Bio Keystone Review
Deactivation of enzymes occurs through _____________ or ______________ inhibition
.
The process of turning enzymes on occurs through ______________ or ______________
.
________ _________ refers to the part of an enzyme that interacts with a substrate
.
Saturated lipids have a ____________ shape and only single bonds between carbons, while unsaturated lipids have a nonlinear shape and ___________ or triple bonds
..
Someone might argue against evolution and say that it's "just a theory". Why is this not a very good argument?
..
Amino acids have ___________ and _____________________ groups. They are made unique by the "R" group that is attached to carbon
...
Based on the structural difference, explain why prokaryotic cells can be much smaller than eukaryotic cells.
....
Cellular respiration is the process through which the body generates energy, or ________
....
Hydrolysis is the process of breaking apart ____________
....
Identify a structural difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells that is directly related to their difference in size.
....
Carbohydrates can be ________________ (1 sugar) _______________, (2 sugars), or _______________ (more than 2 sugars)
.....
Describe one similarity between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells that is independent of size.
.....
Nonpolar means _____________ balance of charges
.....
________________ are the molecules that link to form polymer
.....
_______________ breaks down carbohydrates like glucose for use in cellular respiration
......
Carbon has ______________ in the outer (valence) shell
.......
Dehydration Synthesis generates _______________ and is a common way for polymers to form
.......
Covalent bonds involve _____________ of ________________ between two atoms
.........
A mutation occurs at the midpoint of a gene, altering all amino acids encoded after the point of mutation. Which mutation could have produced this change? A. deletion of two nucleotides B. deletion of three nucleotides C. insertion of six nucleotides D. insertion of twelve nucleotides
A
A scientist observes that, when the pH of the environment surrounding an enzyme is changed, the rate the enzyme catalyzes a reaction greatly decreases. Which statement BEST describes how a change in pH can affect an enzyme? A. A pH change can cause the enzyme to change its shape. B. A pH change can remove energy necessary to activate an enzyme. C. A pH change can add new molecules to the structure of the enzyme. D. A pH change can cause an enzyme to react with a different substrate.
A
At a point in the cell cycle, chromosomes have aligned near the middle of a cell . Which sequence of events will the cell need to complete to produce two identical daughter cells? A . anaphase-telophase-cytokinesis B . anaphase II-telophase II-cytokinesis II C . prophase-metaphase-anaphase D . metaphase II-anaphase II-telophase II
A
Based on the final conclusion scientists reached about GFAJ-1, what would happen to energy production by the bacterium when given an arsenate-rich, phosphate-free medium? A . Neither ADP nor ATP would be produced because the bacterium can only use PO4 3-, and this would cause energy production to stop. B . ADP and Pi would continue to be converted into ATP using AsO4 3- instead of PO4 3-, and this conversion would maintain energy production. C . Neither ADP nor ATP would be produced because the bacterium has no mitochondria to produce PO4 3-, and this would cause energy production to stop . D . ADP and Pi would continue to be converted into ATP using PO4 3- produced by the mitochondria, and this conversion would maintain energy production
A
In the human body, the steroid aldosterone is released by the adrenal glands to help regulate sodium and potassium levels . This regulation helps control blood pressure and the balance of fluids in blood . Which statement best describes this process of regulation within the body? A . It is a feedback system that maintains homeostasis . B . It is a response that is only a result of medical intervention . C . It is a response by the body that is used only in extreme situations . D . It is a feedback system that moves the body further from equilibrium
A
Photosynthesis is a process that helps cycle matter through the environment . Which statement best explains the role of photosynthesis in the carbon cycle? A. Carbon dioxide is absorbed from the air, and carbohydrates are produced B. Carbon dioxide is released into the air, and carbohydrates are broken down C. Carbon and nitrogen are absorbed into the soil, and carbohydrates are produced . D. Carbon and nitrogen are released from the soil, and carbohydrates are broken down
A
Which characteristic is shared by all prokaryotes and eukaryotes? A. Ability to store hereditary information B. Use of organelles to control cell processes C. Use of cellular respiration for energy release D. Ability to move in response to environmental stimuli
A
Which event describes cellular activities that would be observed during cytokinesis in an animal cell? A . The cytoplasm of the parent cell divides following the division of the nucleus . B . The chromosomes line up at the equator of the spindle in their most tightly condensed form . C . The DNA and proteins condense and the centrioles move toward the opposite ends of the cell to form a spindle . D . The spindle fibers, attached to the two sister chromatids of each chromosome, contract and separate as the chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell
A
Which sequence of events correctly describes the process of protein synthesis? A. DNA-transcription-mRNA-translation-proteins produced B. DNA-translation-mRNA-transcription-proteins produced C. mRNA-transcription-polypeptides form-translation-proteins produced D. mRNA-translation-polypeptides form-transcription-proteins produced
A
Which statement best describes how channel and carrier proteins in the plasma membrane are similar? A . Both allow for the flow of molecules into and out of a cell . B . Both directly connect the membrane to the nucleus of a cell . C . Both use energy to continuously move water molecules out of a cell . D . Both cause the phospholipid bilayer to form a rigid membrane for a cell .
