Bio quiz #7
ADP structure
(2 phosphate groups instead of 3)
Glycolysis
*occurs in the cytoplasm* - 1 glucose (6 carbons) - C6H1206 turns into: - 2 pyruvate (3 C) molecules - C3H4O3 - makes 2 ATP molecules
ADP
- ADP stands for adenosine diphosphate: Di = two - ADP is similar to ATP but it has 2 'P's - Phosphates
Cell Respiration is Photosynthesis backwards
- Cell Respiration carbon dioxide + water + energy glucose + oxygen - Photosynthesis glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + energy C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP
What is cellular respiration?
- Cellular Respiration allows organisms to use energy stored in the chemical bonds of glucose (C6H12O6). - Respiration = Oxygen is added to this process and helps convert the glucose into ATP and ADP.
High energy molecules
- NADH - NADPH - FADH These are coenzymes that transfer electrons to make more ATP.
Krebs cycle
- Needs 'O' - Oxygen to Work (Remember Respiration?) - Pyruvate is converted into Acetyl CoA - Makes 2 ATP Molecules - Makes: 6 CO2 6 NADH 2 FADH
ATP: a high energy molecule
- Sugars have to be converted into ATP so our body can use energy - ATP stands for Adenosine TriPhosphate
There are 2 Kinds of Cellular Respiration:
1. Aerobic 2. Anaerobic
Inside The Mitochondria
1. Krebs Cycle 2. Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
Cell Respiration has 3 Steps
1st Glycolysis 2nd Krebs Cycle 3rd Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
Possible poisons/effects on cell function
2- deoxyglucose stops glucose from being used by the glycolysis and no pyruvate is made. Arsenic stops pyruvate being used by the Krebs cycle, so no NADH is made. Cyanide stops electrons from leaving the ETC, so new ones can't enter causing the ETC to stop working and no H+ are moved into the intermembrane space. Oligomycin stops H+ from moving through the ATP synthase so not ATP can be made.
ADP vs ATP
ATP can be compared to a fully charged battery because both contain stored energy, whereas ADP resembles a partially charged battery.
Sometimes ATP can be made without the Oxygen:
Anaerobic Respiration
Video 1: Cellular Respiration and the Mighty Mitochondria
Are you a morning person? One of us is and one if us is definitely not. Mainly because, 00:14 when I wake up in the morning, it just takes a while for me to feel like I get my energy 00:18 back. It takes a lot of time---and coffee---for that to happen for me. 00:23 Cells don't really have that luxury. They are busy performing cell processes all the 00:27 time and many of the processes 00:29 that they do require energy. Specifically, ATP energy. 00:34 ATP stands for adenosine tri phosphate. It's a type of nucleic acid actually, and it is 00:40 action packed with three phosphates. When the chemical bond that holds the third phosphate 00:45 is broken, it releases a great amount of energy. It also is converted into ADP, adenosine di 00:52 phosphate. And really, that's just a fancy way of saying that it has two phosphates after 00:58 losing one. 00:59 So where am I going with this? Well, cells have to make this ATP energy. It doesn't 01:04 really matter what kind of cell you are---prokaryote or eukaryote---you have to make ATP energy. 01:10 The process for making that ATP energy can be different, however, depending on the type 01:15 of cell. But you have to make ATP energy. 01:17 One way that this can be done efficiently is called aerobic cellular respiration. We 01:24 are going to focus on aerobic in eukaryote 01:27 cells which have many membrane bound organelles such as mitochondria. The mitochondria is 01:34 are going to be kind of a big deal in this. 01:36 So let's get started. Remember we are trying to make ATP energy. Let's take a look at 01:42 this formula. Remember that reactants (inputs) are on the left side of the arrow. And products 01:49 (outputs) are on the right side of the arrow. 01:53 This formula, by the way, looks remarkably similar to photosynthesis. Look how the reactants 02:00 and products just seem to be on different sides. 02:03 You know why? See, in photosynthesis, organisms (like plants and protists for example) made 02:13 glucose. Notice how glucose is a product. But in cellular respiration, we break the 02:20 glucose. Notice how glucose is a reactant. In order to make ATP energy. 02:27 So photosynthesis makes glucose---and cellular respiration, it breaks glucose. Kind of cool. 02:35 Photosynthetic organisms have the best of both worlds because they not only do photosynthesis 02:40 to make their glucose but they do cellular respiration to break it. I say that's pretty 02:47 great, because glucose is the starter molecule in cellular respiration and needed in order 02:52 to get this going. If you aren't photosynthetic, such as a human or an amoeba, you have to 02:59 find a food source to get your glucose. Cellular respiration involves three major steps. We 03:06 are going to assume that we are starting with one glucose molecule so that you can see what 03:10 is produced from one glucose molecule. 03:14 #1 Glycolysis- This step takes place in the cytoplasm, and this step does not require 03:22 oxygen. Glucose, the sugar from the formula, is converted into a more usable form called 03:28 pyruvate. It actually takes a little ATP energy itself to get this process started. The net 03:35 yield from this step is approximately 2 ATP molecules. And 2 NADH molecules. What is NADH? 03:43 NADH is a coenzyme, and it has the ability to transfer electrons, which will be very 03:50 useful in making even more ATP later on. We'll get to that in a minute. 