Bio Paper 1 Text Questions
A woman who is a carrier for hemophilia and a man who does not have hemophilia have a child. What is the probability that the child will have hemophilia? If it is a girl If it is a boy A. 0 % 50 % B. 0 % 0 % C. 50 % 50 % D. 50 % 0 %
A. 0 % 50 %
Sickle-cell anemia is caused by a mutation. How many changes to the amino acid sequence are caused by this mutation? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
A. 1
What is denaturation? A. A structural change of a protein that results in the loss of its biological properties B. A change in the genetic code of an organism C. A change in the amino acid sequence of a protein causing a disruption of its 3D shape D. The process by which amino acids are broken down and ammonia is released
A. A structural change of a protein that results in the loss of its biological properties
Which of the following statements about antibodies is correct? A. Antibodies are polypeptides. B. Antibodies are produced by the bone marrow. C. Antibodies are pathogenic foreign substances. D. Antibodies kill bacteria but not viruses.
A. Antibodies are polypeptides.
Why do nutrient molecules enter the blood? A. Blood carries nutrients to cells. B. Blood converts nutrients into energy. C. Nutrients and oxygen are mixed by blood. D. Nutrients are stored in blood.
A. Blood carries nutrients to cells.
How can the rate of photosynthesis of a plant be directly measured? A. By measuring the rate of oxygen produced B. By measuring the rate of carbon dioxide produced C. By measuring the rate of plant growth D. By measuring the rate of light absorbed
A. By measuring the rate of oxygen produced
What process occurs when fatty acids combine with glycerol to make a triglyceride? A. Condensation B. Decarboxylation C. Denaturation D. Hydrolysis
A. Condensation
What actions occur during interphase? A. DNA replication and RNA synthesis B. Spindle formation and DNA replication C. Chromosome alignment at the metaphase plate D. Growth and separation of sister chromatids
A. DNA replication and RNA synthesis
What term can be used to describe clams that eat decaying plant matter? A. Detritivores B. Tertiary consumers C. Saprotrophs D. Decomposers
A. Detritivores
In ecology, how is community defined? A. Different species living and interacting with each other in a specific area. B. Different families cooperating with each other. C. A group of organisms of the same species who live in a specific area at the same time. D. A specific area in which a group of species normally live.
A. Different species living and interacting with each other in a specific area.
Which of the following statements about homologous chromosomes is correct? A. Each gene is at the same locus on both chromosomes. B. They are two identical copies of a parent chromosome which are attached to one another at the centromere. C. They always produce identical phenotypes. D. They are chromosomes that have identical genes and alleles.
A. Each gene is at the same locus on both chromosomes.
What happens in crossing over? A. Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes B. Exchange of genes during metaphase of mitosis C. Random distribution of chromosomes during meiosis D. Homologous chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis
A. Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes
What is a role of sulfur in living organisms? A. Formation of proteins B. Formation of carbohydrates C. Formation of teeth D. Transmission of nerve impulses
A. Formation of proteins
What property of water makes it a good evaporative coolant? A. High latent heat of evaporation B. Relatively low boiling point C. Volatility D. Transparency
A. High latent heat of evaporation
A purple-flowered plant of dominant phenotype is crossed with a white-flowered homozygous recessive plant. If there are many offspring and they are all purple, what is the genotype of the purple-flowered parent plant? A. Homozygous dominant B. Homozygous recessive C. Heterozygous D. Codominant
A. Homozygous dominant
Which of the following are used as evidence for evolution? I. Homologous structures II. Selective breeding of domesticated animals III. Overproduction of offspring A. I and II only B. I and III only C. II and III only D. I, II and III
A. I and II only
What characteristic(s) of water allow(s) effective transport of nutrients around the body by blood? I. Solvent properties II. Thermal capacity III. Transparency A. I only B. I and II only C. II and III only D. I, II and III
A. I only
Which of the following types of information are needed to construct a karyotype? I. Size of the chromosomes II. Gene mutations of the chromosomes III. Age of the individual A. I only B. II only C. I and II only D. I, II and III
A. I only
Which of the following will cause an enzyme to permanently lose its properties? I. Hydrolysis II. Freezing to -20 °C III. Dissolving it in water A. I only B. II only C. I and II only D. I and III only
A. I only
What happens to the surface area to volume ratio as a cell grows? A. It decreases. B. It increases. C. It doubles. D. It does not change.
A. It decreases.
What is the difference between galactose and lactose? A. Lactose is a disaccharide and galactose is a monosaccharide. B. Lactose is the product of anaerobic respiration in humans and galactose is the product of anaerobic respiration in yeast. C. Lactose is an enzyme and galactose is a hormone. D. Galactose is a sugar found in milk but lactose is not found in milk.
A. Lactose is a disaccharide and galactose is a monosaccharide.
Which organism in this food web is both a secondary and tertiary consumer? A. Large crab B. Small herbivorous fish C. Shark D. Microscopic planktonic algae
A. Large crab
What evidence supports the cell theory? A. Living organisms are made up of cells. B. Unicellular organisms carry out all the functions of life. C. Multicellular organisms show emergent properties. D. Cells can develop from inorganic molecules.
A. Living organisms are made up of cells.
During expiration, how does air pressure in the lungs compare with atmospheric pressure? A. Lung air pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure. B. Lung air pressure is less than atmospheric pressure. C. Lung air pressure starts below atmospheric pressure and rises above it. D. Lung air pressure starts above atmospheric pressure and falls below it.