A
Which statement best describes the outcomes of both meiosis and mitosis? A . Cell division results in daughter cells that contain DNA . B . Each daughter cell has two complete sets of chromosomes . C . Within a cell, two chromosomes pair up and exchange segments of genetic material . D . Genetically identical daughter cells are produced that can function as body cells or sex cells
A
Which action must occur for an enzyme to catalyze a chemical reaction?
A substrate must bind to an active site of the enzyme
macromolecules
A very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules
What is essential to proper functioning of all prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms?
ATP
What is the difference between a hypothesis and an inference?
An inference is when you use knowledge to make a guess about something. A hypothesis is when you use research and background knowledge to make a guess about something that has not happened. A hypothesis is in if, then format.
A scientist determined that the average air temperature in an area increased during an observed period of time . The area included several small ponds . Which change to the water cycle most likely occurred in the area during the observed period of time? A . runoff decreased B . evaporation increased C . precipitation decreased D . condensation increased
B
A student made an observation about a plant . Which statement is an observation that the student most likely made? A . Plants benefit from tilting their leaves toward the Sun . B . At 10 a.m. the plant's leaves were tilted toward the Sun . C . Plants that do not tilt their leaves toward the Sun will not survive . D . The tilting of plant leaves toward the Sun evolved over a long period of time
B
An inversion occurs along part of a chromosome . How does the inversion most likely affect the region in which it occurs? A . Recessive alleles in the region become dominant alleles . B . The information in the region is read differently during transcription . C . The coding sequence in the region disappears entirely from the cell . D . Multiple frameshift errors in the region are triggered after translation .
B
Lipase is an enzyme that breaks down lipids in the digestive system of humans . It functions best at a pH range of 4 .0 to 5 .0 . When a person takes an antacid tablet to relieve heartburn, the antacid increases the pH to around 7 in certain areas of the digestive system . Which initial effect would most likely be caused by a change in pH? A . More lipids would be digested . B . Fewer lipids would be digested . C . The production of lipase molecules would increase . D . The production of lipase molecules would decrease
B
Some scientists believe that a gradual but steady atmospheric warming has led to changes in the reproductive rates of several moth and butterfly species in a region . These species are producing multiple generations in one year, rather than the single generation per year they have historically produced . Which statement describes the most likely impact of the additional generations on the ecosystem in this region? A. Insects will have less ability to develop genetic resistance to insecticides . B. Insect predator populations will increase due to increased availability of prey . C. Plants pollinated by insects will have less of a chance of producing offspring . D. Plant and animal diversity will increase as more insects are produced each year
B
The bacterium Acetobacter aceti is found in acidic environments and has an acidic cytoplasm. For this reason, most of its proteins can function in acidic conditions. This property distinguishes Acetobacter aceti proteins from those of most other organisms. Which characteristic does Acetobacter aceti most likely share with other organisms? A. the method that the organism uses to reproduce itself B. the physical and chemical responses to environmental changes C. the type of organelle used to produce energy for cellular functions D. the process used to form proteins by transcription and translation
B
Which process best describes the assembly of proteins from amino acids? A. Atoms are linked to form a compound. B. Monomers are linked to form a polymer. C. Atoms are added to a monomer until it becomes a polymer. D. Molecules are added to a compound until it becomes a monomer.
