bio test 1
controlled study
a study in which only one factor is manipulated, or changed
atomic theory
a theory that states that all matter is composed of tiny particles called atoms.
The actual numerical results or observations the biologist collects during an experiment are collectively referred to as which of these?
data
The results the biologist collects during an experiment are called
data
Extinction
death of an entire species of taxonomical group
Identify the two mechanisms that provide nutrients for producers. growth cellular respiration decomposition death
decompostition death
The periodic table provides which of the following information regarding an element? atomic mass nuclear coefficient atomic number atomic symbol
atomic mass atomic number atomic symbol
Which piece of information on the periodic table identifies the number of protons that an atom will contain?
atomic number
Elements are composed of smaller particles called
atoms
octet rule
atoms react by gaining or losing electrons so as to acquire the stable electron structure of a noble gas, usually eight valence electrons
When traced toward their ends, the branches on an evolutionary tree lead to _____.
descendants
The manner in which a scientist intends to conduct an experiment is called the experimental
design
Which of the following currently contribute to climate change and global warming? destruction of forests emerging diseases burning fossil fuels increase in biodiversity
destruction of forests burning fossil fuels
Groups are the _________________ on the periodic table.
diagnoal
emerging disease
disease that appears in the population for the first time, or an old disease that suddenly becomes harder to control
The most inclusive biological taxon is the
domain
six basic taxa from largest to smallest
domain kingdom phylum class order family genus species
An experiment in which neither the patient nor the technician is aware of the specific treatment given to the subject it is called _____.
double-blind
Which of the following is a behavioral mechanism for maintaining homeostasis? Multiple choice question. release of sugar from the liver storage of sugar in muscle fibers eating when you are hungry digestion of starch in the small intestine
eating when you are hungry
Which of the following contains both living and nonliving components? species population community ecosystem
ecosysem
A biological community and its associated physical environment comprise a(n)
ecosystem
A collection of populations interacting with one another form a(n)
ecosystem
Multicellular organisms reproduce when they combine a sperm and a(n)
egg
A subatomic particle with a negative charge is called a(n)
electron
Which subatomic particle orbits outside the atomic nucleus and carries a negative electrical charge?
electron
what do coencentric rings represent?
electron shell
The period number tells how many ______ an atom has, while the group number denotes how many ______.
electron shells... electrons it has in the outer shell The period number indicates the number of electron shells an atom has. The group number indicates the number of valence electrons.
Which of these terms identifies the affinity, or attraction, that an atom has for electrons? electronegativity ionic isotope valence
electronegativity
The ______ are found outside of the nucleus of an atom.
electrons
Which subatomic particle does not play a role in determining the mass number of an element?
electrons
A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means is called a(n) _____.
element
What is matter composed of?
elements
Reactants
elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction A starting material in a chemical reaction
Changes in human behavior, or the development of new technologies, may cause the development of diseases called new or _______ diseases
emergining
Solar energy is captured by plants to provide the basic level of _______ for all life.
energy
The organization of the cell and the organism is maintained through the use of ______.
energy
involves movement from the sun to plants and other organisms, with associated dissipation at each level
energy flow
An evolutionary adaptation suits an organism to its _____.
enviournment
The ______ determines which traits are adaptive during the process of natural selection
enviournment
The process in which populations change over time to adapt to their environment is known as ________.
evolution
The theory of ______ is considered a unifying concept in biology because it pertains to many different aspects of organisms.
evolution
Which theory enables scientists to understand the history of life?
evolution
A(n) ______ tree traces the ancestry of life on Earth to a common ancestor.
evolutionary
another name for the independent variable
experiemental variable
The eukaryotic group _____ contains members that are multicellular and ingest their food.
animalia
Which of the following would be studied under the field of Biology? animals chemicals life cells
animals life cells
When scientists are trying to determine if a hypothesis is accurate or not, they will design a scientific _______.
experiemnt
A series of procedures designed to test a hypothesis is called a(n)
experiment
What can isotopes be used for?
as a tracer - PET scan sterilize medical equipment
The factor in an experiment that is deliberately changed by the researcher is called the _____ or the independent, variable.
experimental
Which variable is the one that is deliberately changed in a scientific study?
experimental
Select all that apply. The theory of evolution is considered a unifying concept in biology because it explains the wide variety of organisms on Earth. explains that all life arose on Earth at the same time. explains the development of organisms. enables scientists to understand the history of life.
explains the wide variety of organisms on Earth. explains the development of organisms. enables scientists to understand the history of life.