A. Lung air pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure.
For what purpose is the enzyme lactase useful? A. Production of lactose-free milk so that more people can consume dairy products B. As a dietary supplement to aid in protein digestion of milk C. For use in coagulating milk protein to make cheese D. To improve protein consumption in developing countries that lack milk
A. Production of lactose-free milk so that more people can consume dairy products
What is chorionic villus sampling? A. Sampling cells from the placenta B. Sampling cells from the fetal digestive system C. Sampling fetal cells from the amniotic fluid D. Sampling stem cells from the umbilical cord
A. Sampling cells from the placenta
What causes air to be breathed out by the lungs? A. The diaphragm relaxes and the ribs fall. B. The ribs rise and the external intercostal muscles relax. C. The internal intercostal muscles contract and the ribs rise. D. The diaphragm contracts and internal intercostal muscles contract.
A. The diaphragm relaxes and the ribs fall.
A human cell has between 20 000 and 25 000 genes whereas an E. coli cell has approximately 4000 genes. Which of the following statements is true? A. The human genome is larger than the E. coli genome. B. There are more genes on each human chromosome than on the E. coli chromosome. C. The human cell and the E. coli cell produce approximately the same variety of proteins. D. The DNA in both organisms is associated with histones (proteins).
A. The human genome is larger than the E. coli genome.
A parent organism of unknown genotype is mated in a test cross. Half of the offspring have the same phenotype as the parent. What can be concluded from this result? A. The parent of unknown genotype is heterozygous. B. The parent of unknown genotype is homozygous dominant. C. The parent of unknown genotype is homozygous recessive. D. The parent of known genotype is heterozygous
A. The parent of unknown genotype is heterozygous.
Ranunculus repens and Hypericum repens both have yellow flowers. Which statement is true? A. They are angiospermophytes. B. They are coniferophytes. C. They are members of the same species. D. They are members of the same genus.
A. They are angiospermophytes.
How can cells in a multicellular organism differentiate? A. They express some of their genes but not others. B. They all have a different genetic composition. C. Different cells contain a different set of chromosomes. D. Different cells do not have some of the genes.
A. They express some of their genes but not others.
How is the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) used? A. To make many copies of a DNA molecule B. To cut DNA at specific sequences C. To splice fragments of DNA together into a plasmid D. To separate fragmented pieces of DNA based on their charge and size
A. To make many copies of a DNA molecule
Which genetic condition can be diagnosed by karyotyping? A. Trisomy 21 B. Sickle-cell anemia C. Hemophilia D. Colour blindness
A. Trisomy 21
Which feature increases the absorption of glucose in the small intestine? A. Villi B. Lacteal C. Cilia D. Goblet cells
A. Villi
Water shows strong cohesive properties. Which of the following can occur because of the cohesive properties of water? A. Water can be pulled up a plant through the xylem. B. Enzymes can react with their substrates in cells. C. Sweating cools the body on a hot day. D. Salt can dissolve in sea water.
A. Water can be pulled up a plant through the xylem.
Which functions of life are found in all unicellular organisms? A. growth, response and nutrition B. differentiation, response and nutrition C. metabolism, meiosis and homeostasis D. growth, metabolism and differentiation
A. growth, response and nutrition
Which enzyme is amylase? Source Substrate Product(s) A. pancreas starch maltose B. stomach protein peptides C. pancreas peptides amino acids D. small intestine maltose glucose
A. pancreas starch maltose
What are characteristics of eukaryotic cells? Nucleus Mitochondria Ribosomes A. present present 80S B. present absent 70S C. absent present 80S D. absent absent 70S
A. present present 80S
Which of the following is correct for lipase? Substrate Source pH optimum A. triglycerides pancreas pH = 8 B. fatty acids small intestine pH = 7 C. triglycerides small intestine pH = 9 D. fatty acids pancreas pH = 9
A. triglycerides pancreas pH = 8
Which words from the table below complete the sentence correctly? In the pancreas, ________ secrete glucagon, which ________ blood glucose levels. I II A. α cells raises B. β cells raises C. α cells lowers D. β cells lowers
A. α cells raises
A red blood cell is 8 μm in diameter. If drawn 100 times larger than its actual size, what diameter will the drawing be in mm? A. 0.08 mm B. 0.8 mm C. 8 mm D. 80 mm
B. 0.8 mm
In ecosystems the amount of energy that passes from one trophic level to the next is called the conversion efficiency. What is the average conversion efficiency from primary to secondary consumers in most ecosystems? A. 1 % B. 10 % C. 50 % D. 90 %
B. 10 %
The lengths of a sample of tiger canines were measured. 68 % of the lengths fell within a range between 15 mm and 45 mm. The mean was 30 mm. What is the standard deviation of this sample? A. 5 mm B. 15 mm C. 7.5 mm D. 30 mm
B. 15 mm