B
Which statement best describes both mitochondria and chloroplasts? A . They both contain their own RNA and are involved in transcription . B . They both contain their own DNA and are involved in energy conversions . C . They both contain their own DNA and are involved in controlling the activities of a cell . D . They both contain their own RNA and are involved in storage of nuclear genetic material
B
Which statement best describes how geographic isolation can contribute to land animal speciation? A . Geographic isolation physically separates populations but allows them to interact . B . Geographic isolation physically separates populations and prevents them from interacting . C . Geographic isolation causes genetic changes in individual organisms but allows them to interact . D . Geographic isolation causes genetic changes in individual organisms and prevents them from interacting .
B
Write a P if the statement refers to Prokaryotes and an E if the statement refers to Eukaryotes, if the statement refers to both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes write a B on the line. This type(s) of cell contains DNA.
B
The frequency of an allele in a fly population changes from 89% to 20% after three generations. Which other events most likely occurred during the same time period? A. an environmental change and a fly population increase an environmental change and a fly population decrease interbreeding of flies with an invasive species and fly population speciation interbreeding of flies with an established local species and fly population speciation
B Why? A. An environmental change that did not favor the individuals in the population with the allele most likely led to the change in allele frequency; however, since the allele frequency decreased by so much,there would had to have been a decrease in the population within a three-generation period of time. B. (correct): An environmental change that did not favor the individuals in the population with the allele most likely led to the change in allele frequency; since the allele frequency decreased by so much, there would had to have been a decrease in the population within a three-generation period of time. C. Interbreeding between species is not likely to occur and can produce offspring that are not able to reproduce. Speciation would most likely need more than three generations to occur. D. Interbreeding between species is not likely to occur and can produce offspring that are not able to reproduce. Speciation would most likely need more than three generations to occur.
Which conclusion is best supported by the presence of ribosomes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes make proteins to perform life functions
A cell in the leaf of a green plant performs both photosynthesis and cellular respiration, often at the same time . Which statement best describes how these processes are related to each other? A . Both processes produce carbon dioxide . B . Both processes require energy directly from the Sun . C . Products of one process are used as some of the reactants for the other process . D . Thermal energy from one process is used as the energy source for the other process
C
A scientist observes that a certain trait is determined by a single allele. An organism inherited one version of the trait from one parent and another version from the other parent. Both versions of the trait are expressed in the phenotype of the offspring. Which pattern of inheritance best classifies the observed trait? A. dominance B. sex-linkage C. co-dominance D. incomplete dominance
C
An organism carries out both photosynthesis and cellular respiration . Which statement describes a difference between these two processes? A . Only cellular respiration creates chemical energy . B . The processes occur in different types of animal cells . C . Only photosynthesis changes light energy into chemical energy . D . The processes occur at different times during the animal's life cycle
C
Carbon can combine with many different elements but frequently combines with oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen to form organic molecules . Which statement best explains why carbon is able to form a large number of different molecules? A. Carbon forms only ionic bonds . B. Carbon can form only ring structures . C. Carbon can form four covalent bonds . D. Carbon forms small, simple structures
C
The rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus work together in eukaryotic cells. What is one way that the rough endoplasmic reticulum assists the Golgi apparatus? A. It assembles nucleic acids from monomers. B. It breaks down old, damaged macromolecules. C. It packages new protein molecules into vesicles. D. It determines which protein molecules to synthesize.
C
Which statement BEST describes an effect of the low density of frozen water in a lake? A. When water freezes, it contracts, decreasing the water level in a lake. B. Water in a lake freezes from the bottom up, killing most aquatic organisms. C. When water in a lake freezes, it floats, providing insulation for organisms below. D. Water removes thermal energy from land around the lake, causing the lake to freeze.
