BIO UNIT 3
Reverse transcriptase synthesizes ________. Multiple Choice None of the choices are correct DNA from RNA RNA from DNA the positive RNA strand from a negative RNA strand a negative RNA strand from a positive RNA strand
DNA from RNA
Which of the following is not a characteristic of a transformed cell? Multiple Choice Alterations in chromosomes Viral nucleic acid integrated into host DNA Capacity to divide indefinitely Changes in cell surface molecules Decreased growth rate
Decreased growth rate
Average incubation in human is 1 week True False
False
Enveloped viruses are usually released from the host cell by exocytosis. Multiple Choice True False
False
Why are CD4 counts related to HIV infection? multiple choice 3 HIV can only bind to cells with CD4 receptors. HIV needs CD4 molecules for replication. HIV destroys CD4 molecules found on T cells.
HIV can only bind to cells with CD4 receptors.
Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding the characteristics of Zika virus disease? Multiple Choice Adults who have been infected with the Zika virus occasionally go on to develop Guillain-Barre syndrome. Zika virus is an RNA virus in the family Flaviviridae. Females who are infected with Zika during pregnancy are at risk of having a child with microcephaly. Individuals who live in mosquito-infested areas can be administered a vaccine as prevention. The Zika virus can be transmitted via a mosquito vector, sexually from an infected partner, and vertically from mother to fetus during gestation.
Individuals who live in mosquito-infested areas can be administered a vaccine as prevention.
Select all of the statements that accurately describe the oral polio vaccine. Check All That Apply It is easily administered by mouth.It is easily administered by mouth. It contains attenuated virus. It contains attenuated virus. It is the form of polio vaccine currently used in the United States. It is the form of polio vaccine currently used in the United States. It contains inactivated virus.
It is easily administered by mouth.It is easily administered by mouth. It contains attenuated virus.
Which is incorrect about rabies? Multiple Choice Wild populations of bats, skunks, raccoons, cats, and canines are primary reservoirs Is a zoonotic disease Transmission can involve bites, scratches, and inhalation Average incubation in human is 1 week Symptoms include anxiety, agitation, muscle spasms, convulsions, and paralysis
Average incubation in human is 1 week
A positive (+) strand of RNA _______. Multiple Choice must be double stranded cannot function directly as mRNA can directly act as mRNA makes a minus (-) strand of RNA, which can then act as mRNA
can directly act as mRNA
A(n) _______ is the protein shell around the nucleic acid core of a virus. Multiple Choice spike capsid envelope capsomere monolayer
capsid
Virus capsids are made from subunits called _____. Multiple Choice spikes prophages peplomers capsomeres envelopes
capsomeres
Persistent viruses that can reactivate periodically are _____. Multiple Choice syncytia cytopathic chronic latent viruses oncoviruses inclusion bodies
chronic latent viruses
Encephalitis caused by arboviruses involves ________. Multiple Choice myalgia and orbital pain coma, convulsions, and paralysis in severe cases All of the choices are correct. fever, headache, and rash muscle aches and joint stiffness
coma, convulsions, and paralysis in severe cases
A naked virus has only a(n) _____. Multiple Choice antigenic surface nucleocapsid envelope capsid capsomere
nucleocapsid
Mammalian viruses capable of starting tumors are _____. Multiple Choice syncytia inclusion bodies chronic latent viruses oncoviruses cytopathic
oncoviruses
The host cells that viruses can infect are determined by the ____________. Multiple Choice concentration of host cells in vicinity DNA in host cells proximity of host cells receptors on the host cells
receptors on the host cells
The host cells that viruses can infect are determined by the ____________. Multiple Choice proximity of host cells concentration of host cells in vicinity receptors on the host cells DNA in host cells
receptors on the host cells
A virus that undergoes lysogeny is a/an _________. Multiple Choice DNA virus temperate phage animal virus T-even phage intemperate phage
temperate phage
What percentage of human DNA is thought to consist of viral DNA sequences? Multiple Choice 45 0.08 8 1
8
2. If you could design a drug to "hide" or block sialic acid on respiratory cells, what stage of the life cycle of influenza would be directly impacted? multiple choice 2 Release Assembly Synthesis Adsorption
Adsorption
Host cells of viruses include ________. Multiple Choice humans and other animals All of the choices are correct protozoa and algae bacteria plants and fungi
All of the choices are correct
The Salk IPV and the Sabin OPV differ from one another in that ________. Multiple Choice All of the choices are correct. children in developing countries are administered the OPV, whereas in the USA, children are given the IPV by injection the OPV, being viable, may revert back to the neurovirulent strain and be transmitted to other susceptible individuals, whereas the IPV, being inactivated, cannot revert to a virulent strain the IPV must be administered by injection, whereas the OPV can be given orally the IPV contains a version of the virus that is fully inactivated, whereas the virus within the OPV is attenuated, that is, reduced virulence but still viable
All of the choices are correct.