A man of blood group A and a woman of blood group B have a child. If both are heterozygous for the gene, what are the chances of them having a child with blood group B? A. 0 % B. 25 % C. 50 % D. 75 %
B. 25 %
If a woman has three male offspring, what is the probability that her next child will be female? A. 25 % B. 50 % C. 75 % D. 100 %
B. 50 %
In guinea pigs black coat colour is dominant to white. In a test cross between a black and a white guinea pig both black and white offspring were produced. What percentage of the offspring would be expected to be white? A. 75 % B. 50 % C. 33.3 % D. 25 %
B. 50 %
What do prokaryotic cells have that eukaryotic cells do not? A. Mitochondria B. 70S ribosomes C. Histones D. Internal membranes
B. 70S ribosomes
What is evolution? A A measure of the relative survival and reproductive success of an individual B. A cumulative change in the genetically controlled characteristics of a population C. A physical change during an organism's life that is inherited by its offspring D. A random change in the proportions of alleles from generation to generation
B. A cumulative change in the genetically controlled characteristics of a population
To produce artificial erythrocytes for use in blood transfusions, tobacco plants have been genetically modified to produce human hemoglobin. The first three triplets of the human hemoglobin gene are: ATG GTG CAT What would be the first three triplets of the hemoglobin gene inserted into the genome of the modified tobacco plants? A. TAC GTG GTA B. ATG GTG CAT C. TAC CAC GTA D. GCA ACA TGC
B. ATG GTG CAT
Which process produces the most ATP per molecule of glucose? A. Anaerobic respiration in a yeast cell B. Aerobic respiration in a bacterial cell C. Glycolysis in a human liver cell D. The formation of lactic acid in a human muscle cell
B. Aerobic respiration in a bacterial cell
Which of the following ecological units includes abiotic factors? A. A community B. An ecosystem C. A population D. A trophic level
B. An ecosystem
Two different trees have been classified as Pinus pinea and Pinus nigra. Which of the following statements is correct? A. Both trees belong to the same class but a different genus. B. Both trees belong to the same family and same genus. C. The species name of both trees is Pinus. D. The family names are pinea and nigra.
B. Both trees belong to the same family and same genus.
In a cell, what is the effect of a large surface area to volume ratio? A. Slower rate of exchange of waste materials B. Faster heat loss C. Faster rate of mitosis D. Slower intake of food
B. Faster heat loss
Which is a long-term effect of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) on the immune system? A. Fewer bacterial infections B. Fewer active lymphocytes C. More antibody production D. More antigen recognition
B. Fewer active lymphocytes
The image shows a drawing of an organism. (Picture of a fern) To which phylum of plants does this organism belong? A. Bryophyta B. Filicinophyta C. Coniferophyta D. Angiospermophyta
B. Filicinophyta
Which type of light is least useful for photosynthesis in terrestrial plants? A. Blue B. Green C. White D. Red
B. Green
Why can DNA profiling be used to determine paternity? A. Genes of children are exactly the same as their father's. B. Half the genes of children are the same as their father's. C. The father passes on all of his genes to each of his children. D. The father passes on a fraction of his genes equal to the number of his children.
B. Half the genes of children are the same as their father's.
14. What is a suspected heterozygous individual crossed with in a test cross? A. Homozygous dominant B. Homozygous recessive C. Heterozygous dominant D. Heterozygous recessive
B. Homozygous recessive
What links the pairs of complementary bases in a DNA double helix? A. Covalent bonds B. Hydrogen bonds C. Ionic bonds D. Peptide bonds
B. Hydrogen bonds
What chemical reaction is taking place when a dipeptide becomes two amino acids? A. Condensation B. Hydrolysis C. Denaturation D. Polymerization
B. Hydrolysis
Which of the following is/are a role of testosterone in males? I. Pre-natal development of male genitalia II. Maintenance of sex drive III. Increase in mental development A. II only B. I and II only C. II and III only D. I, II and III
B. I and II only
What can limit increases in population size? I. Decrease in prey II. Decrease in parasites III. Increase in predators A. I and II only B. I and III only C. II and III only
B. I and III only
What is a potential consequence of the rise in global temperatures on the Arctic ecosystem? A. Increased exposure to UV light B. Increased rate of decomposition of detritus C. Decreased success of pest species D. Increase in the ice habitat available to polar bears
B. Increased rate of decomposition of detritus
Oral contraceptives taken by women contain the hormone progesterone. How does this prevent pregnancy? A. It stops menstruation. B. It inhibits the secretion of FSH. C. It blocks the fallopian tubes (oviducts). D. It stimulates the production of estrogen.
B. It inhibits the secretion of FSH.
What property makes water an important coolant in the natural world? A. It is cohesive. B. It requires much energy to evaporate. C. It has a lower temperature than blood. D. It has a low specific heat.
