bio test ch 40 & 43

A bone marrow transplant may not be appropriate from a given donor (Jane) to a given recipient (Jane's cousin Bob), even though Jane has previously given blood for one of Bob's needed transfusions. Which of the following might account for this? A) Jane's blood type is a match to Bob's but her MHC proteins are not. B) A blood type match is less stringent than a match required for transplant because blood is more tolerant of change. C) For each gene, there is only one blood allele but many tissue alleles. D) Jane's class II genes are not expressed in bone marrow. E) Bob's immune response has been made inadequate before he receives the transplant.

A

An immune response to a tissue graft will differ from an immune response to a bacterium because A) MHC molecules of the donor may stimulate rejection of the graft tissue. B) the tissue graft, unlike the bacterium, is isolated from the circulation and will not enter into an immune response. C) a response to the graft will involve T cells and a response to the bacterium will not. D) a bacterium cannot escape the immune system by replicating inside normal body cells. E) the graft will stimulate an autoimmune response in the recipient.

A

As body size increases in animals, A) there is a decrease in the surface-to-volume ratio. B) reproduction becomes limited to terrestrial environments. C) there is greater variability in metabolic rate. D) migration to tropical areas becomes necessary for thermoregulation. E) it becomes more difficult to conserve body warmth in cold environments.

A

Blood is best classified as connective tissue because A) its cells are separated from each other by an extracellular matrix. B) it contains more than one type of cell. C) it is contained in vessels that "connect" different parts of an organism's body. D) its cells can move from place to place. E) it is found within all the organs of the body.

A

In which of the following situations will helper T cells be activated? A) when an antigen is displayed by a dendritic cell B) when a cytotoxic T cell releases cytokines C) when natural killer (NK) cells come in contact with a tumor cell D) in the bone marrow during the self-tolerance test E) when B cells respond to T-independent antigens

A

Of the following choices, the epithelium with the shortest diffusion distance is A) simple squamous epithelium. B) simple cuboidal epithelium. C) simple columnar epithelium. D) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. E) stratified squamous epithelium.

A

Septic shock, a systemic response including high fever and low blood pressure, can be life threatening. What causes septic shock? A) certain bacterial infections B) specific forms of viruses C) the presence of natural killer cells D) a fever of >103 degrees in adults E) increased production of neutrophils

A

Which of the following cell types are responsible for initiating a secondary immune response? A) memory cells B) macrophages C) stem cells D) B cells E) T cells

A

A transfusion of type A blood given to a person who has type O blood would result in which of the following? A) the recipient's B antigens reacting with the donated anti-B antibodies B) the recipient's anti-A antibodies clumping the donated red blood cells C) the recipient's anti-A and anti-O antibodies reacting with the donated red blood cells if the donor was a heterozygote (Ai) for blood type D) no reaction because type O is a universal donor E) no reaction because the O-type individual does not have antibodies

B

An example of a properly functioning homeostatic control system is seen when A) the core body temperature of a runner rises gradually from 37°C to 45°C. B) the kidneys excrete salt into the urine when dietary salt levels rise. C) a blood cell shrinks when placed in a solution of salt and water. D) the blood pressure increases in response to an increase in blood volume. E) the level of glucose in the blood is abnormally high whether or not a meal has been eaten.

B

An invertebrate, such as an insect, has innate immunity that can be nonspecific about which pathogens are prevented from harming its metabolism. Which of the following is most likely to function this way in the insect's intestine? A) complement B) lysozyme C) mucus D) neutrophils E) dendritic cells

B

An otherwise healthy student in your class is infected with EBV, the virus that causes infectious mononucleosis. The same student had already been infected when she was a child, and she had merely experienced a mild sore throat and swollen lymph nodes in her neck. This time, though infected, she does not get sick. 28) Her immune system's recognition of this infection will involve which of the following? A) helper T cells B) memory B cells C) plasma cells D) cytotoxic T cells E) natural killer cells

B

Positive feedback differs from negative feedback in that A) positive feedback benefits the organism, whereas negative feedback is detrimental. B) the positive feedback's effector responses are in the same direction as the initiating stimulus rather than opposite to it. C) the effector's response increases some parameter (such as body temperature), whereas in negative feedback it can only decrease the parameter. D) positive feedback systems have only effectors, whereas negative feedback systems have only receptors. E) positive feedback systems have control centers that are lacking in negative feedback systems.