True or false: A population consists of organisms of different species residing in a particular area.
false
A reemerging disease
has caused a disease in humans, but has been relatively rare in human populations.
In an ecosystem, as energy is transferred from one population to another, some of the energy is lost as
heat
Which description characterizes an ionic bond?
Two atoms are bonded due to an attraction between opposite charges.
Which statement best describes a covalent bond? Two atoms repel each other. One atom takes an electron from another atom. Two atoms share electrons so they can have a complete valence shell.
Two atoms share electrons so they can have a complete valence shell.
Mutations
a random error in gene replication that leads to a change
In a polar covalent bond, atoms on both sides of the bond are ______ charged.
partially
Plants and some other organisms capture the energy of the sun through a process called
photosynthesis
A multicellular, photosynthetic, eukaryote that is typically adapted to life on land is a(n)
plant
Since oxygen nuclei have a greater affinity for electrons than do hydrogen nuclei, what type of bond is typical of water molecules, H2O?
polar covalent bond
A group of oak trees within a forest would be classified as a(n)
population
Ions
positively and negatively charged atoms
If the results of an experiment do not match the _____, then the scientist should revisit the initial hypothesis.
prediction
Double-blind studies are useful in science because they decrease the influence of _____.
prejudice
Neutrons and __________ exist in the center of an atom, while electrons are around the outside.
protons
The subatomic particles located in the nucleus that have a positive charge are called
protons
To determine the atomic number of an atom you will need to know how many ______ are in its' nucleus.
protons
Which subatomic particle is used to determine an atoms atomic number?
protons
deductive reasoning
reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case (The sun rises every morning; therefore, the sun will rise on Tuesday morning.)
biosphere
regions of the earth's crust, waters and atmospshere inhabited by living organisms
Which of the following refer to the conclusion reached following a single scientific experiment? almost always supports the hypothesis relates to the original hypothesis generally leads to a new theory can lead to the development of a new hypothesis
relates to the original hypothesis can lead to the development of a new hypothesis
In order for a scientific study to be accepted by other scientists, it must be _______.
repeatable
The ability of an organism to make a copy of itself is called _____.
reproduction
The value of which variable changes based upon the experimental variable?
responding variable
An organism interacts with its environment to obtain energy and/or nutrients. This interaction is known as the organism's _____ to its environment.
response
An organism seeking shade from the hot sun is an example of which of the following characteristics of life? Multiple choice question. Organization Evolution Responsiveness Growth
responsiveness
Which characteristic of life is behavior most closely associated with?
responsiveness
Members of domain Archaea inhabit aquatic environments that lack oxygen or are too _____ for most other organisms. salty hot acidic stagnant
salty hot acidic
Which of the following is not typically associated with plants? Multicellular Single celled Photosynthetic
single celled
Which of the following are caused by bacterial species that have become resistant to antibiotics due to selection?
staph infection tuberculosis gonorrhea
What are compounds?
substances in which atoms of two or more elements are chemically combined
What is the ultimate source of energy?
sun
The letter designations on the periodic table, such as Fe and H, are called atomic _____.
symbols
The science of classifying organisms according to their presumed evolutionary relationships is called
systematics
difference between taxonomy and systemics
taxonomy is involved in the classification and naming of organisms whereas systematics is involved in the determination of evolutionary relationships of organisms.
The application of scientific knowledge for a practical purpose is called
technology
Which of the following are examples of the adaptations that could lead to natural selection? the beaks of some honeycreepers allowing them to use a specific food source a bacteria developing resistance to an antibiotic a coat color that allows a prey species to evade a predator species a child that spends a summer learning to ride a bike
the beaks of some honeycreepers allowing them to use a specific food source a bacteria developing resistance to an antibiotic a coat color that allows a prey species to evade a predator species
Buffers keep the pH in the human body within a narrow range so it can help maintain
homeostasis
The maintenance of normal internal conditions in a cell or an organism is called
homeostasis
Periods are the __________________ on the periodic table.