C
Which statement best describes how amino acids become polymers? A . Water is added as amino acids link to form proteins . B . Water is released as amino acids break apart to form proteins . C . Peptide bonds link amino acids together as proteins form . D . Peptide bonds break between amino acids as proteins form
C
Which statement best explains why most biological macromolecules contain carbon? A . The long chains formed by carbon can be combusted with oxygen as a source of energy . B . Carbon exists across the universe and is produced in the interior of stars during their life cycles . C . Carbon can share electrons with up to four different atoms and form three types of bonding patterns . D . The chemical and physical characteristics of carbon-containing molecules change as they move through the carbon cycle .
C
Which statement correctly describes how carbon's ability to form four bonds makes it uniquely suited to form macromolecules? A. It forms short, simple carbon chains. B. It forms large, complex, diverse molecules. C. It forms covalent bonds with other carbon atoms D. It forms covalent bonds than can exist in a single plane
C
are small organelles found just outside the nucleus in animal cells. Within the centrosome of animal cells are two small structures called centrioles, which are necessary for the movement of chromosomes during cell division.
Centrosome
gene and chromosomal mutations (point mutations)
Chromosomal mutations occur when an abnormal number of chromosomes. Point mutations occur when a nucleotide is swapped for another nucleotide and can be missense, nonsense, or silent mutations.
A mutation present in a parent's genetic code impacts offspring . Which statement most likely describes the mutation? A . The mutation can be recognized and repaired by enzymes . B . The mutation is observed in the somatic cells of the parent . C . The mutation changes a base without changing an amino acid . D . The mutation alters the function of the protein made by the gene
D
A scientist observed that during the course of a chemical reaction the number of ATP molecules was reduced . What did the scientist most likely learn from the observation? A . The reaction produced water . B . The reaction consumed water . C . The reaction caused an output of energy . D . The reaction required an input of energy
D
A specific genetic disorder is caused by nondisjunction . Which statement describes how the genetic disorder occurs? A. A problem with RNA replication leads to gametes with extra chromosomes B. A problem with chromosome separation leads to gametes with damaged chromosomes . C. Incomplete DNA replication leads to gametes with half the usual number of chromosomes . D. Incomplete chromosome separation leads to gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes
D
Alveoli are microscopic air sacs in the lungs of mammals. Which statement BEST describes how the structure of alveoli allows lungs to function properly? A. They increase the amount of energy transferred from the lungs to the blood. B. They increase the flexibility of the lungs as they expand during inhalation. C. They increase the volume of the lungs, allowing more oxygen to be inhaled. D. They increase the surface areas of the lungs, allowing efficient gas exchange.
D
In order to study genetic mutations, scientists must study genetic material . Which statement describes the genetic material scientists are most likely studying? A . They study alleles that contain chromosomes, which are RNA . B . They study alleles that contain genes, which are chromosomes . C . They study chromosomes that contain DNA segments, which are RNA . D . They study chromosomes that contain genes, which are DNA segments
D
Living organisms can be classified as prokaryotes or eukaryotes. Which two structures are common to both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? A. Cell wall and nucleus B. Cell wall and chloroplast C. Plasma membrane and nucleus D. Plasma membrane and cytoplasm
D
Oak treehoppers are parasites of trees . Which statement describes the relationship between an oak treehopper and a tree? A . Both the oak treehopper and the tree are harmed by one another . B . The oak treehopper benefits from the tree, while the tree is unaffected . C . The tree benefits from the oak treehopper, while the oak treehopper is unaffected . D . The oak treehopper benefits from the tree, while the tree is harmed by the oak treehopper
D
Substance A is converted to substance B in a metabolic reaction. Which statement BEST describes the roles of an enzyme during this reaction? A. It adjusts the pH of the reaction medium. B. It provides energy to carry out the reaction. C. It dissolves substance A in the reaction medium. D. It speeds up the reaction without being consumed.