B. It requires much energy to evaporate.
Which variable has the least effect on enzyme activity? A. Temperature B. Light intensity C. pH D. Substrate concentration
B. Light intensity
What causes the rate of heart contraction to increase or decrease? A. The heart muscle itself B. Nerve impulses from the brain C. A hormone from the thyroid gland D. The rate of return of blood to the left atrium
B. Nerve impulses from the brain
Which gas will enhance the greenhouse effect if released into the atmosphere? A. Hydrogen B. Oxide of nitrogen C. Oxygen D. Nitrogen
B. Oxide of nitrogen
Celiac disease causes the destruction of the villi cells. Which of the following is most likely to happen to people with celiac disease? A. Incomplete digestion of fats B. Poor absorption of calcium C. Increased levels of glucose in blood D. Damage in the esophagus caused by increase in acid content of the stomach
B. Poor absorption of calcium
15. Which of the following involves meiosis? A. Tissue repair B. Production of gametes C. Asexual reproduction D. Growth
B. Production of gametes
What is an effect of the HIV virus on the immune system? A. Reduction of the number of phagocytes B. Reduction of the number of lymphocytes C. Increase in the ability to form antibodies D. Decrease in the ability to produce antigens
B. Reduction of the number of lymphocytes
What route is used to export proteins from the cell? A. Golgi apparatus → rough endoplasmic reticulum → plasma membrane B. Rough endoplasmic reticulum → Golgi apparatus → plasma membrane C. Golgi apparatus → lysosome → rough endoplasmic reticulum D. Rough endoplasmic reticulum → lysosome → Golgi apparatus
B. Rough endoplasmic reticulum → Golgi apparatus → plasma membrane
What happens during the G2 stage of interphase? A. Homologous chromosomes pair B. Synthesis of proteins C. Homologous chromosomes separate D. Replication of DNA
B. Synthesis of proteins
Which of the following represent homologous features? A. Wings in birds and insects B. The appendix in humans and horses C. Fins in fish and wings in birds D. The striped coat of the zebra and the tiger
B. The appendix in humans and horses
A student investigated the growth of 100 cress seedlings in 2 normally distributed populations and carried out a t-test on the data. The calculated value of t was equivalent to a probability of between 0.15 and 0.25. What conclusion can be drawn from this? A. The difference between the two populations is significant. B. The difference between the two populations is not significant. C. The data is positively correlated. D. The data is negatively correlated.
B. The difference between the two populations is not significant.
What causes cell differentiation in multicellular organisms? A. Each cell having different genes. B. The expression of certain genes but not others. C. The recognition by antibodies of some cells but not others. D. The cellular recognition of a specific function.
B. The expression of certain genes but not others.
Which of the following is the best definition of a population? A. A group of individuals that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring B. The number of individuals of the same species in a given area C. A group of species living and interacting with each other in a given area D. The total number of individuals in a given area
B. The number of individuals of the same species in a given area
What normally prevents the membranes of the alveoli from sticking together during expiration? A. The thickness of the single-cell layer of alveoli membranes B. The secretion of fluids in the inner surface of the alveoli C. The pressure within the thoracic cavity D. The dense net of capillaries covering the alveoli
B. The secretion of fluids in the inner surface of the alveoli
How can a change in pH stop an enzyme-catalysed reaction from occurring? A. Collisions between enzyme and substrate are prevented. B. The structure of the enzyme is altered. C. There is too much product produced. D. The active site is blocked by the substrate.
B. The structure of the enzyme is altered.
What is light energy used for in photosynthesis? A. To absorb carbon dioxide. B. To split water molecules. C. To oxidize organic compounds. D. To make oxygen and hydrogen react.
B. To split water molecules.
During which process is messenger RNA (mRNA) formed? A. Translocation B. Transcription C. Translation D. Transmission
B. Transcription
How can fragments of DNA be separated? A. Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) B. Using gel electrophoresis C. Using gene transfer D. Using gene cloning
B. Using gel electrophoresis
Colonic irrigation involves regularly flushing the large intestine with water. Why should this practice be avoided? A. The large intestine absorbs water. B. Vitamin-producing bacteria are eliminated. C. It will stimulate the production of toxins. D. Undigested remains of food are removed.
B. Vitamin-producing bacteria are eliminated.
Immediately after an action potential, which event causes the neuron membrane to repolarize? A. Voltage-gated sodium channels open. B. Voltage-gated potassium channels open. C. Voltage-gated calcium channels close. D. Voltage-gated potassium channels close.
B. Voltage-gated potassium channels open
What is the correct site of anaerobic respiration in yeast and one of its end products? Site End product A. cytoplasm pyruvate B. cytoplasm ethanol C. matrix lactate D. matrix carbon dioxide
B. cytoplasm ethanol
What processes occur during assimilation and absorption of lipids? Assimilation Absorption A. lipids are broken down lipids are egested by enzymes B. lipids are incorporated into lipids pass into the lacteal new membranes C. lipids pass into the lacteal lipids are incorporated into new membranes D. lipids are egested lipids are broken down by enzymes
B. lipids are incorporated into lipids pass into the lacteal new membranes
What features distinguish Platyhelminthes from Annelida? Platyhelminthes Annelida A. segmented body non-segmented body B. non-segmented body segmented body C. bilateral symmetry no bilateral symmetry D. no bilateral symmetry bilateral symmetry
B. non-segmented body segmented body
Which functions of life are carried out by all unicellular organisms? A. photosynthesis nutrition homeostasis B. nutrition reproduction response C. metabolism photosynthesis growth D. growth reproduction photosynthesis
B. nutrition reproduction response
When could non-disjunction occur? A. Prophase B. Meiosis C. Interphase D. Cytokinesis
B.Meiosis
A cell in the testis of a male chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) contains 48 chromosomes. It is about to undergo meiosis. How many molecules of DNA will be present in the nucleus of the sperm cells just after meiosis? A. 96 B. 48 C. 24 D. 12
C. 24
Which of the following is the best definition of cell respiration? A. A process needed to use energy, in the form of ATP, to produce organic compounds B. A process used to provide oxygen to the atmosphere C. A controlled release of energy, in the form of ATP, from organic compounds in cells D. A controlled release of energy in the production of food from organic compounds
C. A controlled release of energy, in the form of ATP, from organic compounds in cells
To which phylum do organisms with exoskeleton, jointed appendages and segmented bodies belong? A. Mollusca B. Porifera C. Arthropoda D. Annelida
C. Arthropoda
If humans become infected with the Ebola virus it can have devastating effects. Strong, but not certain, evidence suggests that trading in animal products is the main reason for the spread of the Ebola virus to humans. Which statement about the precautionary principle is correct? A. In the absence of certainty about cause and effect, people should not be asked to stop trading in animal products. B. The burden of proof regarding a cause and effect relationship lies with scientists. C. Because it is a probable cause, trading in animal products should be banned because of the potentially devastating consequences. D. The precautionary principle is not relevant in this case.