horzontial
Which of the following ideas could be logically investigated using a scientific experiment? how caffeine consumption influences blood pressure the effect of light on the growth of bread mold which type of car gets the best gas mileage whether or not a person is good or bad whether drinking alcohol is morally wrong
how caffeine consumption influences blood pressure the effect of light on the growth of bread mold which type of car gets the best gas mileage
A basic solution will take up ______ ions while it releases hydroxide ions.
hydrogen
When dissociated into water, what type of particles do acids release?
hydrogen
Which bond forms between adjacent molecules of water?
hydrogen bond
When water dissociates, it releases an equal number of hydrogen ions (H+) and
hydroxide ions
Which of the following is generally tested by experimentation?
hyopthesis
A ________ is a possible explanation for a natural event which is based on existing knowledge and may be tested through experimentation or observation.
hypothesis
The statement, "Newly discovered antibiotic B is a better treatment for ulcers than antibiotic A, which is in current use," is best-described as the ______ for the ulcer experiment.
hypothesis
A hydrogen atom that has lost its electron, and therefore bears a positive charge, is called a hydrogen
ion
Atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons they contain are known as
isotopes
Scientists report their findings to other scientists by publishing them in scientific
journals
In a chemical equation with the arrow pointing to the right, which side contains the reactants?
left side
Identify the body structures that would play a role in maintaining homeostasis in your body. (Choose all that apply.) Multiple select question. liver brain fingernails
liver and brain
Organisms and systems that allow scientists to control specific variables and environmental conditions in a way that may not be possible in the natural environment are called _______ organisms/systems
model
When researchers study drug actions in rats in order to predict drug actions in human, they are using the rats as _____.
models
evolution is decent with?
modification
Penicillin is an antibacterial substance produced by a
mold
When a(n) ______ contains atoms of more than one element, it can be called a compound.
molecule
When two hydrogen atoms bond together they are forming a(n) ______.
molecule
Which features describe animals? (Choose all that apply.) multicellular ingest their food autotrophic single-celled
multicellular ingest their food
Which of the following are not associated with prokaryotes? lacking a nucleus multicellular nucleus single-celled
multiceullular nucleus
The fact that certain members of bacterial populations are resistant to antibiotics and produce more offspring in the next generation is attributable to what process?
natural selection
Protons and ____________________ are found in the nucleus of an atom.
neutrons
The mass number of an atom is calculated by adding the number of protons to the number of _____.
neutrons
Select the two choices that are more likely to result in emerging diseases. new exposure to animal populations a lack of technological advances changes in human behavior decreased exposure to insect populations
new exposure to animal populations changes in human behavior
Halogens (Group 17)
non-metals and highly reactive (F, Cl, Br, I, At) Very reactive non-metals. Atoms of this group have seen electrons in their outer level.
noble gasses
non-metals, group 18, the most non-reactive elements
cell
the structual and functional unit of all living organisms
mass number
the sum of the number of neutrons and protons in an atomic nucleus
Biodiversity
the variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem.
Some of the basic ______ of biology explain that organisms are composed of cells; that inherited information dictates form, function, and behavior of organisms; and that all organisms share a common ancestor. These are accepted explanations for how the world works.
theories
gene theory
theory that the characteristics of living things are controlled by genes that are passed from parents to offspring
population
organisms of the same species in a particular area
valence shell
outermost electron shell
Which of the following are end products of photosynthesis? oxygen water glucose carbon dioxide
oxygen glucose
what are the 4 elements that make up 96% of the body weight of most organisms and are essential to all life
oxygen nitrogen carbon hydrogen
what is the ultimate goal of science?
to understand the natural world in accepted explanations for how the world works
True or false: Adaptations can be structural or behavioral.
true
True or false: An ecosystem requires a constant input of energy.
true
t/f Organization is a characteristic shared by all living things.
true All life can be organized in a hierarchy of levels.
True or false: Evolutionary relationships that are uncovered through systematics sometimes bring about changes in the taxonomy of a given organism.
true If new evolutionary relationships are discovered, how the organism is classified, and therefore its taxonomy, may change.
True or false: In the scientific method, observations are generally made before and after a hypothesis is developed.
true Observations are the basis for the development of the hypothesis and whether or not it is accepted or rejected after the experiment.
True or false: Some biologists refer to the theory of evolution as a principle because of how strongly it has been supported.
true The theory of evolution has been supported by many experiments and observation for more than 100 years and is now called a principle by some biologists.
