bio lab quiz CUMMULATIVE

construct a standard curve using the following data. Label the unknown patient sample. Does the patient have diabetes?

(graph) y axis: absorbance (a) x axis: concentration (mg/dL) This patient does have diabetes

Name one positive aspect of fermentation and name one negative aspect

+ doesn't need oxygen - doesn't produce very much ATP

transmittance is measured in the range of____

0-100%

Name three reasons why enzymes are important

1) can indicate diseases are present 2)catalyze reactions in the body 3)help break down foods in the stomach

name three macromolecules that cells synthesize through the enzyme controlled processes of synthesis...

1) carbohydrates 2)proteins 3)nucleic acid

what are the four steps of the scientific method?

1)Start by making observations and asking questions pertaining to those observations about some process or phenomenon of interest 2)create 2 hypotheses 3)design an expxeriment to test the hypothesis 4)analyze the results of the experiment

Describe three differences between a compound microscope and a dissecting scope

1. compound is used to see smaller objects than dissecting 2.Compound requires preparation while dissecting doesn't 3.Compound only has light from below, but dissecting has light from above and below

if you are using a micropipette labeled P200, you would be able to measure what range?

20-200 ul

optimum temp for enzyme function is typically

40-60 degrees C

If you are viewing an object using the 40x objective, what is the total magnification?

400X

Each Kreb Cycle generates

8 NADH. 2 FADH. 2 ATP.

A dihybrid cross between F1 heterozygotes reveals a phenotypic ratio of approximately ____ in the F2 generation

9:3:3:1

What was the enzyme used in the enzymes properties lab

ALP

Cellular respiration is the process used by organisms to chemically oxidize organic compounds to generate what?

ATP

In terms of the disc part of the experiment, what variable could also come into play? Think temp, time etc.What differences besides wavelength is affecting the leaves?

Another variable is time. in this lab we did not have the option of having the leaves remain sunk in the solution and stored overnight. The length of time could create a change in results.

which letter represents the objective

B

People who are lactose intolerant can usually eat yogurt. Explain.

Bacteria in the yogurt breaks down the lactose

What is the basic formula for cellular respiration

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O

The flow of H+ ions through ATP synthase known as ________ powers the enzyme to generate over 30 ATP through oxidative phosphorylation

Chemiosmosis

What was the purpose of DPIP in the photosynthesis experiment?

DPIP changes color as it's being reduced during the light dependent reaction. DPIP took the place of NADP+ as the electron acceptor. A color change of DPIP indicates that electrons have gone to a higher energy level and reduced DPIP.

For today's experiment what is the technique that we will use to study photosynthesis?

Dye-reduction

Which letter represents the fine adjustment knob

E

The first offspring produced from a monohybrid cross are called the

F1 generation

True of False. Anaerobic respiration yields more ATP than aerobic respiration

Flase

Shortly, define glycolosis (what is it and what does it do?)

Glycolosis is the process used to oxidize glucose, allowing glucose to go on to be converted and the enter the Krebs ATP

If an organisms two different alleles for a trait, it is said to be:

Heterozygous

Briefly describe how you would design an experiment to test how much vitamin C is actually in a variety of commercially available products, such as orange juice or vitamin water,etc.

I would use Indophenol because it is an indicator that turns colorless in the presence of vitamin C. The fewer drops of juice you need for the color change, the higher the vitamin C content in the juice.

What reasons can you give for the difference in the percent transmittance between the live chloroplasts that were incubated in the light and those that were kept in the dark?

In the darkness, there wasn't light to provide energy to the system. In contrast, in the light cuvettes, photolysis was able to occur because electrons were present.

Why is Drosophila melanogaster such a widely used example in terms of understanding mendelian genetics

It is easy to grow and its traits are not complicated and easy to genetically assess. since it is easy to obtain and study, it has become a popular example

who was the first to study the biology of genetics in terms of heritage? what did he use?

Mendel and he used pea plants

what does DPIP replace in the experiment?

NADP+

What does OSHA stand for?

Order and procedures for safety and health association

Why do you think the results of the photosynthesis lab were the results that were achieved? Why did the leaves react certain ways under certain light?