Treatment of an animal bite for possible rabies includes ________. Multiple Choice postexposure vaccination with inactive vaccine All of the choices are correct. washing bite with soap or detergent debridement infusing the wound with human rabies immune globulin (HRIG)
All of the choices are correct.
Varicella zoster virus (human herpesvirus-3) ________. Multiple Choice becomes latent in dorsal root ganglia that serve specific dermatomes causes chickenpox and shingles All of the choices are correct. uses the respiratory epithelium as its portal of entry has humans as its reservoir
All of the choices are correct.
In paralytic polio, what structures are damaged? Multiple Choice Peripheral nerves Anterior horn cells Sensory nerves Brain stem Diaphragm
Anterior horn cells
How does lysogeny affect humans? multiple choice 12 The phage can be released from an infectious bacterial cell and infect human host cells instead. Bacteria can become virulent due to phage genes, causing greater damage to infected human host. The phage causes significant changes to host cell division, leading to cancer.
Bacteria can become virulent due to phage genes, causing greater damage to infected human host
Which of the following is not associated with every virus? Multiple Choice Capsid Genome Nucleic acid Envelope Capsomeres
Envelope
Choose the term that describes a virus that has a membranous outer covering over its capsid, partially derived from a host cell. Multiple Choice Icosahedral virus Naked virus Encapsulated virus Coated virus Enveloped virus
Enveloped virus
Choose the statement that indicates how cytopathic effects are detected. Multiple Choice Perform immunological tests on infected cells Perform biochemical tests on infected cells Examine infected cells with a microscope Grow infected cells in a variety of different media
Examine infected cells with a microscope
Select all of the statements that describe the inactivated polio vaccine. Check All That Apply It contains an attenuated virus. It is the form of polio vaccine currently used in the United States. It contains inactivated virus.
It is the form of polio vaccine currently used in the United States. It contains inactivated virus.
Choose the term that describes a bacteriophage infection in which the bacteriophage DNA is inserted into the host cell DNA as a prophage, and the infected bacteria can continue to grow and divide. Multiple Choice Transforming Hemorrhagic Lytic Oncogenic Lysogenic
Lysogenic
When phage nucleic acid is incorporated into the nucleic acid of its host cell and is replicated when the host DNA is replicated, this is considered part of which cycle? Multiple Choice Cell cycle Lytic cycle Lysogenic cycle Multiplication cycle Virulence cycle
Lysogenic cycle
Choose the term that describes a bacteriophage infection in which the host bacteria are lysed and killed by the infection. Multiple Choice Hemorrhagic Lytic Transforming Lysogenic Oncogenic
Lytic
Select the infectious agents that are noncellular. Check All That Apply Bacteria Prions Satellite viruses Protozoa Viroids
Prions Satellite viruses Viroids
Choose the statement that best describes the role of viral surface proteins or spikes. Multiple Choice Provide means of attachment to host cell surface Allow viruses to bind to each other Enable replication of the viral nucleic acid Provide means for viruses to exchange nucleic acid Inject viral nucleic acid into host cell
Provide means of attachment to host cell surface
This febrile disease with a rash has a pathogen that can cross the placenta and cause serious fetal damage. Multiple Choice Croup Influenza Measles (rubeola) Rubella Mumps
Rubella
What structures are used by bacteriophages to attach to host cell receptors? Multiple Choice Capsid head Sheath Nucleic acid None of the choices are correct Tail fibers
Tail fibers
How are temperate phages replicated? multiple choice 2 The phage moves from host cell to host cell. The phage takes over the replication machinery of the host cell. The phage is replicated along with the host cell's genome. The phage uses its replication enzymes to create new particles.