True or false: The theory of evolution states that all organisms have a common ancestor.
true The theory of evolution helps tie together the concepts of history of life, variety of organisms, and the anatomy, physiology, and development of organisms.
Which of the following is NOT one of the properties of water? Water is nonpolar. Water is a polar molecule. Water has a high surface tension. Water is cohesive and adhesive. Water is a good solvent. Water has a high heat capacity.
water is nonpolar
A good experimental design will produce meaningful results. will always take place in a laboratory. ensures that scientists are testing what they want to test.
will produce meaningful results. ensures that scientists are testing what they want to test.
6 characteristics shared by all living organisms
•Level of organization •The ability to acquire materials and energy •The ability to maintain an internal environment •The ability to respond to stimuli •The ability of reproduce and develop •The ability to adapt and evolve to changing conditions
When atoms come together
they form molecules
A scientist tests the effectiveness of a drug on the treatment of skin cancer in rats. The rats in the experimental groups will be injected with various concentrations of the drug while the control group will receive an injection without the drug. Which of the following exhibits good experimental design regarding the control group?
they will be injected with a placebo
Based on molecular evidence there are _____ domains of life.
three
A _____ consists of a group of similar cells that together carry out a particular function.
tissue
the level of organization that comes after the celluar level s the
tissue
An organ is a combination of different _______ , functioning together for a specific task.
tissues
The elements carbon and silicon are located in group 4 of the periodic table. How many electrons will occupy their valence shell?
4
An atom with 4 electron shells and 5 electrons in the outer shell would be where on the periodic table?
4th period, 5th group
The earth has experienced ______ mass extinctions throughout its history.
5
Fill in the blanks to create a balanced equation for the process of photosynthesis: 6 CO2 + _____ H2O --> C6H12O6 + ____ O2
6/6
atoms can give up, accept, or share electrons to have
8
How many elements occur naturally?
92
ecosystem
A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.
evolutionary tree
A branching diagram that reflects a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms.
periodic table
A chart of the elements showing the repeating pattern of their properties
Organ
A collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body
Biomes
A community of living organisms of a single major ecological region.
DNA
A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.
polar covalent bond
A covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally
Molecule
A group of atoms bonded together
natural selection
A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.
Indicate the consequences associated with the greenhouse effect. A rise in the temperature of the Earth. A rise in temperature of the earth's atmosphere. The diversity of plant life on earth is increasing. Heat is absorbed and radiated back to Earth.
A rise in the temperature of the Earth. A rise in temperature of the earth's atmosphere. Heat is absorbed and radiated back to Earth.
Scientific Method
A series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions.
Electron
A subatomic particle that has a negative charge
Proton
A subatomic particle that has a positive charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom
Neutron
A subatomic particle that has no charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom
Compound
A substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds
The emerging disease ________ is thought to have arisen in China due to the consumption of civets, a type of exotic cat.
SARS
Binomial name
Scientific name of an organism, the first part of which designates the genus and the second part of which designates the specific epithet.
Na+
Sodium ion usually gives up an electron
Why are some isotopes radioactive?
Some nuclei are unstable and emit radiation during decay. Isotopes that have the right amount of neutrons are called stable. They always stay the same Some isotopes have a few too many neutrons or not enough- This makes them unstable and radioactive
Evolution Theory
States form gradually over time, growing from family and extended kinship groups
Which statement best describes prokaryotes? Structurally simple but metabolically complex. Structurally complex but metabolically simple. Multicellular and metabolically simple.
Structurally simple but metabolically complex.
The flattened wings of penguins that are suited for an aquatic lifestyle are an example of a(n) _____ to a specific environment
adaptation
Members of the domain ______ inhabit environments that may be similar to conditions on primitive Earth.
archaea
Prokaryotic organisms known as ______ live almost anywhere - water, soil, atmosphere, and inside and on other organisms.
archaea
Which domain is most likely found in our mouth?
bacteria
Penicillium is used to prevent and cure _______ infections
bacterial
A ___________ solution will have a pH value between 7.01 and 14.
basic
The appropriate responses of an organism that ensure its survival, and allow it to carry on its daily activities, are called the organism's
behaviour
The term for the total number of different species in an area is
biodiversity
what is the single most signifcant bioethical issue today?
