Bio test 3

What happens when there is more asymmetric the parental investment is between the sexes?

the more radical we expect the sexual dimorphism, both physically and behaviorally.

Disruptive selection occurs when_____.

extreme values for a trait are favored over the intermediate values.

The contribution of a genotype or phenotype to the genetic composition of subsequent generations relative to other genotypes or phenotypes best describes what concept?

fitness

The morphological species concept does what?

it characterizes species based on apperance and body size and shape

Most apparent acts of altruism in the animal kingdom have proved, on closer inspection, not to be truly altruistic. Instead, they have evolved as a consequence of either _____________________ or_____________________.

kin selection or reciprocal altruism

To demonstrate evolution by natural selection, what conditions must be satisfied?

1. variation for the trait 2. inheritability 3. individuals w/ 1 version of the trait must produce more offspring than those w/ a diff. version of the trait

The sex with the greater energetic investment in reproduction will be ___________________ when it comes to mating.

more discriminating

When/How does Evolution occur?

A change in allele frequencies within a population by mutations, genetic drift, migration, and natural selection.so an increase in frequency

Be able to put taxonomic categories in proper hierarchical order.

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, order, family, genus, and species

The importance of exponential growth to the theory of evolution via natural selection is best explained by what?

In situations of exponential growth it is often true that not all that are born will live to reproduce

Behaviors that do not require environmental input for their development are called what?

Innate Behavior: instincts

Arguments that a morphological characteristic or behavior has evolved because it benefits the species or population are arguments for what?

Natural selection

Thomas Malthus's 1798 work, "Essay on the Principle of Population," greatly influenced Darwin.What summarizes Malthus's idea.

People reproduce much more quickly than their resources do. This results in competition for food and space, and in suffering and death.

Which conditions must be met for reciprocal altruism to evolve?

The benefits to the recipient must be significantly greater than the costs to the donor. and There must be the ability to recognize and punish cheaters.

During the breeding season, the sight of a red belly on any other stickleback triggers aggressive behavior in a male stickleback. This is called what?

agressive conditioning

Which gases were the least abundant in the earth's atmosphere 3.5 billion years ago?

oxygen

From an evolutionary perspective, behavior can be viewed best as________.

part of a phenotype.

Applying what you know about punctuated equilibrium versus gradualism, which method of speciation is most likely to lead to punctuated equilibrium?

polyploidy

in one sense, microevolution is ___________________ and macroevolution is _________________._________________ produces new species and _________________ takes them away.

process; result, evolution extinction

Genetic drift will have the greatest effects for populations that ______

that are very small.

Cross-cultural studies are important in studying behavioral biology because they do what?

they allow us to evaluate the hereditary component of behaviors by revealing behaviors that persist throughout different cultures.

In the Linnaean classification system, each species is given a unique scientific name, such as Sequoiasem pervirens. What are the two parts called that make up this name?

Genus and specific epithet

power line cut has isolated 50 sowbugs from its original population of 15,000. After only five generations, the new population exhibits dramatic genetic differences from the original one, most likely because:

by chance, the allele frequencies of the isolated sowbugs differed from those in the original population, and subsequent genetic drift caused further divergence from the original gene pool.

Interacting systems of molecules enclosed in compartments called __________ evolved 3.8 billion years ago in living organisms

cells

Sequencing DNA from different organisms has been a breakthrough for phylogenetics, why?

we now have a method to determine the relatedness of organisms that leave no fossils