03:56 #2 Krebs Cycle-This is also called the Citric Acid Cycle. We are now involved in the mitochondria, 04:05 and this step requires oxygen. The pyruvate that was made is converted and will be oxidized. 04:10 CO2 (carbon dioxide) is produced. We produce 04:17 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2FADH2. FADH is also a coenzyme, like NADH, and it will also assist 04:27 in transferring electrons to make even more ATP. 04:31 #3 The electron transport chain. This is, just, a beautiful thing. Really. We're still 04:38 in the mitochondria, and we do require oxygen for this step. This is a very complicated 04:43 process, and we are greatly simplifying it by saying that electrons are transferred from 04:48 the NADH and FADH2 to several electron carriers. They are used to create a proton gradient. 04:55 The protons are used to power an amazing enzyme called ATP synthase. Remember that the word synthase 05:12 means to "make" so that's what ATP synthase does. All the time. It makes the ATP by adding 05:20 phosphates to ADP. Oxygen is the final acceptor of the electrons. When oxygen combines with 05:27 two protons, you get H20---aka 05:33 water. The electron transport chain produces a lot of ATP compared to the other two steps. 05:42 There isn't an exact number on this---many textbooks will say 34 ATP. Meaning that the 05:49 net amount of ATP made when you add all the steps together is 38 ATP. But you need to 05:55 understand that this is a "perfect case" scenario and in general, you can expect a 06:02 lot less ATP made. 06:03 If we look at our formula again, we can see how the glucose and oxygen on the reactant 06:08 side was used to produce carbon dioxide (a waste product), water (a waste product), and 06:14 ATP energy. ATP energy was our goal. 06:18 Now, this was just one way of creating ATP energy---and a very efficient way at that. 06:25 But like we had said at the beginning, all cells have to make ATP energy. But the way 06:28 that they do it can differ. If there is no oxygen available, some cells have the ability 06:34 to perform a process known as fermentation. It is not nearly as efficient, but it can 06:40 still can make ATP when there isn't oxygen. 06:42 We really can't emphasize enough how important the process of making ATP energy is. If you 06:48 doubt how powerful it is, consider cyanide. This toxin is found in some rat poisons and 06:55 highly toxic. It works by blocking a step in the electron transport chain. Without being 07:01 able to continue the electron transport chain, cells cannot produce their ATP, and this poison 07:06 can be deadly in a very short timeframe. 07:09 There is also a demand for increased research on various mitochondrial disorders. Many mitochondrial 07:13 disorders can be deadly, because the role of the mitochondria in our body cells is so 07:15 essential for our ATP production. We are confident that the understanding of how to treat these 07:25 disorders will continue to improve as more people, like you, ask questions. Well that's 07:32 it for the amoeba sisters and we remind you to stay curious.
Main Metabolic processes
Biologists differ somewhat with respect to the names, descriptions, and the number of stages of cellular respiration. The overall process, however, can be distilled into three main metabolic stages or steps: glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle), and oxidative phosphorylation (respiratory-chain phosphorylation)
How energy is produced?
Breaking bonds between Phosphate molecules releases stored energy!
Explain HOW cyanide caused Jared's symptoms (e.g., muscle weakness).
Cyanide caused Jared's symptoms because ETC stops working which makes O2 stop leaving, causing Jared's symptom of shortness of breath that he was feeling.
glycolysis; cellular respiration
During the process of glycolysis in cellular respiration, glucose is oxidized to carbon dioxide and water. Energy released during the reaction is captured by the energy-carrying molecule ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
Metabolism
Every single chemical reaction that happens in the body needed maintain life/a living organism. Ex: Turning sugar into an ATP molecules To get a ATP you need another molecule called...? Sugar... aka Carbohydrates
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (which is also known as the glycolytic pathway or the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway) is a sequence of 10 chemical reactions taking place in most cells that breaks down a glucose molecule into two pyruvate (pyruvic acid) molecules. Energy released during the breakdown of glucose and other organic fuel molecules from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins during glycolysis is captured and stored in ATP. In addition, the compound nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is converted to NADH during this step (see below). Pyruvate molecules produced during glycolysis then enter the mitochondria, where they are each converted into a compound known as acetyl coenzyme A, which then enters the TCA cycle. (Some sources consider the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl coenzyme A as a distinct step, called pyruvate oxidation or the transition reaction, in the process of cellular respiration.)
Data collected from the testing Jared's muscle:
Healthy Muscle cells Pyruvate; 0.12 mM NADH; 0.30mM H+; 0.32 mM Jared's Muscle Cells Pyruvate; 0.12mM NADH; 0.50mM H+; 0.50mM 2-deoxyglucose Pyruvate; 0.02 mM NADH; 0.08 mM H+; 0.09 mM arsenic Pyruvate; 0.25 mM NADH; 0.17 mM H+; 0.20 mM cyanide Pyruvate; 0.11 mM NADH; 0.50 mM H+; 0.07 mM oligomycin Pyruvate; 0.12 mM NADH; 0.30 mM H+; 0.30 mM
Based on the observations and data above, which poison do you believe was used to poison the CIA agent?