biodiversity
cell, tissues, populations and exosystems are examples of what
biological organization of life
The zone of air, land, and water at the Earth's surface in which living organisms are found is called the
biosphere
Which of the following contains ecosystems? habitat biosphere population community
biosphere
Which of the following organizational levels would NOT be included within a grassland ecosystem?
biosphere
Bioethics
branch of ethics concerned with the development and consequences of technolody
involves movement from one population to another in a food chain until an ultimate return to producers
chemcial cycling
Plants transform energy from the sun into what type of energy?
chemical
meatbolism refers to all of the ______ reactions that occur in cells
chemical
Ecosystems are characterized by the cycling of inorganic _____ , and the flow of ______
chemicals, nutrients, matter or molecules energy
A group of atoms of one or more element bonded together is called a
compound
Carbon and two oxygen atoms combine to form CO2 which is considered a(n) _____.
compound
When a water molecule dissociates, the _______ ion, which bears a negative charge, is produced.
hydroxide
Which of the following are not associated with prokaryotes? nucleus single-celled lacking a nucleus multicellular
nucleus multicellular
The atomic ______ is determined by the number of protons in the atom's nucleus
number
Within an ecosystem, death and decomposition return ______ to plants.
nutrients
Methods of ________ use all of the senses, including seeing, for which a scientist could use a tool such as a microscope, binoculars, or a telescope.
observation
The first step in the scientific method is ______.
observation
After developing a hypothesis, but before beginning an experiment, scientists make a _____ of what they expect the results to be that is based on the hypothesis.
prediction
structual formula
shows the kind, number, and arrangement of atoms in a molecule 1 line indicated
While on a research trip to the rainforest, you discover a new species of frog. Which field of science will help you classify and name this new species?
taxonomy
electronegativity
the ability of an atom to attract electrons when the atom is in a compound
Identify several factors that model organisms enable researchers to control during a study.
the age of the organism genetic background of an organims
ionic bond
the attraction between oppositely charged ions
Which term in a binomial name may be abbreviated with a single letter?
the genus
Reproduction
the production of offspring
In science, a concept that is supported by a broad range of observations, experiments, and data is called a scientific
theory
True or false: Domain is the largest, most inclusive category used by taxonomists when they classify organisms.
true
True or false: The cell theory states that all organisms are composed of cells.
true
water is an example of a compound and a molecule?
true
It is estimated that _________ % of all species will be extinct by the end of the century due to human activities.
38
Carbon and silicon can bond with 4 additional electrons. This would indicate that they have ______ valence electrons.
4
An element with 6 protons and 7 neutrons would have a mass number of
13
The capacity to do work is also called
energy
Substrates are
reactants
molecule
union of 2 or more atoms of the same or different elements
How many naturally occurring elements are there?
92
In an atom, which of these represents the energy of electrons, but not necessarily their physical location?
Electron shell Atomic number equals the number of protons, and in a neutral atom the number of electrons. However it does not reflect the energy of electrons.
valence electrons
Electrons on the outermost energy level of an atom
Products
Ending materials in a chemical reaction. The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction.
Which factors are components of natural selection? Environmental change. Population changing in response to the environment. Population size increasing due to fewer predators.
Environmental change. Population changing in response to the environment.
eukarya
The domain that includes all eukaryotic organisms. contains nuclei
nonmetals periodic table
The elements found on the right side of the zig-zag line. elements to the right of metalloids right of staircase
The elements in one group of the periodic table are called noble gases for what reason?
They rarely react with other atoms.
scientific theory
a well-tested concept that explains a wide range of observations
Biology studies the diversity of life, and its unifying characteristics, which include
ability to respond to stimuli. ability to acquire materials and energy. ability to adapt and evolve to changing conditions. ability to reproduce and develop. ability to maintain an internal environment. levels of organization
Heritable changes in DNA that provide a source of variation in a population are called
mutations
Technological advances are often due to
scientific investigation.
The different types of substances that compose all matter are called
elements
the capacity to do work is also called
energy
if an atome has more than 2 shells
the outer shell is most stable with 8 electrons
Metaloids
(semiconductors) are the elements that have the properties of both metals and nonmetals
metals on periodic table
-Metals account for the vast majority of the elements in the periodic table -Show a wide range of chemical and physical properties -Most metals are good conductors of heat and electricity, and some, like iron and cobalt, are magnetic -Many metals in the periodic table are alkali metals, such as sodium and potassium; these metals are very reactive
complex organization of life
-atom -molecule -cell -tissue -organ -organ system -organism -species -population -community -ecosystem -biosphere
An atom of carbon has 6 protons, 6 neutrons, and 6 electrons. Its mass number is ______.