The phage is replicated along with the host cell's genome.
Which of the following is not true regarding the structure and function of viral spikes? Multiple Choice They are coded for by the viral genome They mediate the docking process of virus to host cell They are coded for by the host genome They are found on both enveloped and naked viruses They consist of proteins and carbohydrates
They are coded for by the host genome
A portion of the viral envelope comes from the cell membrane of the host cell. Multiple Choice True False
True
Both lytic and lysogenic cycles eventually lead to bacterial host cell damage. multiple choice 10 True False
True
Measles (rubeola) is associated with disabling of the host immune response. True False
True
Up to 50% of persons who survived polio as children will suffer from post-polio syndrome later in life. True False
True
Varicella and herpes zoster are caused by the same virus. True False
True
Virus X can infect rodents and birds, whereas Virus Y infects humans. Which has a broader host range? multiple choice 4 Virus X Virus Y
Virus X
Helical and icosahedral are terms used to describe the shapes of a virus _____. Multiple Choice capsid envelope spike capsomere core
capsid
If a person who has never been infected with the varicella zoster virus comes in contact with a person who has shingles, the first person will come down with ________. Multiple Choice herpes keratitis shingles herpes labialis infectious mononucleosis chickenpox
chickenpox
Although many viruses can cause meningitis, the most common viral cause is ________. Multiple Choice arenavirus arbovirus measles enterovirus cytomegalovirus
enterovirus
One of the principal capsid shapes is a 20-sided figure with 12 evenly spaced corners referred to as a(n) _______ capsid. Multiple Choice complex spiked buckeyball helical icosahedral
icosahedral
Smallpox is a disease ________. Multiple Choice in which fever, prostration, rash, and possible toxemia and shock occur in which recurrent episodes are called shingles in which the virus becomes latent in ganglia of sensory neurons All of the choices are correct. that can only be transmitted by direct skin contact with skin crusts
in which fever, prostration, rash, and possible toxemia and shock occur
The activation of a prophage to enter the lytic cycle is called ______. multiple choice 8 adsorption induction repression maturation conversion
induction
The envelope of enveloped viruses ________. Multiple Choice None of the choices are correct is identical to the host plasma membrane is obtained by viral budding or exocytosis does not contain spikes is only composed of host endomembrane
is obtained by viral budding or exocytosis
All of the following pertain to measles (rubeola) except ________. Multiple Choice it is transmitted by direct contact with the rash secondary bacterial otitis media and sinusitis can occur dry cough, sore throat, fever, and conjunctivitis are symptoms it involves a fatal complication called subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) humans are the only reservoir for the pathogen
it is transmitted by direct contact with the rash
Measles is described as a ______ skin lesion. Multiple Choice purpura maculopapular papule bulla macule
maculopapular
HPV can cause cellular changes that lead to the development of cervical cancer. The virus is said to cause transformation as it changes the growth rate and properties of the host cells. Because of this, HPV can be referred to as a(n) __________ virus. Multiple Choice syncytial oncogenic subclinical latent
oncogenic
Polio virus initially multiplies in the ________. Multiple Choice None of the choices are correct. nasal mucosa liver CNS oropharynx and intestine
oropharynx and intestine
A viral infection in which the virus can remain latent in the host cell for weeks to years is described as a(n) _________ infection, and may lead to cancer if host DNA is altered. Multiple Choice acute persistent syncytial cytopathic
persistent
An infection in animals similar to a lysogeny in bacteria is called a(n) ______ infection. multiple choice 3 persistent transforming cytopathic oncogenic
persistent
Viral spikes ________. Multiple Choice All of the choices are correct are present on all viruses block attachment between virus and host are derived from host proteins protrude from the envelope
protrude from the envelope
Measles is also known as ________. Multiple Choice varicella rubeola shingles rubella fifth disease
rubeola