D
The element carbon has multiple bonding patterns. Which bonding pattern cannot be formed by carbon? A. C—C B. C—C—C C. C∙C∙C D. C≡C≡C
D
Which statement best describes the role of ATP in a living system? A . ATP senses and adjusts the pH in the cellular environment . B . ATP identifies and repairs weak components of cells and tissues . C . ATP measures and provides heat to increase reaction rates in cells . D . ATP captures and transfers energy released by the breakdown of glucose
D
Which statement best explains how a property of water influences the chemical composition of Mono Lake? A . The nonpolar nature of water molecules allows water to neutralize ions . B . The nonpolar nature of water molecules allows water to engulf the salts . C . The polar nature of water molecules allows water to repel different salts . D . The polar nature of water molecules allows water to form bonds with ions
D
Write a P if the statement refers to Prokaryotes and an E if the statement refers to Eukaryotes, if the statement refers to both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes write a B on the line. This type(s) of cell contains a nucleus.
E
Write a P if the statement refers to Prokaryotes and an E if the statement refers to Eukaryotes, if the statement refers to both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes write a B on the line. This type(s) of cell contains organelles.
E
is a membrane-bound system of channels or tubes through which materials are transported within the cell. The membranes of the ER may also serve as sites of biochemical reactions. There are two types smooth and rough. The rough appearance is due to the presence of ribosomes on the membrane. Rough ER is found mainly in cells involved in protein synthesis. Smooth ER which has no ribosomes, is found mainly in cells involved in synthesis of nonprotein substances.
Endoplasmic reticulum
Compare eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells
Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, and prokaryotic cells do not.
is made up of a series of membrane-enclosed sacs, and it is usually found near the nucleus. This organelle is associated with the production of lysosomes and with the synthesis of various secretions.
Golgi Apparatus
Why can water absorb a lot of heat?
High heat of vaporization, the breaking of hydrogen bonds
What is the function of the centriole?
Involved with the separation of chromosomes during cell division
A molecule is produced within a ribosome in a cell . What most likely happens to the newly formed molecule once it is inside the Golgi apparatus of the cell?
It will be modified before it is packaged for transport
What is the function of the nucleolus?
Makes ribosomes
Write a P if the statement refers to Prokaryotes and an E if the statement refers to Eukaryotes, if the statement refers to both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes write a B on the line. A bacteria cell is an example of this type of cell.
P
Write a P if the statement refers to Prokaryotes and an E if the statement refers to Eukaryotes, if the statement refers to both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes write a B on the line. This type(s) of cell does not have bound compartments
P
Sodium-potassium pump: One of the most important carrier proteins in animal cells. In nerve cells the pump is used to generate gradients of both sodium and potassium ions. These gradients are used to propagate electrical signals that travel along nerves.
Sodium-potassium pump: One of the most important carrier
Describe how the structures of proteins differ from the structures of carbohydrates.
The chemical structure of proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, while the chemical structures of carbohydrates and fats contain only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Describe the general composition of a protein molecule.
The general composition of a protein molecule is made up of about 20 functioning amino acids. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen are also in proteins.
What is passive transport?
The movement of materials across the cell membrane without using energy
Describe how the functions of proteins differ from the functions of carbohydrates
The proteins work as transport channels and gates where they have inner openings for the molecules to pass through. Carbohydrates work as receptors that detect the signals outside the cell.
DNA replication in a eukaryotic cell occurs in the presence of the enzyme DNA polymerase . Which effect is most likely caused by a pH change in the cell nucleus?
The rate of DNA replication will decrease .
Why are mitochondria and chloroplasts unique?
They have their own DNA, Chloroplasts can conduct photosynthesis and mitochondria, Generate energy rich ATP
In many eukaryotic cells, DNA stored in the nucleus is transcribed into messenger RNA. The mRNA is then transported into the cytoplasm where ribosomes assist in their translation into proteins. Finally, these proteins are packaged and sorted in the Golgi apparatus for use in other parts of the cell or in preparation for secretion into other cells. Which of the following statements is supported by this description? a. Various organelles within a cell interact with each other to carry out life processes. b. Organelles within a cell act independently of each other at all times. c. Some organelles are more important than other organelles within a cell. d. Only up to three organelles may interact with each other at any given moment in time.