12
For atoms up through number 20
2 electrons fill 1sr shell 8 electrons fill each additonal shell
It is estimated that around 8.7 million species exist on Earth, approximately _______ million of which have been identified.
2.3
What is the estimated biodiversity of the Earth?
2.3 million
Indicate the reasons why medical studies involve thousands of individuals.
Differences are distributed among a large sample. Large sample reduces the influence of external variables.
As described in the text, the 50+ species of Hawaiian honeycreepers all evolved from 1 species of finch that migrated to the islands between 3 and 5 million years ago. The different shapes of bills seen in the various honeycreepers today is an adaptation to what feature of the habitat?
Different sources of food
How well an individual is adapted to its environment
Differential reproductive success
Domain Eukarya
Eukaryote Unicellular or multicellular Membrane-bound nucleus divided into 4 kingdoms
True or false: Animals can be described as being mostly single celled eukaryotes.
False This is the description of protists.
Matter
Anything that has mass and takes up space
Which domains contain prokaryotes? Archaea Eukarya Bacteria
Archaea Bacteria
What is the main driving factor behind our current rate of extinction?
The actions of humans.
Biology
the scientific study of life
organ system
group of organs that work together to perform a specific function
Element
A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances
domains of life
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
At present, we are losing as many as _____ of species per year due to human activities.
hundreds
Atmospheric CO2 has risen from 280 parts per million in 1850 to over _________ ppm today
400
experimental design
A design in which researchers manipulate an independent variable and measure a dependent variable to determine a cause-and-effect relationship
Population
A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area
Species
A group of organisms that are closely related and can mate to produce fertile offspring
tissue
A group of similar cells that perform the same function.
periods on periodic table
A horizontal row of elements in the periodic table (show
model organism
A particular species chosen for research into broad biological principles because it is representative of a larger group and usually easy to grow in a lab.
Domain
A taxonomic category above the kingdom level. The three domains are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.
Adaptation
A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce
inductive reasoning
A type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations.
hydrogen bond
A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule.
cell theory
A widely accepted explanation of the relationship between cells and living things
Metabolism
All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism
Community
All the different populations that live together in an area of different species
atomic symbol
An abbreviation for an element or atom
double-blind study
An experiment in which neither the participant nor the researcher knows whether the participant has received the treatment or the placebo
Organism
An individual living thing; complex individuals contian organ systems
radioactive isotope
An isotope whose nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy.
consumer
An organism that obtains energy by feeding on other organisms
principle or law
Arises from a theory that has been shown to be valid when fully tested over a long period of time
Isotopes
Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons unstable, may decay
How is an elements atomic mass determined?
Averaging the mass numbers for all atoms of an element.
Why does carbon play an important role in building the molecules of life?
Carbon forms long carbon chains.
Why does carbon play a central role in the chemistry of living organisms?
Carbon's molecular structure allows it to bond in many different ways and with many different elements.
Evolution
Change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms.
Biosphere
Consists of all life on Earth and all parts of the Earth in which life exists, including land, water, and the atmosphere.
Photosynthesis
Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.
Genes are made up of _____, which provides the instructions for the organization and metabolism of the organism.
DNA
What are genes made of?
DNA
What is the blueprint of life?
DNA
Bacteria
Domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls containing peptidoglycan lacks nuclei
Categories of Classification
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
binomial name for humans
Homo sapiens
Under the mechanism of natural selection, which of these determines which individuals will reproduce more successfully in a given year? How long an individual's lifespan is. How well an individual is adapted to its environment An individual's ability to migrate
How well an individual is adapted to its environment
control group
In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.
Which characteristic applies to a substance that is a base? It has a low sodium content. It has a low hydrogen ion concentration. It has a high hydrogen ion concentration. It has a high carbon content.
It has a low hydrogen ion concentration.
Which of the following are true about biodiversity?
It is defined as variation in life on Earth. It refers to the number of different species. It is perhaps the most significant bioethical issue we face today.
What do the number of electrons in an atoms valence shell determine?