Plants absorb specific wavelength of light in order to use the light for photosynthesis. Chlorophyll absorbs blue and red light while reflecting green light.

What is the difference b/n a transmission electron microscope (TEM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM)

Rather than the broad static beam used in TEM, the SEM beam is focused to a fine point and scans line by line over the sample surface in a rectangular raster pattern.

Think back to the fermentation part of the cellular respiration lab. Which sugar was ideal for yeast? How do you Know?

Sucrose bc it created a higher level of CO2 production. e CO2 production was based off of the volume of the balloons

What might be some additional follow-up null hypotheses to test post clock reaction?

The ascorbic acid will have no effect on the delay of color change.

The second phase of photosynthesis is the light independent reactions, also known as what?

The calvin cycle

Do some independent research into how the clock reaction works. In the reaction that we conducted, what was causing the color change and what was causing the color change to be delayed?

The color change is due to the interaction between iodine and starch. In the presence of starch, the iodine which is produced forms the well-known blue black complex which is commonly used to test for the presence of starch. The color change was delayed due to ascorbic acid.

Mendel noted that alleles are responsible for the variations in inherited characters. He also noted that there are alleles responsible for the variations in inherited characters. He also noted that there are alleles that are always expressed in the appearance of the organism and other alleles that are sometimes hidden or masked. What do we call these two types of alleles?

The first is called a dominant allele, and the second type which is sometimes masked, is called a recessive gene

Explain the limitation of the focal plane, give an example

The focal plane limits your view so you can focus more on a specific view rather than a broad and general view. At high settings of the objective, it can be hard for the microscope to focus so you will see either below or above the image. An example is when you try and take a close up picture of your handwriting. The camera focuses in and out choosing either the words, or background, but not the whole image.

clock reaction lab: For your null hypothesis, which of the variables was the independent variable (the one that was varied to invoke a response) and which of the variable was the dependent variable (the one that was the effect)?

The independent variable was ascorbic acid and the dependent variable is time.

floating disk experiment: in which env was the most and least O2 produced (had the most floating circles)? List the env in order of the most photosynthesis according to the exercise and explain

The most O2 was produced in the white and red boxes, with both averaging 24 circles. The least O2 was produced by the blue which had 0 circles.In order of the most photosynthesis goes: red, white, green, dark box and then blue. The color light makes a difference because there is a light spectrum certain colors are absorbed by the leaf while others are reflected.

clock reaction lab: What sources of error do you think existed in this exercise? In other words, what differences existed in how individual groups performed the experiment that could have led to variability in the data?

The temperature of the solutions could have been different, or the solutions might have been poorly mixed.

photosynthesis experiment: What purpose did the flask of water serve? What would have happened if you accidentally left it out?

The water absorbs the light wavelengths. If it was left out the water could get warm and start growing bacteria

in the clock reaction experiment, what was the null hypothesis being examined?

There is no effect of Vitamin C concentration on the length of time it takes for the clock reaction to occur.

there are different shades of green/yellow seen in the plant kingdom and when it comes to leaves. How is this beneficial?

This variety in color is due to accessory pigments. These pigments work in conjunction with chlorophyll a in order to absorb even more light, allowing the greater amounts of photosynthesis

true or false. Dialysis tubing allows for both osmosis and diffusion. ___

True

true or false. diffusion requires no energy input

True

In previous lab of cellular respiration, there was movement in both the cold and room temp sysytems. Should there have been movement in both?Explain

Yes there should have been movement in both however, higher temp created higher levels of cellular resp showing that room temp is ideal

photosynthesis: what results would you have expected if the light source used only shone green light?