C. Because it is a probable cause, trading in animal products should be banned because of the
What are stem cells? A. Specialized cells that can be used therapeutically B. Surplus cells taken from an embryo C. Cells that retain their ability to divide and differentiate D. Cells in the xylem and phloem tissues that support a plant
C. Cells that retain their ability to divide and differentiate
Which of the following does not occur during interphase? A. Replication B. Translation C. Cytokinesis D. An increase in the number of mitochondria
C. Cytokinesis
A number of different proteins are involved in nerve function. Which of the following does not require a membrane protein? A. Active transport of sodium B. Diffusion of K+ into the cell C. Diffusion of the neurotransmitter across the synapse D. Binding of the neurotransmitter to the post-synaptic membrane
C. Diffusion of the neurotransmitter across the synapse
What is the passive movement of particles, such as sodium ions from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration through a protein carrier? A. Diffusion B. Osmosis C. Facilitated diffusion D. Active transport
C. Facilitated diffusion
Which of the following is the cause of sickle-cell anemia? A. Tryptophan is replaced by leucine. B. Leucine is replaced by valine. C. Glutamic acid is replaced by valine. D. Lysine is replaced by glutamic acid.
C. Glutamic acid is replaced by valine.
21. Which of the following will promote variation in a species? I. Meiosis II. Fertilization III. Natural selection A. I only B. II only C. I and II only D. I, II and III
C. I and II only
Which of the following will contribute to the cell theory? I. Living organisms are composed of cells. II. All cells come from pre-existing cells by mitosis. III. Cells are the smallest units of life. A. I only B. II only C. I and III only D. I, II and III
C. I and III only
Global warming caused by the enhanced greenhouse effect is likely to have major consequences for arctic ecosystems. Which of the following are likely to occur in the arctic if the Earth's surface temperature rises? I. Decreased rates of decomposition of detritus II. Increased range of predators from temperate regions III. Increase in numbers of pest species and pathogens A. I and II only B. I and III only C. II and III only D. I, II and III
C. II and III only
What is lactase used for? A. It is used to make sugar-free milk. B. It hydrolyses lactose to glucose and fructose. C. It improves the digestion of milk by some people. D. It decreases the acidity of the milk.
C. It improves the digestion of milk by some people.
Which chamber of the heart has the thickest walls? A. Left atrium B. Right atrium C. Left ventricle D. Right ventricle
C. Left ventricle
Which graph shows the effect of increasing substrate concentration on enzyme activity? A. Graph that looks like a bell curve B. Line that goes only upwards C. Line that goes up and reaches a plateu at the end D. Line that goes only downwards
C. Line that goes up and reaches a plateu at the end
Which of the following characteristics found in a structure necessarily indicates that it is alive? A. The presence of genetic material B. The presence of a lipid bilayer C. Metabolism D. Movement
C. Metabolism
What is a difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells? A. Ribosomes are found only in prokaryotic cells. B. Cell walls are found only in eukaryotic cells. C. Mitochondria are found only in eukaryotic cells. D. Flagella are found only in prokaryotic cells.
C. Mitochondria are found only in eukaryotic cells.
Which process contributes to growth of a multicellular body? A. Exocytosis B. Meiosis C. Mitosis D. Osmosis
C. Mitosis
The long-term exposure of bacteria to antibiotics has led to the spread of resistant strains (for example, of Clostridium difficile). What is this an example of? A. Convergent evolution B. Immunity C. Natural selection D. Dominance
C. Natural selection
What causes the formation of a nerve impulse on the post-synaptic membrane? A. Ca2+ binding with a receptor site B. K+ leaking into the post-synaptic membrane C. Neurotransmitter binding with receptor sites D. Neurotransmitter being removed from the synapse
C. Neurotransmitter binding with receptor sites
What initiates an action potential along a neuron? A. Potassium and sodium ions diffuse out of a neuron. B. Potassium and sodium ions diffuse into a neuron. C. Neurotransmitters cause depolarization of membrane. D. Acetylcholinesterase breaks down acetylcholine.