Its chemical reactivity.
Which statement about medications to treat ulcers is in the form of a testable hypothesis?
Medication A is more effective than medication B at treating ulcers. A hypothesis is written as a statement rather than a question.
Subatomic elements
Neutrons - no electrical charge, found in nucleus Protons - positive charge, found in nucleus Electrons - negative charge, found outside of nucleus
In what way do isotopes differ from each other?
Number of neutrons
Archaea
One of two prokaryotic domains of life, the other being Bacteria. lacks nuclei
atomic symbols
One or two letters used to designate each of the elements
Autotrophic
Organisms that make their own food (producers)
Which of these has the support of an overwhelming number of scientists?
Principle or law
The branch of biology concerned with identifying, describing, and naming organisms is called
Taxonomy
atomic mass
The average mass of all the isotopes of an element
Which statement describes an acidic solution on the pH scale?
The hydrogen ion concentration is greater than the hydroxide concentration.
Which statement describes an basic solution on the pH scale?
The hydroxide ion concentration is greater than the hydrogen concentration.
Which component of an isotope is unstable, making it radioactive?
The neutrons.
Taxonomy
The scientific study of how living things are classified
the specific epithet
The second part of a binomial, it refers to one species within a genus.
Which of the following is NOT an example of responsiveness? The vines of a plant growing toward the light A cat jumping into a tree to escape from a dog The temperature of a rock increasing as it sits in the sun A protozoan swimming away from chemicals in the water
The temperature of a rock increasing as it sits in the sun
Which feature of water molecules causes them to be attracted to each other?
Their polarity.
What is the goal for elements that form an ionic bond?
To have a complete valence shell.
properties of water
Water has a high surface tension. Water is cohesive and adhesive. Water has a high heat capacity. Water has a varying density. Water dissolves many different substances.
Is water polar or non-polar?
Water is a polar molecule
The term "mass" is used to denote the amount of a substance present. Why is this term preferred over the word "weight?"
Weight is affected by gravitational pull. A certain mass will have different weights on different planets, for example.
Scientific Principle/Law
Widely accepted set of theories No serious challenges to validity
covalent bond
a bond formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons
non polar covalent bond
a covalent bond in which the bonding electrons are shared equally by the bonded atoms, resulting in a balanced distribution of electrical charge
species
a group of similiar, interbreeding organisms
model organism characteristics
amenability to genetic manipulation rapid rate of reproduction ability to grow under controlled conditions
Which one of these is a chemical or combination of chemicals that prevent changes in pH?
buffer
Which of the following are ingredients for the process of photosynthesis? carbon dioxide water oxygen glucose
carbon dioxide water
products of cellular respiration
carbon dioxide, water, and ATP (energy)
What four elements make up 96% of living matter?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
The _____ theory states supports the idea that a catfish is composed of cells.
cell
smallest unit of life that displays propeties of life
cell
Small molecules are combined to form larger ones which can eventually form a ______.
cell atoms are not considered to be alive
levels of organization from least inclusive (smallest) to most inclusive (largest)
cell (least inclusive, smalles) tissue organ organism organ system (most inclusive, largest)
If you were to rank the levels of biological organization, starting with the most basic unit of life and moving to the most complex level, you would start at the ______ level
cellular
if you were to ran the levels of biological organization, starting with the most basic unity of life moving to the mst complex, you would start at the
cellular level
The statement made following an experiment as to whether or not a hypothesis is supported is called
conclusion
Experimental design often involves comparing a test group to a(n) _______ group in order to determine the effects of the experimental variable.
control
In an experiment, the _______ is a test group that isn't exposed to the experimental variable.
control group
An atom's electronegativity will influence the atoms affinity for electrons when it is forming a ______ bond
covalent
When two hydrogen atoms share an electron with each other, they will form a(n) _______ bond.
covalent
_______ bonds involve sharing of electrons between atoms, while _____ bonds involve the movement of electrons from one atom to the other.
covalent ionic
The carbon and hydrogen atoms in methane (CH4) are held together by _____ bonds. The sodium and chlorine atoms in sodium chloride (NaCl) are held together by _____ bonds.
covalent; ionic
True or false: In an experiment designed to test the effectiveness of antibiotics A and B in the treatment of ulcers, members of the control group (people with ulcers who do not receive either antibiotic) should be given drugs that the test group does not receive to minimize their symptoms.
false If the control group is given drugs that the test group doesn't get, the experiment will then have more than one experimental variable which will confuse whether results are due to the antibiotic or the other drugs.
