Bio unit 3 Study guide
Wine, Cheese
A type of alchoholic and lactic acid fermentation
Begin: Acetyl CoA, End: Oxaloacetate
Beggining/Ending for CAC?
Begin: Pyruvate, End: Acetyl CoA
Beggining/Ending molecule for prep step?
Its the first step of cellular respiration and it breaks glucose into two 3-carbon molecules called pyruvate.
Describe what happens during glycolysis.
Photosynthesis is the convering of light energy into chemical energy and cellular respiration is the process cells take to break down and convert organic material to energy *PHOTOsynethesis* Picture Done in Choloroplasts = Chloro like color in pictures *CELLULAR respiration*Physical phone -Done in mitochodria = think power
Difference between photosynthesis and Cellular respiration?
HypOtonic - lower solute O = expand Isotonic - equal solute I = normal Hypertonic - higher solute Hy = shriveled
Differences between Hypotonic, Isotonic, and Hypertonic solutions?
Yes
Does CAC require oxygen?
No
Does Glycolysis require oxygen?
Yes
Does prep step rquire oxygen?
Each glucose produces two pyruvate which then results in the production of two Acetyl CoA so the CAC runs 2 times for every glucose molecule broken down
For each glucose molecule that enters glycolysis, how many Acetyl CoA molecules enter the citric acid cycle? So, how many times does the CAC run when breaking down one glucose molecule?
Each glucose produces two pyruvate, So two Acetyl CoA are made per glucose
For each glucose that enters glycolysis, how many pyruvate molecules enter the prep step?
The differentiating solute of the solutions determined the weights percent change. We used the differentiating weights to calculate the percent change in mass.
How did we use the data in the potato lab?
It allows a small amount of water through using small files using osmotic gradients
How do aquaporins work?
Passive uses no ATP Active uses ATP
How do passive. transport and active transport differ?
Oxidized - loss of electrons Reduction - gain of electrons
How do you know if something is oxidized or reduced?
Substances move from a higher point of concentration to a lower form through the membrane without any help from proteins
How does passive transport relate to diffusion?
Substances move from a higher point of concentration to a lower form through the membrane with the help of proteins
How does passive transport relate to facilitated diffusion?
The electrons from NADH and FADH2 are accepted by oxygen (one oxygen takes two electrons). 2 hydrogen ions are accepted from the surrounding solution. Water is the result.
How is water made in STEP IV: Electron Transport Chain
2 ATP and 2 NADH Investment requires 2 ATP and the output is 4 ATP so a net yield of 2 AT P would be accurate
How many ATP and NADHs' are made in glycolysis
32
How many ATP molecules are made in cellular respiration?
ATP: 28, NADH: 0, FADH2: 0
How many ATP, NADH and FADH2 is produced per flucose molecule in the Electron Transport Chain
ATP: 0, NADH: 2
How many ATP, NADH are made in the prep step?
2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2
How many ATP, NADH, and FADH2 are produced
Each glucose produces 2 pyruvate molecules
How many pyruvates are made for each glucose that enters glycolysis?
Fermentation
If oxygen is lacking, what step follows glycolysis?
Why is the plasma membrane called a fluid mosaic?
Membrane made of proteins suspended a fluid phospholipids bilayer
Glycolysis Prep step (pyruvate oxidation) Citric Acid Cycle Electron Transport Chain (Oxidative Phophorylation)
Name the four steps of cellular respiration.
To show how osmosis worked in potatoes.
Purpose of the potato lab?
Alchoholic and Lactic acid
Two types of fermentation?
These are both high-energy electron carriers.
What are NADH and FADH2?
A membrane protein that allows for rapid diffusion of water across membrane
What are aquaporins?
Enzymes are proteins that are a catalyst which lowers activation energy. *reduces the minimum amount of energy needed to start a reaction
What are enzymes?
They attach to extra cellular matrix and the cytoskeleton while helping to support the cell membrane. They also help with coordinating changes
What do attachment proteins do?
Enzymes are used to speed up sequential reactions
What do enzymes do?
They make junctions between cells while attaching them adjacently
What do junction proteins do?
Receptor proteins relay the message of signaling molecules bound to them
What do receptor proteins do?
They allow specific ions/molecules to enter/exit the cell.
What do transport proteins do?
Transport Receptor Enzyme Junction Attachment Glycoprotein
What does TREJAG stand for?
Serve as Id tag. Also may be recognized by other membrane proteins.
What does a glycoprotein do?
Cells energy source, stands for Adenosine Triphosphate
What is ATP
Endocytosis is the process in which cells Engulf extra material in a vesicle to be absorbed.
What is Endocytosis?
Exocytosis is a process in which the cell Expels material
What is Exocytosis?
Phagocytosis is when "food" is put into a food vacuole ready to be transported
What is Phagocytosis?
Transfer of Phosphurus atom to another atom
What is Phosphorylation?
A series of chemical reactions which build or break complex molecules
What is a metabolic pathway?
The movement of electrons from one molecule to another is an oxidation reduction reaction.
What is a redox reaction?
Activation energy: The minimum amount of energy to start a reaction.
What is activation energy?
Endogonic reaction: Bonds being formed are weaker than the ones being broken. Endo like hollow
What is an Endogonic reaction
Exergonic reaction: bonds being formed are stronger than the bonds being broken. *Exer Like in Exercise
What is an Exergonic reaction
Chemiosmosis is a process that uses the energy stored in a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive the ATP Syntheisis
What is chemiosmosis
The spreading of particles into available space
What is diffusion?
A way of harvesting chemical energy that does not require oxygen
What is fermentation?
When two solutions differ in solute concentration, and are finding an equilibrium through a semi permeable membrane. AKA diffusion across the membrane
What is osmosis?
The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
Receptor mediated Endocytosis is when the receptor proteins on the cell membrane latch onto extracellular material putting it into a vesicle
What is receptor mediated Endocytosis?
An enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate molecule (some kind of organic molecule) directly to ADP, forming ATP
What is substrate level phosphorylation?
TREJAG!
What is the acronym for the 6 proteins?
Pyruvate
What is the final molecule generated in glycolysis
Adenosine Triphosphate aka ATP
What is the final product of cellular respiration?
-Photosynthesis CO2 and Water to make sugar and oxygen -Cellular respiration sugar and oxygen to make CO2 and water they are inverses.
What is the relationship between cellular respiration and photosynthesis?
Attachment!
What is this protein?
Enzyme!
What is this protein?
Glycoprotein!
What is this protein?
Junction!
What is this protein?
Receptor protein!
What is this protein?
Transport protein!
What is this protein?
The solute concentration of two substances separated by a semi permeable membrane.
What is tonicity?
Mitochondria
Where does STEP III: Citric acid cycle *Krebs* occur?
Cytosol
Where does glycolysis take place?
Mitochondria
Where, within the cell, does STEP II: Pyruvate Oxidation *prep step* occur
Prep, CAC and ETC all happen in the mitochondria
Which steps of cellular respiration occur in the mitochondria?
Glycolysis
Which steps of respiration are anaerobic?
Electron transport chain
where is chemiosmosis used in cellular respiration?