B

Which of the following is a pathway that would lead to the activation of cytotoxic T cells? A) B cell contact antigen → helper T cell is activated → clonal selection occurs B) body cell becomes infected with a virus → new viral proteins appear → class I MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed on cell surface C) self-tolerance of immune cells → B cells contact antigen → cytokines released D) complement is secreted → B cell contacts antigen → helper T cell activated → cytokines released E) cytotoxic T cells → class II MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed → cytokines released → cell lysis

B

graph--> http://apbiologyclass.pbworks.com/f/AP+Bio+WS+Ch.+43.pdf When would B cells produce effector cells? A) between 28 and 35 days B) between 0 and 7 days C) between 7 and 14 days D) Both A and B are correct. E) Both A and C are correct.

B

refer to table--> http://apbiologyclass.pbworks.com/f/AP+Bio+WS+Ch.+43.pdf In Cases 1 and 2 in the table, the mothers would be able, if needed, to supply blood to the newborn even 7-9 months after birth; the same would not be true for Case 3. Why? A) The fetus in Case 3 would provoke an immune response in the mother that would carry over after the birth. B) The newborn in Case 3 would soon be able to make antibodies to the B antigen of the mother. C) Newborn children, until about age 2, do not make appreciable antibodies, except against Rh+ antigen. D) Passive immunity would have worn off for the third newborn, but not for the other two. E) This difference is based on which of the mothers has been nursing their children, not on blood antigens.

B

A person exposed to a new cold virus would not feel better for one to two weeks because A) specific B cells and T cells must be selected prior to a protective response. B) it takes up to two weeks to stimulate immunologic memory cells. C) no memory cells can be called upon, so adequate response is slow. D) antigen receptors are not the same as for a flu virus to which she has previously been exposed. E) V-J gene rearrangement must occur prior to a response.

C

All skeletal muscle fibers are both A) smooth and involuntary control. B) smooth and operate independently of other skeletal muscle fibers. C) striated and under voluntary control. D) smooth and under voluntary control. E) striated and electrically coupled to neighboring fibers.

C

An ectotherm is more likely to survive an extended period of food deprivation than would an equally sized endotherm because the ectotherm A) maintains a higher basal metabolic rate. B) expends more energy per kg of body mass than does the endotherm. C) invests little energy in temperature regulation. D) metabolizes its stored energy more readily than can the endotherm. E) has greater insulation on its body surface.

C

Clonal selection is an explanation for how A) a single type of stem cell can produce both red blood cells and white blood cells. B) V, J, and C gene segments are rearranged. C) an antigen can provoke production of high levels of specific antibodies. D) HIV can disrupt the immune system. E) macrophages can recognize specific T cells and B cells.

C

Which choice best describes a reasonable evolutionary mechanism for animal structures becoming better suited to specific functions? A) Animals that eat the most food become the most abundant. B) Animals that restrict their food intake will become less abundant. C) Animals with mutations that give rise to effective structures will become more abundant. D) Animals with inventions that curtail reproduction will become more abundant. E) Animals with parents that continually improve their offspring's structures will become more abundant.

C

Which of the following differentiates T cells and B cells? A) T cells but not B cells are stimulated to increase the rate of their cell cycles. B) Only B cells are produced from stem cells of the bone marrow. C) T cells but not B cells can directly attack and destroy invading pathogens. D) T cells but not B cells have surface markers. E) Only B cells take part in cell-mediated immunity.

C

http://www.easynotecards.com/uploads/424/49/_39367d51_13ab9201884__8000_00000142.jpg What does the difference in temperature between arteries and veins in the goose's legs indicate? A) The legs need to be kept cool so that muscles will function well. B) The feet need to be kept at the same temperature as the abdomen so that the feet do not freeze in water. C) Minimizing the temperature difference between the feet and the abdomen means the goose will lose less heat. D) The arterial blood is always cooler in the abdomen compared to its temp in the feet E) The goose's feet function well even when their temp falls below freezing

C

A patient can produce antibodies against some bacterial pathogens, but he does not produce antibodies against viral infections. This is probably due to a disorder in which cells of the immune system? A) B cells B) plasma cells C) natural killer cells D) T cells E) macrophages

D

A researcher is analyzing the immune response of a patient following the patient's exposure to an unknown agent while out of the country. The patient's blood is found to have a high proportion of lymphocytes with CD8 surface proteins. What is the likely cause? A) The patient encountered a bacterial infection which elicited CD8 marked T cells. B) The disease must have been caused by a multicellular parasite, such as can be encountered in polluted water sources. C) The CD8 proteins would be discharged from these lymphocytes to lyse the infected cells. D) The CD8 proteins marked the surfaces of cytotoxic T cells to attack virus-infected host cells. E) CD8 marks the surface of cells that accumulate after the infection is over and signal patient recovery.

D

If a newborn were accidentally given a drug that destroyed the thymus, what would most likely happen? A) His cells would lack class I MHC molecules on their surface. B) His humoral immunity would be missing. C) Genetic rearrangement of antigen receptors would not occur. D) His T cells would not mature and differentiate appropriately. E) His B cells would be reduced in number and antibodies would not form.