All of the following pertain to poliomyelitis except ________. Multiple Choice can be asymptomatic or mild with headache, sore throat, fever, and nausea summer outbreaks in the United States have been increasing recently transmitted primarily by fecal-contaminated water if virus enters the central nervous system motor, neurons can be infected and destroyed caused by enterovirus
summer outbreaks in the United States have been increasing recently
Viral tissue specificities are called _____. Multiple Choice ranges uncoating receptacles tropisms virions
tropisms
The best defense against arboviruses is ________. Multiple Choice vaccination prompt treatment with acyclovir vector control All of the choices are correct. prophylactic rifampin
vector control
The first event to occur is _______. Multiple Choice the inside of the host cell membrane becomes coated with capsid the viral capsid becomes enclosed by the cell membrane the inside of the host cell membrane becomes coated with viral matrix protein viral spike proteins are inserted into the host cell membrane
viral spike proteins are inserted into the host cell membrane
When a bacterium acquires a trait from its temperate phage, it is called _____. Multiple Choice viral persistence transcription transformation translation lysogenic conversion
lysogenic conversion
Oral lesions called Koplik's spots are seen in patients with ________. Multiple Choice influenza croup measles (rubeola) mumps rubella
measles (rubeola)
Oncoviruses include all the following except ________. Multiple Choice papillomavirus measles virus HTLV I Epstein-Barr virus hepatitis B virus
measles virus
Viruses have all the following except ________. Multiple Choice the ability to infect host cells ultramicroscopic size genes definite shape metabolism
metabolism
A negative-sense RNA virus ________. Multiple Choice is ready for immediate translation always codes for RNA polymerase must synthesize a negative RNA copy of its genome must synthesize a positive RNA copy of its genome is a special form of tRNA used by viruses
must synthesize a positive RNA copy of its genome
Which of the following is a type of cytopathic effect? Multiple Choice Inclusions in the nucleus All of the choices are correct. Cells change shape Multinucleated giant cells Inclusions in the cytoplasm
All of the choices are correct.
Select all of the statements that apply to acute encephalitis caused by arboviruses. Check All That Apply An arthropod bite is involved in transmission.An arthropod bite is involved in transmission. Direct contact is the mode of transmission.Direct contact is the mode of transmission. Insect control is the main method of prevention.Insect control is the main method of prevention. Good hygiene is the main method of prevention.Good hygiene is the main method of prevention. No satisfactory treatment exists.No satisfactory treatment exists.
An arthropod bite is involved in transmission Insect control is the main method of prevention No satisfactory treatment exists
Evaluate the following descriptions, and classify them according to whether they refer to viral or cellular genome CELLULAR GENOME May be DNA MAY BE RNA MAY BE -VE SENSE RNA MAY BE POSITIVE SENSE RNA MAY BE SINGLE STRANDED LessTHAN 300O GENE Always DNA Always double stranded More then 3000 genes
CELLULAR GENOME Always DNA Always double stranded More then 3000 genes
Select characteristics exhibited by viral capsids. Check All That Apply Composed entirely of protein May be an icosahedral shape Contain a significant amount of phospholipid May be spherical in shape May be helical in shape Protect the viral nucleic acid Composed of subunits called capsomers May bind to the surface of the host cell
Composed entirely of protein May be an icosahedral shape May be helical in shape Protect the viral nucleic acid Composed of subunits called capsomer May bind to the surface of the host cell
_______ occurs when the causative virus, which is strongly teratogenic, is transmitted to the fetus in utero; it can subsequently result in miscarriage or multiple permanent defects in the newborn. Multiple Choice Rheumatic fever Scarlet fever Congenital rubella Fifth disease
Congenital rubella
Select the terms that describe the possible configurations of viral nucleic acids. Check All That Apply Single-stranded DNA Double-stranded DNA, linear Double-stranded DNA-RNA hybrid Double-stranded DNA, circular Single-stranded RNA, positive sense Single-stranded RNA, negative sense Double-stranded RNA
Double-stranded DNA- circular single-stranded RNA, positive-sense single-stranded RNA, negative-sense double-stranded RNA single-stranded DNA double-stranded DNA- linear