a
The rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus work together in eukaryotic cells. What is one way that the rough endoplasmic reticulum assists the Golgi apparatus? a. It assembles nucleic acids from monomers. b. It breaks down old, damaged macromolecules. c. It packages new protein molecules into vesicles. d. It determines which protein molecules to synthesize.
a
Which characteristic is shared by all prokaryotes and eukaryotes? a. ability to store hereditary information b. use of organelles to control cell processes c. use of cellular respiration for energy release d. ability to move in response to environmental stimuli
a
Given the properties of the medicine Y molecule, which mechanism is most likely responsible for medicine Y's entry into cells?
active transport
Requires energy, Moves from a low concentration to a high concentration
active transport
A scientist observes that, when the pH of the environment surrounding an enzyme is changed, the rate the enzyme catalyzes a reaction greatly decreases. Which statement best describes how a change in pH can affect an enzyme? A. A pH change can cause the enzyme to change its shape. B. A pH change can remove energy necessary to activate an enzyme. C. A pH change can add new molecules to the structure of the enzyme. D. A pH change can cause an enzyme to react with a different substrate.
b
A sodium-potassium pump within a cell membrane requires energy to move sodium and potassium ions into or out of a cell. The movement of glucose into or out of a cell does not require energy. Which statement best describes the movement of these materials across a cell membrane? a. Sodium and potassium ions move by active transport, and glucose moves by osmosis. b. Sodium and potassium ions move by active transport, and glucose moves by facilitated diffusion. c. Sodium and potassium ions move by facilitated diffusion, and glucose moves by osmosis. d. Sodium and potassium ions move by facilitated diffusion, and glucose moves by active transport.
b
Carbohydrates and proteins are two types of macromolecules. Which functional characteristic of proteins distinguishes them from carbohydrates? A. large amount of stored information B. ability to catalyze biochemical reactions C. efficient storage of usable chemical energy D. tendency to make cell membranes hydrophobic
b
Carbon dioxide and oxygen are molecules that can move freely across a plasma membrane. What determines the direction that carbon dioxide and oxygen molecules move? a. orientation of cholesterol in the plasma membrane b. concentration gradient across the plasma membrane c. configuration of phospholipids in the plasma membrane d. location of receptors on the surface of the plasma membrane
b
Using a microscope, a student observes a small, green organelle in a plant cell. Which energy transformation most likely occurs first within the observed organelle? a. ATP to light b. light to chemical c. heat to electrical d. chemical to chemical
b
Why does an enzyme function as a catalyst in a reaction? a. It creates the right pH needed for the reaction. b. It decreases the amount of energy needed for the reaction. c. It provides the extra energy needed for the reaction. d. It maintains the proper temperature needed for the reaction.
b
DNA and RNA are central to heredity and are made unique by the nitrogenous ____________ that is attached
bases
What is the function of the lysosome?
break down cellular waste and debris
1. Which statement correctly describes how carbon's ability to form four bonds makes it uniquely suited to form macromolecules? A. It forms short, simple carbon chains. B. It forms large, complex, diverse molecules. C. It forms covalent bonds with other carbon atoms. D. It forms covalent bonds that can exist in a single plane.
c
Alveoli are microscopic air sacs in the lungs of mammals. Which statement best describes how the structure of the alveoli allows the lungs to function properly? a. They increase the amount of energy transferred from the lungs to the blood. b. They increase the flexibility of the lungs as they expand during inhalation. c. They increase the volume of the lungs, allowing more oxygen to be inhaled. d. They increase the surface area of the lungs, allowing efficient gas exchange.
c
Most organisms can be divided into two categories - prokaryotes and eukaryotes. What is the main difference between these two categories? a. Eukaryotes are living organisms whereas prokaryotes include some nonliving matter. b. Prokaryotes do not possess any means of locomotion and are thus unable to move. c. Prokaryotes do not possess a nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelles. d. Eukaryotes are found in all of the six major taxonomic kingdoms.
c
Which statement best describes an effect of the low density of frozen water in a lake? a. When water freezes, it contracts, decreasing the water level in a lake. b. Water in a lake freezes from the bottom up, killing most aquatic organisms. c. When water in a lake freezes, it floats, providing insulation for organisms below. d. Water removes thermal energy from the land around a lake, causing the lake to freeze
c
Carbon has the ability to form ______________ _______________ by forming several bonds in a row
carbon compounds (may be wrong)
Organic compounds contain ___________
carbon, and sometimes hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
What is the red arrowing pointing at in this animal cell?
