Bio lab 103 exam 2 week 8 info

Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata

Aquatic and terrestrial organisms Distinct head and trunk ◦ Supported by cartilage/vertebrate structures in adult form ◦ Notochord Well developed brain/ sensory organs ◦ Dorsal nerve cord Closed circulatory system Ex: reptiles, amphibians, birds, mammals

Class: Amphibia Order: Anura

Aquatic and terrestrial organisms Protruding eyes Cleft tongue Maxillary and vomerine teeth Semi-permeable skin ◦ respiration Metamorphic

Frog internal

Conus arteriosus Heart (atria, ventricle) Lungs Liver Gall bladder Stomach Intestines (duodenum, jejunum-ileum, sphincter entering large intestine, large intestine) Cloaca Kidney Adrenal gland Spleen Fat bodies Ovary and oviduct (if female)

Muscle Tissue Functions

Functions: ◦ Producing body movements ◦ Stabilizing body positions ◦ Storing/moving substances within body ◦ Generating heat

Frog Head/mouth

Head/Mouth Tympanic membrane External nares Internal nares Tongue Maxillary teeth Vomerine teeth Epiglottis Vocal sac opening (if male)

Internal frog

Heart and lungs Digestive System Processes food so it can be absorbed through intestinal wall into bloodstream ◦ Organs Stomach Intestines (small & large) Gall bladder Spleen Urogenital System Aids in extracting/processing wastes from blood & reproduction Kidney Adrenal gland Ovary/oviducts (if female) Cloaca

Dorsal view frog

Latisimus dorsi External oblique Gluteus Biceps femoris Triceps femoris Semimembranosus Adductor magnus Gracilis minor Gastrocnemius

Muscle tissue properties

Properties ◦ Electrical excitability (action potential) ◦ Contractility ◦ Extensibility ◦ Elasticity

Ventral view frog

Rectus abdominis Triceps femoris Adductor longus Adductor magnus Sartorius Gracilis major Semitendinosis Semimembranosus Gastrocnemius

Sacromere, thick and thin filaments

Thick filaments ◦ Myosin Thin filaments ◦ Actin ◦ Tropomyosin ◦ Troponin

Depressions/Openings/etc. ◦ Alveolus

a pit, pocket or socket

Depressions/Openings/etc. Meatus

canal or tube-like passage way

Depressions/Openings/etc. ◦ Sinus

cavity or hollow space within a bone; air filled and a mucous membrane will be present

Depressions/Openings/etc. ◦ Sulcus (groove)

furrow along a bone in which a vessel or tendon may lie

Joint formation markings ◦ Condyle

large, round knob of bone (somewhat like a small head projecting from another area of the bone)

Nonarticulation markings ◦ Process

more sharp and slender than a spine, often needle-like

Depressions/Openings/etc. ◦ Fissure

narrow or slit-like (blood vessels or nerves pass through such openings)

Nonarticulation markings ◦ Crest

narrow projection of bone which forms a prominent ridge

Joint formation markings ◦ Head

on the proximal end of a bone, a rounded expanded region connected to the rest of the bone by a neck

Nonarticulation markings ◦ Epicondyle

projection above a condyle

Depressions/Openings/etc. ◦ Foramen

round opening (like a fissure, vessels or nerves pass through as may ligaments)

Depressions/Openings/etc. ◦ Fossa (fovea)

shallow depression in bone (often is an articulating surface)

Nonarticulation markings ◦ Spine

slender extension of bone, often more flat-like compared to a process

Nonarticulation markings ◦ Tubercle

small rounded projection

Nonarticulation markings ◦ Line

thinner and less prominent than a crest, often long and narrow

Nonarticulation markings ◦ Trochanter

very large, blunt, irregularly shaped projection of bone Tuberosity - large rounded projection

Joint formation markings ◦ Facet

very shallow surface, flat and nearly smooth in appearance

Nonarticulation markings ◦ Ramus

branch or bar of bone (may look like an arm-like projection)