C. Neurotransmitters cause depolarization of membrane.
15. What are homologous chromosomes? A. Identical chromosomes B. Non-identical chromosomes with different genes C. Non-identical chromosomes with the same genes in the same sequence but not necessarily the same alleles D. Non-identical chromosomes with the same genes in a different sequence and not necessarily the same alleles
C. Non-identical chromosomes with the same genes in the same sequence but not necessarily the same alleles
At each trophic level energy is lost. How is this energy regained by the ecosystem? A. Heat B. Nutrients C. Photosynthesis D. Recycling
C. Photosynthesis
Which substance in prokaryotes contains sulfur? A. DNA B. Phospholipids C. Proteins D. Antibiotics
C. Proteins
Which vessel carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs? A. Vena cava B. Coronary vein C. Pulmonary artery D. Pulmonary vein
C. Pulmonary artery
What are two effects of HIV on the immune system? A. Reduction in antibody production and increase in active lymphocytes B. Increase in antibody production and decrease in red blood cells C. Reduction in antibody production and decrease in active lymphocytes D. Increase in antibody production and increase in red blood cells
C. Reduction in antibody production and decrease in active lymphocytes
What contributes to the structure of an enzyme? A. Sequence of bases linked by hydrogen bonds B. Sequence of substrates linked by condensation reactions C. Sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds D. Sequence of polypeptides linked by hydrolysis reactions
C. Sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
Why does shivering occur? A. The body cannot control muscles when they become cold. B. Shivering informs the brain that the body is too cold. C. Shivering generates heat and raises body temperature. D. The body diverts blood away from skin reducing heat loss
C. Shivering generates heat and raises body temperature.
A collection of four animal specimens is observed and a dichotomous key is applied. Which specimen is an arthropod? 1. Non-segmented body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .go to 2 Segmented body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .go to 3 2. Body is not symmetrical . . . . . . . . . . . . .specimen A Body is symmetrical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . specimen B 3. Jointed appendages present . . . . . . . . .. .specimen C Jointed appendages absent . . . . . . . . . . . .. .specimen D A. Specimen A B. Specimen B C. Specimen C D. Specimen D
C. Specimen C
Which vessel directly supplies the heart muscle with blood? A. The aorta B. The pulmonary artery C. The coronary artery D. The pulmonary vein
C. The coronary artery
Which comparable features provide evidence for evolution? A. The rear legs of a kangaroo and a grasshopper. B. The wings of a myna bird and a butterfly. C. The forearms of a human and fins of a whale. D. The fur of a bear and a wolf.
C. The forearms of a human and fins of a whale.
After gene transfer between species, what ensures that the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide made using the transferred gene remains unchanged? A. The genetic code is semi-conservative. B. The genetic code is degenerate. C. The genetic code is universal. D. The genetic code can be cloned.
C. The genetic code is universal
What do diffusion and osmosis have in common? A. They only happen in living cells. B. They require transport proteins in the membrane. C. They are passive transport mechanisms. D. Net movement of substances is against the concentration gradient.
C. They are passive transport mechanisms.
Why are antibiotics effective against bacteria? A. They can produce specific antibodies. B. They can engulf foreign matter. C. They can block specific metabolic pathways. D. They can act as a vaccine
C. They can block specific metabolic pathways.
What are increasing levels of progesterone responsible for during the female menstrual cycle? A. Stimulating ovulation B. Development of the follicle C. Thickening of the endometrium D. Menstruation
C. Thickening of the endometrium
Which movement occurs by osmosis? A. Oxygen from alveoli into the blood B. Water from a leaf into the atmosphere C. Water from soil to root D. Nitrate ions from soil to root
C. Water from soil to root
What is the source of the oxygen released into the air as a product of photosynthesis? A. Chlorophyll B. Carbon dioxide only C. Water only D. Both water and carbon dioxide
C. Water only
In the carbon cycle, which pair shows the correct change in atmospheric composition? Increases CO2 Decreases CO2 A. cell respiration combustion B. photosynthesis fossilization C. combustion photosynthesis D. fossilization cell respiration
C. combustion photosynthesis
Which molecules are monosaccharides? A. starch, glycogen, cellulose B. sucrose, maltose, lactose C. fructose, glucose, galactose D. glucose, lactose, cellulose
C. fructose, glucose, galactose
What is true of the source, products and optimum pH of the lipase found in the human digestive system? Source Products Optimum pH A. salivary glands fatty acids 8 B. stomach starch 2 C. pancreas fatty acids 8 D. liver amino acids 2
C. pancreas fatty acids 8
What is a correct pathway for blood flowing through the heart? A. right atrium, right ventricle, aorta B. left atrium, left ventricle, pulmonary artery C. right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery D. left atrium, left ventricle, pulmonary vein
C. right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery
What does facilitated diffusion across a cell membrane require? A pore protein ATP A concentration gradient A. yes no no B. no no yes C. yes no yes D. no yes no
C. yes no yes
10.The percentage of thymine in the DNA of an organism is approximately 30 %. What is the percentage of guanine? A. 70 % B. 30 % C. 40 % D. 20 %
D. 20 %
A body cell of a goat has 60 chromosomes. What would be produced following meiosis in the testis of a male goat? A. 2 cells each with 60 chromosomes B. 4 cells each with 60 chromosomes C. 2 cells each with 30 chromosomes D. 4 cells each with 30 chromosomes
D. 4 cells each with 30 chromosomes
A cell has cytoplasm, a cell wall, naked DNA and ribosomes. Based on this information, what type of cell could this be? A. A cell from a pine tree B. A grasshopper cell C. A human red blood cell D. A bacterium
D. A bacterium
13. In some people, hemoglobin always contains the amino acid valine in place of a glutamic acid at one position in the protein. What is the cause of this? A. An error in transcription of the hemoglobin gene B. An error in translation of the mRNA C. Lack of glutamic acid in the diet D. A base substitution in the hemoglobin gene
D. A base substitution in the hemoglobin gene
What is an ecosystem? A. An environment in which an organism normally lives B. A group of organisms of the same species inhabiting an area C. A group of populations living and interacting with each other in an area D. A community and its abiotic environment
D. A community and its abiotic environment
What is a community? A. A group of organisms living and interacting in the same trophic level B. A group of populations living and interacting in a food chain C. A group of organisms of the same species living and interacting in an ecosystem D. A group of populations living and interacting in an area
D. A group of populations living and interacting in an area
20. What is the energy transfer level from the kangaroo rat to the weasel shown in the food web above? A. Three times greater than the energy transfer from the roadrunner to the bobcat B. Half the energy transfer from chaparral plants to the meadow mouse C. A quarter of the energy transfer from the quail to the bobcat D. Approximately the same as the energy transfer from the meadow mouse to the opossum
D. Approximately the same as the energy transfer from the meadow mouse to the opossum
22. Why has antibiotic resistance evolved in bacteria? A. All bacteria reproduce very quickly. B. Bacteria exposed to antibiotics developed a resistance to them. C. Varieties of bacteria resistant to antibiotics reproduce faster than non-resistant varieties. D. Bacteria showing resistance to antibiotics survive after antibiotics are used.