D

Jenner successfully used cowpox virus as a vaccine against the virus that causes smallpox. Why was he successful even though he used viruses of different kinds? A) The immune system responds nonspecifically to antigens. B) The cowpox virus made antibodies in response to the presence of smallpox. C) Cowpox and smallpox are antibodies with similar immunizing properties. D) There are some antigenic determinants common to both pox viruses.

D

Which of the following is accounted for by immunological memory? A) the human body's ability to distinguish self from nonself B) the observation that some strains of the pathogen that causes dengue fever cause worse disease than others C) the ability of a helper T cell to signal B cells via cytokines D) the ancient observation that someone who had recovered from the plague could safely care for those newly diseased E) the ability of the immune system to present antigen fragments in association with MHC antigens

D

Which of the following is true of active but not passive immunity? A) acquisition and activation of antibodies. B) proliferation of lymphocytes in bone marrow. C) transfers antibodies from the mother across the placenta. D) requires direct exposure to a living or simulated pathogen. E) requires secretion of interleukins from macrophages.

D

Which statement about the complement system is true? A) These proteins are involved in innate immunity and not acquired immunity. B) These proteins are secreted by cytotoxic T cells and other CD8 cells. C) This group of proteins includes interferons and interleukins. D) These proteins are one group of antimicrobial proteins acting together in cascade fashion. E) These proteins act individually to attack and lyse microbes.

D

59) Standard metabolic rate (SMR) and basal metabolic rate (BMR) are A) used differently: SMR is measured during exercise, whereas BMR is measured at rest. B) used to compare metabolic rate between hibernating and nonhibernating states. C) both measured across a wide range of temperatures for a given species. D) both standard measurements of fat metabolism in mammals. E) both measured in animals in a resting and fasting state.

E

Among these choices, the least reliable indicator of an animal's metabolic rate is the amount of A) food eaten in one day. B) heat generated in one day. C) oxygen used in mitochondria in one day. D) carbon dioxide produced in one day. E) water consumed in one day.

E

B cells interacting with helper T cells are stimulated to differentiate when A) B cells produce IgE antibodies. B) B cells release cytokines. C) helper T cells present the class II MHC molecule-antigen complex on their surface. D) helper T cells differentiate into cytotoxic T cells. E) helper T cells release cytokines.

E

Immunodeficiencies may be genetic in origin. Two examples of these are Bruton's agammaglobulinemia, an X-linked disorder, and DiGeorge syndrome, caused by a deletion from chromosome 22. Bruton's results in underdeveloped B cells, while DiGeorge syndrome results in a missing or seriously underdeveloped thymus. Which of the following might be a child with Bruton's disease? A) baby boy Matt, with very low circulating antigens B) baby girl Susan, with no evidence of a thymus gland C) baby boy John, with immature T cells, missing CD4 receptors D) baby girl Denise, with low level of antibody response to streptococcal infection E) baby boy Jeff, with no plasma cells following infection by bacterial pneumonia

E

The following events occur when a mammalian immune system first encounters a pathogen. Which shows the correct sequence in which they occur? I. Pathogen is destroyed. II. Lymphocytes secrete antibodies. III. Antigenic determinants from pathogen bind to antigen receptors on lymphocytes. IV. Lymphocytes specific to antigenic determinants from pathogen become numerous. V. Only memory cells remain. A) I → III → II → IV → V B) III → II → I → V → IV C) II → I → IV → III → V D) IV → II → III → I → V E) III → IV → II → I → V

E

What accounts for antibody switching (i.e., the switch of one B cell from producing one class of antibody to another antibody class that is responsive to the same antigen)? A) mutation in the genes of that B cell, induced by exposure to the antigen B) the rearrangement of V region genes in that clone of responsive B cells C) a switch in the kind of antigen-presenting cell that is involved in the immune response D) a patient's reaction to the first kind of antibody made by the plasma cells E) the shuffling of exons for one C region type to another attached to the V-J transcript

E

What aspect of the immune response would a patient who has a parasitic worm infection and another patient responding to an allergen such as ragweed pollen have in common? A) Both patients would have an increase in cytotoxic T cell number. B) Both patients would suffer from anaphylactic shock. C) Both patients would risk development of an autoimmune disease. D) Both patients would be suffering from a decreased level of innate immunity. E) Both patients would have increased levels of IgE.

E

graph--> http://apbiologyclass.pbworks.com/f/AP+Bio+WS+Ch.+43.pdf When would antibodies be produced? A) between 0 and 7 days B) between 7 and 14 days C) between 28 and 35 days D) between 35 and 42 days E) both A and C

E