I believe cyanide was used to poison the CIA agent since the levels are almost the same.
Oxidative phosphorylation
In the oxidative phosphorylation stage, each pair of hydrogen atoms removed from NADH and FADH2 provides a pair of electrons that—through the action of a series of iron-containing hemoproteins, the cytochromes—eventually reduces one atom of oxygen to form water. In 1951 it was discovered that the transfer of one pair of electrons to oxygen results in the formation of three molecules of ATP. Oxidative phosphorylation is the major mechanism by which the large amounts of energy in foodstuffs are conserved and made available to the cell. The series of steps by which electrons flow to oxygen permits a gradual lowering of the energy of the electrons. This part of the oxidative phosphorylation stage is sometimes called the electron transport chain. Some descriptions of cellular respiration that focus on the importance of the electron transport chain have changed the name of the oxidative phosphorylation stage to the electron transport chain.
#1. Aerobic Respiration =requires oxygen
Occurs in the mitochondria of the cell 1 molecule of glucose = 38 ATP molecules General formula for aerobic respiration: C6H12O6 + 6O2 6 CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + energy
Role Of Mitochondria
One objective of the degradation of foodstuffs is to convert the energy contained in chemical bonds into the energy-rich compound adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which captures the chemical energy obtained from the breakdown of food molecules and releases it to fuel other cellular processes. In eukaryotic cells (that is, any cells or organisms that possess a clearly defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles) the enzymes that catalyze the individual steps involved in respiration and energy conservation are located in highly organized rod-shaped compartments called mitochondria. In microorganisms the enzymes occur as components of the cell membrane. A liver cell has about 1,000 mitochondria; large egg cells of some vertebrates have up to 200,000.
steps of cellular respiration
Process; Inputs; outputs Glycolysis; glucose; pyruvate, ATP Krebs cycle; pyruvate; NADH, ATP, CO2 ETC; NADH, Electrons, H+, O2; H2O, ATP ATP synthase; H+ gradient, ADP, phosphate; ATP
ETC
Requires Oxygen - 34 ATP molecules are made - 6 H2O molecules are produced - In total 38 ATP made in Aerobic Cell Resp.
Describe HOW the antidote (treatment) helped Jared's cells make ATP (include the ETC and H+ gradient in your answer).
The ETC could get new electrons from NADH and move H+ into the intermembrane space. Which is how Jared's cells were able to make ATP again.
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) aka Krebs cycle
The TCA cycle (which is also known as the Krebs, or citric acid, cycle) plays a central role in the breakdown, or catabolism, of organic fuel molecules. The cycle is made up of eight steps catalyzed by eight different enzymes that produce energy at several different stages. Most of the energy obtained from the TCA cycle, however, is captured by the compounds NAD+ and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and converted later to ATP. The products of a single turn of the TCA cycle consist of three NAD+ molecules, which are reduced (through the process of adding hydrogen, H+) to the same number of NADH molecules, and one FAD molecule, which is similarly reduced to a single FADH2 molecule. These molecules go on to fuel the third stage of cellular respiration, whereas carbon dioxide, which is also produced by the TCA cycle, is released as a waste product.
Explain HOW the data from your experiments showed that cyanide was used to poison Jared, and that 2-deoxyglucose, arsenic and oligomycin were not used.
The data showed that the other poisons were not used because none of the other poisons levels matched muscle cell levels except cyanide.
tricarboxylic acid cycle
The eight-step tricarboxylic acid cycle.
glycolysis
The generation of pyruvate through the process of glycolysis is the first step in fermentation.
electron transport chain
The series of steps by which electrons flow to oxygen permits a gradual lowering of the energy of the electrons. This part of the oxidative phosphorylation stage is sometimes called the electron transport chain.
basic overview of processes of ATP production
The three processes of ATP production include glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. In eukaryotic cells the latter two processes occur within mitochondria. Electrons that are passed through the electron transport chain ultimately generate free energy capable of driving the phosphorylation of ADP.
Anaerobic Respiration:
no oxygen is available to the cell (2 kinds: Alcoholic Fermentation and Lactic Acid) - Glycolysis is the only process!!!! - Only 2 ATP are produced (occurs in the glycolysis)
Cellular respiration
the process by which organisms combine oxygen with foodstuff molecules, diverting the chemical energy in these substances into life-sustaining activities and discarding, as waste products, carbon dioxide and water. Organisms that do not depend on oxygen degrade foodstuffs in a process called fermentation. (For longer treatments of various aspects of cellular respiration, see tricarboxylic acid cycle and metabolism.
Alcoholic fermentation
—occurs in bacteria and yeast - Produces CO2 gas during fermentation to make dough rise and give bread its holes. glucose ethyl alcohol + carbon dioxide + 2 ATP
lactic acid fermentation
—occurs in muscle cells Lactic acid is produced when the body cannot supply enough oxygen to the tissues