cell membrane
surrounds the cell. It plays an active role in determining which substances enter and exit the cell. Some substances can pass freely through the cell membrane and others cannot, the membrane is said to be selectively permeable, or semipermeable. The cell membrane is composed of lipids (phospholipids) and proteins.
cell membrane
What is the red arrow pointing to in this plant cell?
cell wall
structure found outside the cell membrane of plant cells. The cell wall is made up mostly of cellulose, and it provides support for the cell.
cell wall
What is the function of the mitochondria?
cellular respiration, produces ATP
contain green pigment called chlorophyll, which carries on the process of photosynthesis.
chloroplast
Which characteristic is shared by all prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms?
contain genetic material
the material in the cell outside the nucleus. It consists mainly of water. Within the cytoplasm are the various organelles of the cell. The cytoplasm provides the environment in which the organelles carry on the life processes of the cell.
cytoplasm
is a filamentous network of proteins that are associated with the processes that maintain and change cell shape and produce cell movements in animal and bacteria cells. In plants, it is responsible for maintaining structures within the plant cell, rather then whole cell movement. The main types of filaments the make up the cytoskeleton are Microfilaments and Microtubules.
cytoskeleton
Living organisms can be classified as prokaryotes or eukaryotes. Which two structures are common to both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? a. cell wall and nucleus b. cell wall and chloroplast c. plasma membrane and nucleus d. plasma membrane and cytoplasm
d
Since sodium-potassium pumps require an input of energy to operate, they are an example of... a. passive transport. b. facilitated diffusion. c. filtration. d. active transport
d
The cell membrane serves many functions. One of the cell membrane's functions is to help the cell maintain homeostasis. Which of the following statements best supports this claim? a. The cell membrane contains a polar region and a nonpolar region. b. The cell membrane contains proteins. c. The cell membrane contains phospholipids. d. The cell membrane regulates what goes in and out of the cell.
d
Whenever biological organic compounds, such as proteins and carbohydrates, are broken down or synthesized... a. a phase change of matter results. b. thermal expansion occurs. c. sunlight is required. d. energy is absorbed or released.
d
Which example is an activity that a fish most likely uses to maintain homeostasis within its body? a. using camouflage to avoid predators b. feeding at night to regulate body temperature c. moving to deeper water to regulate metabolic wastes d. exchanging gases through its gills to regulate oxygen levels
d
Substance A is converted to substance B in a metabolic reaction. Which statement best describes the role of an enzyme during this reaction? A. It adjusts the pH of the reaction medium. B. It provides energy to carry out the reaction. C. It dissolves substance A in the reaction medium. D. It speeds up the reaction without being consumed.
d????????
Competitive inhibition means another chemical bonds with and ____________ the active site of the enzyme
degrades
water is released when polymers are made is what type of reaction
dehydration synthesis
The movement of particles from regions of higher density to regions of lower density across the cell membrane
diffusion
What is one characteristic of life of DNA?
double helix structure made out of nucleotides
The movement of a large substance into a cell by means of a vesicle
endocytosis
The movement of material out of a cell by means of a vesicle
exocytosis
What is the endosymbiotic theory?
explains how eukaryotic cells may have evolved from prokaryotic cells
Transport proteins help ions and polar molecules diffuse through the membrane
facilitated diffusion
Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. Higher temperature means ___________ moving particles.
faster
The number of collisions between enzymes and substrates is increased if the particles move around ____________ (higher temperature)
faster
Where does the energy for active transport come from?
from the energy carrying molecule ATP
Lungs and capillaries both have porous linings that allow certain substances to move into or out of the structures. Which function do these porous linings most likely serve in living organisms?
gas exchange
______________ means the body only produces the enzyme when it is needed
gene regulation
solution that the cell shrinks
hypertonic (plasmolyzed)
Is this a hypotenuse or a theory? Caffeine raises blood pressure.