D. Bacteria showing resistance to antibiotics survive after antibiotics are used.
Which statement is part of the cell theory? A. Cells are composed of organic molecules. B. Cells have DNA as their genetic material. C. Cells have cytoplasm surrounded by a membrane. D. Cells come from pre-existing cells.
D. Cells come from pre-existing cells.
What causes cells to differentiate? A. Sufficient nutrition B. Full expression of all genes C. Specialized functions at different stages of embryo development D. Expression of some genes with suppression of other genes
D. Expression of some genes with suppression of other genes
Which phylum does the plant below belong to? (Picture of a fern) A. Angiospermophyta B. Bryophyta C. Coniferophyta D. Filicinophyta
D. Filicinophyta
Which of the following is a function of cellulose in plants? A. Storage of fat B. Formation of mitochondria C. Storage of energy D. Formation of cell walls
D. Formation of cell walls
Between which structures do sensory neurons carry nerve impulses? A. From receptors to muscles B. From effectors to the central nervous system (CNS) C. From the central nervous system (CNS) to receptors D. From receptors to the central nervous system (CNS)
D. From receptors to the central nervous system (CNS)
Where do motor neurons conduct impulses from and to? A. From effectors to the central nervous system. B. From receptors to the central nervous system. C. From neurons to other neurons. D. From the central nervous system to effectors.
D. From the central nervous system to effectors.
Which of the following is part of the process of cellular respiration? A. Changes in the volume of the thoracic cavity B. Exchange of gases across the surface of the alveoli C. Exchange of gases across the surface of capillaries D. Glycolysis
D. Glycolysis
Which disease is an example of sex-linked (X-linked) inheritance? A. AIDS B. Down syndrome C. Sickle-cell anemia D. Hemophilia
D. Hemophilia
After chorionic villus sampling, how is the material processed for karyotyping? A. DNA is fingerprinted. B. Genes are photographed. C. Alleles are compared. D. Homologous chromosomes are paired.
D. Homologous chromosomes are paired.
Which of the following are connected by hydrogen bonds? A. Hydrogen to oxygen within a molecule of water B. Phosphate to sugar in a DNA molecule C. Base to sugar in a DNA molecule D. Hydrogen to oxygen between two different molecules of water
D. Hydrogen to oxygen between two different molecules of water
Which of the following features of the alveoli adapt them to gaseous exchange? I. Single layer of cells II. Film of moisture III. Dense network of capillaries A. I and II only B. II only C. II and III only D. I, II and III
D. I, II and III
How does the body respond to an increase in body temperature? I. Vasoconstriction of skin arterioles II. Shivering III. Vasodilation of skin arterioles A. I only B. I and II only C. II and III only D. III only
D. III only
Organisms can be genetically modified to produce the human blood clotting factor IX. What characteristic of the genetic code makes this possible? A. It is conservative. B. It is degenerate. C. It is complementary. D. It is universal.
D. It is universal.
12. A plant is exposed to increasing light intensity from very dim to bright light, while the carbon dioxide concentration and temperature are kept at an optimum level. What will happen to the rate of oxygen production? A. It will increase exponentially. B. It will remain constant. C. It will decrease to a minimum level. D. It will increase to a maximum level.
D. It will increase to a maximum level.
In the forest zone between Gabon and the Republic of Congo it is estimated that an epidemic of the Zaire strain of the Ebola virus (ZEBOV) killed nearly 5000 gorillas, significantly reducing the population. Which statement is supported by this information? A. Natality was greater than mortality. B. Mortality was equal to natality. C. Natality and immigration was greater than mortality and emigration. D. Mortality was greater than immigration and natality.
