DNA-editing technique called CRISPR. Place events in the CRISPR process in order by dragging each description to the appropriate figure.

together make up system , bring target sequence , slices through , cut sites are removed

Nucleotides in the same DNA strand are linked by covalent bonds. Nucleotides of one strand are linked to those in the complementary strand by hydrogen bonds.

true

All of the following DNA sequences were replicated from the original sequence: ATTCGTAGCCTC Identify the type of mutation that occurred in each DNA molecule.

ATTCGTAGCGTC substitution ATTCGTCCTC deletion ATTCACGGTAGCCTC insertion

Add the nucleotide sequences in the correct order that they would be added along a complementary strand to the following template strand. TTGCGTGCAAAC

aac , gca , cgt , ttg

In your book, you read a story about the DNA-editing technique called CRISPR. You also read about another technique called PCR, polymerase chain reaction. PCR is used to DNA. It uses to separate a DNA molecule, and then uses a(n) to start at a point selected by scientists. This technique can produce millions of of a targeted DNA sequence.

amplify , heat ,primer , replication , copies