Bio Unit 8

How long does cyclin production last during a typical cell cycle in fertilized clam eggs?

20-25 minutes

Differentiation

Cell becomes specialized for a certain function

Stem cell

One of the human body's master cells, with the ability to grow into any one of the body's more than 200 cell types

pre-malignant tumor

Pertaining to tissue that is not yet malignant but is poised to become malignant.

Totipotent cells

ability of a single cell to divide and produce all of the differentiated cells in an organism

Blastocyst

A thin-walled hollow structure in early embryonic development that contains a cluster of cells called the inner cell mass from which the embryo arises

Why does the debate surrounding stem cell research focus on embryonic stem cells not adult stem cells?

Adult cells derive from one's own body and is an undifferentiated cell, found among differentiated cells in a tissue or organ. Embryonic stem cells derive from embryos. Therefore people argue that embryonic stem cells are immoral since the embryo is a human being.

All cancers are tumors but not all tumors are cancerous. Explain how this can be a true statement.

All cancers are tumors but not all tumors are cancerous because tumors are just an abnormal mass of tissue which may be solid or fluid-filled. Not all tumors are cancerous though, tumors can be benign, pre-malignant, or malignant

Suppose that the regulators that control cyclin production are no longer produced. What are two possible outcomes?

Cyclins will either continue to be produced causing the cells to continually divide forming a tumor or cyclin production will cease resulting in cell death and the death of the embryo.

Discuss the importance of HeLa cells to cancer research.

HeLa cells never stop growing and grew so large, so that scientist could have a subject to test on to create vaccines and cures for diseases, safely.

During which part of the cell cycle does cyclin production begin?

Interphase

How long does cyclin destruction take during a typical cell cycle in fertilized clam eggs?

Less than 5 minutes

During which part of the cell cycle is cyclin destroyed?

Mitosis

List three factors that can cause cancer. Match each cause with a specific form of cancer.

Smoking can lead to lung cancer, Skin exposure to ultraviolet radiation in sunlight can cause skin cancer, and sexual behavior that spreads sexually transmitted diseases can cause cervical cancer.

potential benefits of stem cell research

Stem cells have enormous potential in health and medical research. Diseases such as cancer or conditions such as birth defects are thought to occur because of problems in the differentiation process. By understanding the development that happens in normal cells can help scientists treat the problem that occurred.

Describe the two main treatments for cancer used today.

Surgery and chemotherapy are two treatments for cancer. Surgery takes out the cancer and will stop it from metastasizing. Chemotherapy targets the cells rapidly dividing.

anchorage independent

a cancer cell will break up from where it originated and wander to other parts of your body

CDK

a family of multifunctional enzymes that can modify various protein substrates involved in cell cycle progression

benign tumor

a mass of cells (tumor) that lacks the ability to invade neighboring tissue or metastasize.

Tumor

a mass of uncontrolled cell growth

mortal (norm cells)

all cells will eventually die

Embryo

an unborn or unhatched offspring in the process of development.

malignant tumor

are cancerous and are made up of cells that grow out of control. Cells in these tumours can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body.

factors of cancer

cancer can be genetic, environmental faction, disease(virus)

Pluripotent

capable of developing into any type of cell or tissue except those that form a placenta or embryo

Multipotent

cells can develop into more than one cell type, but are more limited than pluripotent cells

cell growth characteristics

cells stop growing when they come into contact with other cells; cells will grow/divide to fill up available space

density controlled (norm cells)

cells will only grow until they fill up available space

Regulate

control or maintain the rate or speed of (a machine or process) so that it operates properly.

anchorage dependent (normal cells)

grow in place

three characteristics all cancer cells have

immortal, anchorage independent, density independent

immortal

keep going on; dont have a stop point

external regulators

molecules outside the cell; control how cells behave in/react to the environment

cancer

own body cells that are just dividing uncontrollably for one reason or another, its cells travel through the bloodstream

cyclin

regulate cell cycle

internal regulator

something inside the cell telling it when to grow and when to divide

Embryonic stem cells

stem cells derived from the undifferentiated inner mass cells of a human embryo

Apoptosis

the death of cells that occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism's growth or development.

density independent

they will keep piling on top of each other and for a tumor

Adult stem cells

undifferentiated cells found throughout the body that divide to replenish dying cells and regenerate damaged tissues