True or false: The term "mass" is equivalent to the term "weight" for subatomic particles because of their size.
false Mass and weight are not equivalent measurements. Mass is constant and weight changes according to gravitational changes.
True or false: Scientists only observe what they can see.
false Scientist make observations with all of their senses and extend the abilities of their senses with instruments like microscopes.
True or false: Both domain Archaea and domain Eukarya contain organisms having cells with nuclei.
false Domain Archaea contains only prokaryotes, cells lacking nuclei.
True or false: If an experiment is repeated and the results are different, the experiment is still considered valid.
false The results need to match the original experiment in order for it to be valid.
what are the bulding blocks and energy sources for all living things?
food
In an ecosystem, chemicals move from one organism to another through the links in a(n)
food chain
In an ecosystem, chemicals move from one organism to another through the links in a(n) _____ ______
food chain
Which eukaryotic group contains mainly multicellular organisms that function as decomposers?
fungi
which taonomic group is most closely related to animals?
fungi
The idea that organisms inherit genetic information that determines their form, function, and behavior is called the
gene theory
gene variability
genetic variation at the whole-gene level
products of photosynthesis
glucose and oxygen
atomic weight changes with what?
gravity
Potassium (K), Sodium (Na), and Hydrogen (H) are located in the same _______ of the periodic table.
group
The greenhouse effect involves the radiation of heat back to the earth because of
increased concentrations of gases like carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
_______ reasoning uses creative thinking to combine isolated facts into a cohesive whole.
inductive
When scientists use a handful of facts to come up with a logical explanation, they are using _______.
inductive reasoning
community
interacting opulations in a particular area
Homeostasis
maintenance of normal internal conditions in a cell or an organism by means of self-regulating mechanisms, within certain boundaries
Since the number of neutrons may differ between atoms of an element, the atomic _________ represents the average of the mass numbers.
mass
Cells convert nutrient molecules during chemical reactions that is referred to as their
metabolism
All compounds are molecules but
not all molecules are compounds
If an atom has two or more shells, the outer shell is most stable when it has eight electrons, according to the
octet rule.
The ______ level of organization is one level of complexity greater than that of tissues.
organ
The heart and blood vessels is an example of a(n)
organ system
Which of the following has more support in the scientific community? Theory Principle
principle Reason: A theory that is generally accepted by an overwhelming number of scientists is called a principle, giving this term more support.
scientific experiment
procedure that tests a hypothesis by collecting information under controlled conditions
What term is used for organisms that run photosynthesis?
producer
Which group of organisms is responsible for the starting point of energy flow and chemical cycling within an ecosystem?
producers
Which group of organisms is responsible for the starting point of energy flow and chemical cycling within an ecosystem? Multiple choice question. herbivores carnivores producers omnivores
producers
The molecules that are formed during a chemical reaction are called ______.
products
An organism, like a bacterium or archaean, that lacks a membrane-bounded nucleus and membranous organelles is called a(n)
prokaryotic
Eukaryotic organisms that are typically single celled and live in a wide range of habitats are likely members of which group?
protists
Which eukaryotic group contains a wide diversity of organisms, some of which are single-celled while others are multicellular?
protists
Which subatomic particle will have a positive electrical charge? Proton Neutron Electron
proton
atom
smallest unit of an element composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons
plants transform ______ energy into chemical energy for all life to use
solar
What can matter exist as?
solid, liquid, gas, plasma
states of matter
solid, liquid, gas, plasma
Atomic Theory of Matter
the idea that matter is made up of fundamental particles called atoms
habitat
the natural home or environment of an animal, plant, or other organism.
atomic number
the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom all atoms of an element have this sanme number of protons
What must change and adapt in order for evolution to have occurred?
the population
development
the process of change that occurs during an organism's life to produce a more complex organism
The outermost electron shell of an atom is called its ________ shell
valence
The differences between siblings is the result of ________ of their genes.
variation
Identify the knowledge that can be gained by studying mutations. Multiple select question. Relatedness between species. Determined lifespan of an individual. Variation within a species. Genetic relatedness between species.
variation within a species genetic releatedness between species