D. Mortality was greater than immigration and natality.
One type of gene mutation involves a base substitution. Original DNA sequence: GAC TGA GGA CTT CTC TTC AGA mutated sequence 1: GAC TGA GGA CAT CTC TTC AGA mutated sequence 2: GAC TGA GGA CTC CTC TTC AGA mRNA codons for valine: GUU GUC GUA GUG mRNA codons for glutamic acid: GAA GAG What are the consequences of the base substitutions in the two new sequences of DNA? A. Both are mutations that would result in different polypeptides. B. Sequence 2 would result in a changed polypeptide but sequence 1 would not. C. All three DNA sequences would translate into the same polypeptide. D. Only the original DNA and sequence 2 would translate into the same polypeptide
D. Only the original DNA and sequence 2 would translate into the same polypeptide
LH causes the rupture of a follicle and release of an egg cell. What is this process called? A. Conception B. Fertilization C. Menstruation D. Ovulation
D. Ovulation
Which structure is found in E. coli, but not in a eukaryotic cell? A. Cell wall B. Endoplasmic reticulum C. Cytoplasm D. Pili
D. Pili
What changes occur in the thorax of a mammal when the external intercostal muscles and diaphragm muscles contract? A. Pressure increases and volume decreases. B. Pressure and volume both increase. C. Pressure and volume both decrease. D. Pressure decreases and volume increases.
D. Pressure decreases and volume increases.
Which group of organisms in the carbon cycle converts carbon into a form that is available to primary consumers? A. Decomposers B. Saprotrophs C. Detritus feeders D. Producers
D. Producers
12. What substance is produced from glucose during anaerobic respiration in all organisms? A. Carbon dioxide B. Ethanol C. Lactate D. Pyruvate
D. Pyruvate
Which enzymes are needed to produce recombinant plasmids to be used in gene transfer? A. DNA polymerase and DNA ligase B. DNA polymerase and restriction enzyme (endonuclease) C. Transcriptase and RNA polymerase D. Restriction enzyme (endonuclease) and DNA ligase
D. Restriction enzyme (endonuclease) and DNA ligase
What would you expect to find in the fossil record if evolution had not occurred? A. Fossils of simple organisms only in the oldest layers B. Only fossils of extinct forms C. Fossils of complex organisms only in the oldest layers D. Same fossil forms in all layers
D. Same fossil forms in all layers
What is a genetic test cross? A. Testing a suspected homozygote by crossing it with a known heterozygote B. Testing a suspected heterozygote by crossing it with a known heterozygote C. Testing a suspected homozygote by crossing it with a known homozygous dominant D. Testing a suspected heterozygote by crossing it with a known homozygous recessive
D. Testing a suspected heterozygote by crossing it with a known homozygous recessive
What does a small standard deviation signify? A. The data is not correlated. B. The data is widely spread around the mean. C. The data shows a close relationship between two variables. D. The data is clustered closely to the mean value.
D. The data is clustered closely to the mean value.
Which hypothesis can be tested using the t-test? A. The difference in variation between two samples is not significant. B. The difference between observed values and expected values is not significant. C. The change in one variable is not correlated with a change in another variable. D. The difference between the means in two samples is not significant.
D. The difference between the means in two samples is not significant.
What does the nucleus of a human lymphocyte contain? A. Only the genes to produce a specific antigen B. Only the genes to produce a range of antibodies C. Only the genes that control the growth and development of a lymphocyte D. The whole genetic information for a human
D. The whole genetic information for a human
A poodle and a chihuahua are both dogs and classified as Canis familiaris. What conclusion can be made? A. They belong to the same genus but not the same species. B. They are the same species but not the same genus. C. They are different species but can interbreed. D. They belong to the same genus and are the same species
D. They belong to the same genus and are the same species
How do cells capture the energy released by cell respiration? A. They store it in molecules of carbon dioxide. B. They produce glucose. C. The energy is released as pyruvate. D. They produce ATP.
D. They produce ATP.
What role does the medulla of the brain have in controlling heart rate? A. To secrete adrenaline to speed up the heart. B. To stimulate myogenic heart muscle contraction. C. To block pacemaker activity. D. To adjust heart rate to changing blood pressure.
D. To adjust heart rate to changing blood pressure.
What is the source of the oxygen released into the atmosphere in photosynthesis? A. Glucose B. Carbon dioxide C. Chlorophyll D. Water
D. Water
How does chlorophyll respond to the red, green and blue wavelengths in white light? Red Green Blue A. reflects reflects absorbs B. absorbs reflects reflects C. reflects absorbs reflects D. absorbs reflects absorbs
D. absorbs reflects absorbs
Which events occur during the G1 phase and S phase of the cell cycle? G1 phase S phase A. DNA replicates cell grows B. mitosis begins cell divides C. cell divides mitosis begins D. cell grows DNA replicates
D. cell grows DNA replicates
What happens to the external and internal intercostal muscles and diaphragm when inhaling? External Internal Diaphragm intercostal intercostal muscles muscles A. relax relax relaxes B. contract relax relaxes C. relax contract contracts D. contract relax contracts
D. contract relax contracts
4. What is the difference between the structure of all prokaryotes and all eukaryotes? Prokaryotes Eukaryotes A. cell wall no cell wall B. chloroplasts no chloroplasts C. flagellum no flagellum D. nucleoid nuclear envelope
D. nucleoid nuclear envelope
If a mitochondrion has a length of 5 μm and a student's drawing of the mitochondrion is 10 mm, what is the magnification of the drawing? A. ×0.0005 B. ×0.5 C. ×200 D. ×2000
D. ×2000
What is the phylum of the organism? (Picture of an earth worm) A. Porifera B. Cnidaria C. Platyhelminthes D. Annelida
D.Annelida