You would see little oxygen being released because green is reflected by the plant.

spectrophotometers are used to measure ___ and ____.

absorbance and transmittance

What will happen in the experiment when light hits the chloroplasts?

all of the above

when mixing the ascorbic acid with the hydrogen peroxide, which is the reducing agent?

ascorbic acid

Chromosomes 1 through 22 are called _________; the twenty-third pair of chromosomes are called____

autosomes, sex chromosomes

When graphing enzyme activity what kind of trend would you see (if you graph it as a line)?

bell curve

what is the color producer or "dye" that we will be using in this lab?

chromogen

an experiment for a new asthma medication was set up into two groups. Group 1 was given the new drug for asthma, while group 2 was given a sugar pill. The sugar pill serves as a _______

control

In prokaryotic cells,catabolism of pyruvate takes place in the_____ whereas, in eukaryotic cells, it occurs in the ______

cytoplasm mitochondria

What is the effect of boiling the chloroplasts on the subsequent reduction of DPIP?

denatures proteins and prevents reduction from continuing

Certain enzymes, commonly referred to as "marker enzymes" can be used to diagnose certain diseases. Give an example of a disease that can be diagnosed this way

diabetes

today's lab, working with the chromogen and glucose, is a good example of studying what disease?

diabetes

in today's lab______ serves as the artificial system whereas____ serves as the natural membrane system

dialysis tubing,potato cells

If you needed to look at sand under a microscope, which microscope would you use?

dissecting microscope

what kind of microscope can achieve a greater magnification than 100,000X

electron microscope

What happens if either the enzyme or substrate is limited

enzyme reaction will cease

define the following in a few words: hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic

hypertonic: concentration is higher inside than the solvent so water leaves the cell hypotonic:concentration is higher outside the cell so water enters the cell isotonic: concentration is equal inside and outside of the cell

Distilled water is typically_____ to the red blood cell

hypotonic

where does the light dependent phase occur

in the thylakoid

the three main ways chemicals and contaminants can enter the body is inhalation, absorption, and_________.

ingestion

Optimum pH for enzyme function is typically......

it does not matter

If you drop a red blood cell into a solution of seawater, what will happen to the red blood cell?

it would shrink

What is the first phase of photosynthesis called?

light dependent reaction

What is the source of the electrons that reduced the DPIP in the photosynthesis experiment?

light which strikes the chloroplasts

What is the equation to calculate absorbance?

log10(1/transmittance)

what is the effect of darkness on the reduction of DPIP?

no reaction will occur and DPIP will not be reduced

the first step of the scientific method is usually

observation

look at the picture of the microscope which of the following parts of the microscope is represented by A

oculars

What was measured with the spectrophotometer in the photosynthesis experiment?

percentage of light transmittance due to DPIP

what is the difference between phenotype and genotype?

phenotype has physical traits Genotype has genetic traits

what molecule found in the chloroplasts does DPIP replace in the photosynthesis experiment?

replaced NADP+

parsimony

simplest explanation is the best

Where does the calvin cycle occur

stroma

if you have a minor cut in the lab, the proper procedure is to immediately

tell your instructor, wash it with soap and water

in the exercise we did in the lab, measuring the rate of the clock reaction is analogous to which step of the scientific method

testing out the hypotheses

For most enzymes, the rate of reaction doules for every 10 celcius increase in temperature. What is this effect called?

the Q10 effect

What is a factor that determines how much/how fast water flows across the membrane?

the difference in solute concentration, hydrostatic pressure on the membrane,and size of the molecules in either system

In an experiment designed to determine the rate of reaction based on the content of each beaker, the hypothesis that states there will be no difference in outcome of the experiment is:

the null hypothesis

in the clock reaction the experiment will proceed faster when

there's a lack of vitamin c

true or false: if a patient had the results of two "random" glucose reading of 200 mg/dL or higher, this person meets the criteria of diabetes mellitus

true

similarity of causation

two experiments conducted in exactly the same way will have the same results. A corollary to this principle is that we need a standard way of making measurements that will allow us to compare results

flexibility

we have to be able to change our minds about longheld and/or well supported ideas and theories once new data become available that challenge or falsify what we think we know about how things work in the universe

uniformity

we learn today will be true tomorrow or what caused a certain experiment result today will cause the same result if we repeat it tomorrow

objectivity

we should avoid letting our prior knowledge prejudice and biases influence how we collect and analyze data

Knowing that the spectrophotometer works by using particular wavelengths. For the first part of the experiment, what wavelength would you set it to if we were to use yellow leaves instead of green leaves and why?

you would set it to around 400 bc the yellow coloring means the leaves are reflecting yellow. so it must be absorbing blue