hypotenuse
Is this a hypotenuse or a theory? New tennis balls bounce higher than old tennis balls.
hypotenuse
Is this a hypotenuse or a theory? The rate grass grows is related to the amount of light it receives.
hypotenuse
solution that cell swells up
hypotonic (turgid)
solution that the cell stays the same
isotonic (flaccid)
What are two ways that specific heat and the freezing point of water help support life on earth.
keeps aquatic environments from extreme temperature fluctuations; ice expands when frozen, floats on surface water bodies and insulates aquatic organisms from extreme cold
are "packages" or sacs, of digestive enzymes. They keep the enzymes separated from the rest of the cell contents until they are needed.
lysosomes
What kinds of food are human teeth suited for?
meat and plants
are found in the cytoplasm. Most stages of cellular respiration occur in the mitochondria. The energy released during respiration is stored in the form of high-energy chemical bonds in molecules of ATP.
mitochondria
What is one characteristic of life of a prokaryotic cell?
no nucleus
______________ inhibition means another chemical bonds to the enzyme in a position away from the active site, but blocks or alters the active site as a result
noncompetitive
In order for medicine X to produce the effects that the researchers observed, it must have entered into which part of the targeted cells?
nucleus
What is the red arrow pointing to in this animal cell?
nucleus
control center for all cell functions. Within the nucleus are chromosomes and at least one nucleolus. The nucleolus is a site of RNA synthesis, and it may also be responsible for the production of ribosomes.
nucleus
Enzymes do not function well above or below the _____________ temperature
optimal
Enzymes function best at the ______________ pH level
optimal
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
osmosis
Does not use energy, Moves from a high concentration to a low concentration
passive transport
________________ compose cell membranes
phospholipids
What is the function of the chloroplast?
photosynthesis
_____________ is the concentration where the reaction rate is maximized, the active sites of the enzymes are all used adding more substrate does not increase the rate of reaction.
point of saturation
______________ means the charges are not balanced
polar
________________ are long chains of bonded groups
polymers
Pentose can be deoxyribose (as in DNA or deoxyribose nucleic acid) or ribose (as in RNA or ________________nucleic acid)
ribose
are small, dense granules(look like tiny circles on the diagrams) found free in the cytoplasm and the nucleus and lining the membranes of some endoplasmic reticulum. Ribosomes are composed mainly of RNA. They are the centers of protein synthesis in the cell.
ribosomes
What is the function of golgi apparatus?
sorts and modifies proteins that have arrived from the rough ER
What is the function of the vacuole?
storage
What is the function of the nucleus?
stores DNA, controls most of the cell's processes, contains the information needed to make proteins
Which property of water is most responsible for plants being able to transport water from their roots to their leaves?
the attraction between molecules
How does the control group differ from the experimental group?
the control group receives no treatment and the experimental group receives a treatment when the experiment happens
Is this a hypotenuse or a theory? All life is related and descended from a common ancestor.
theory
Is this a hypotenuse or a theory? The universe began about 15 billion years ago.
theory
What are two characteristics about mitochondria and chloroplast that make it similar to prokaryotic bacteria cells?
they are the same size and divide by binary fission
A scientist wants to make a change to a genetic code that will lead to the removal of one amino acid from the sequence of a protein . Which genetic material should the scientist remove?
three nucleotides
What is the function of the cell membrane?
to control what enters and leaves the cell
What is a way that the structure of human teeth can serve the function of eating meat and plant material
to do specialized adaptation
What is the function of the chromosome?
to move genetic material to new cells
What is the function of the cell wall?
to protect and support the cell
What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?
transports materials through the cell
Lipids can be saturated or ___________
unsaturated
What is the red arrow pointing at in this plant cell?
vacuole
are membrane-enclosed structures that are generally filled with water containing various dissolved substances. Vacuoles in animal cells are usually small, and vacuoles in plants are using large. The pressure created by the large vacuole helps to maintain the rigid structure of the plant cell and of the plant.
vacuoles
The enzyme denatures, or breaks down, if the enzyme gets too ____________
warm