Order these steps of the lytic cycle. A. Assembly B. Penetration C. Lysis D. Synthesis E. Adsorption multiple choice 1 C, B, A, D, E E, D, B, A, C E, B, D, A, C E, A, B, D, C
E, B, D, A, C
Which of the following has the highest mortality rate? Multiple Choice Western equine encephalitis St. Louis encephalitis California encephalitis West Nile encephalitis Eastern equine encephalitis
Eastern equine encephalitis
Enveloped viruses are usually released from the host cell by _______. Multiple Choice phagocytosis endocytosis budding lysis of the host cell
budding
Evaluate the following descriptions, and classify them according to whether they refer to viral or cellular genomes. Viral genome May be DNA MAY BE RNA MAY BE -VE SENSE RNA MAY BE POSITIVE SENSE RNA MAY BE SINGLE STRANDED LessTHAN 300O GENE Always DNA Always double stranded More then 3000 genes
Viral genome May be DNA MAY BE RNA MAY BE -VE SENSE RNA MAY BE POSITIVE SENSE RNA MAY BE SINGLE STRANDED LessTHAN 300O GENES
Rubella is ________. Multiple Choice associated with congenital transmission causing miscarriage, deafness, and cardiac and mental defects seen as high fever, severe sore throat, severe cough, and myalgia a very contagious disease caused by the measles virus (Morbillivirus) All of the choices are correct.
associated with congenital transmission causing miscarriage, deafness, and cardiac and mental defects
The viral capsid _______. Multiple Choice is dissolved surrounds the viral matrix protein engulfs the viral spikes becomes completely enclosed by the region of the cell membrane into which the spikes and matrix protein are embedded
becomes completely enclosed by the region of the cell membrane into which the spikes and matrix protein are embedded
Rabies virus has a _______ host range as compared to hepatitis B virus. multiple choice 5 broad restricted narrow medium
broad
The preferred preventative measure for polio in the United States is ________. Multiple Choice oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) developed by Albert Sabin inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) developed by Jonas Salk inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) developed by Albert Sabin oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) developed by Jonas Salk
inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) developed by Jonas Salk
The negative (-) sense strand of RNA _______. Multiple Choice is used to synthesize more + strands plays no role makes RNA replicase acts as mRNA to make viral proteins
is used to synthesize more + strands
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common respiratory virus that causes mild cold-like symptoms in most individuals, but can be more serious in infants and the elderly. RSV is so-named because ________. Multiple Choice it causes a persistent infection in the host it causes the fusion of damaged host cells, forming a large, multinucleated cell it transforms the host cell, causing cancer it causes the proliferation of inclusion bodies within the host cell
it causes the fusion of damaged host cells, forming a large, multinucleated cell
Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) has the following characteristics except ________. Multiple Choice appears as a mononucleosis-like illness in adults a rash appears on the fourth day causes roseola in infants and young children starts with a high fever it is a very rare form of herpesvirus
it is a very rare form of herpesvirus
Viruses that cause infection resulting in alternating periods of activity with symptoms and inactivity without symptoms are called _____. Multiple Choice viroids oncogenic prions delta agents latent
latent
For replication of the positive (+) sense strand of lytic RNA phage, _______. Multiple Choice the (-) sense strand RNA is used to make more (+) strands the RNA replicase uses the (+) sense RNA as a template to make (-) strand RNA the (+) RNA strand must code for the synthesis of RNA polymerase (replicase) the (+) RNA strand must code for the synthesis of RNA polymerase (replicase), the RNA replicase uses the (+) sense RNA as a template to make (-) strand RNA, and the (-) sense strand RNA is used to make more (+) strands
the (+) RNA strand must code for the synthesis of RNA polymerase (replicase), the RNA replicase uses the (+) sense RNA as a template to make (-) strand RNA, and the (-) sense strand RNA is used to make more (+) strands
The presence of viruses in the blood is called ________. Multiple Choice hemovirus bacteremia fungemia viremia septicemia
viremia