Bio101 Chapter 6
Which of the following organelles often occupy the majority of the volume of a plant cell? ~chloroplast ~lysosome ~Golgi apparatus ~central vacuole
central vacuole
what protein? ATP synthase
integral protein
Which molecules do not normally cross the nuclear membrane? ~mRNA ~DNA ~Nucleotide triphosphates ~Proteins
DNA
Which of the following microscopy techniques is best suited for visualizing protein complexes in their cellular environments without the use of preservatives? ~transmission electron microscopy ~cryo-electron microscopy ~standard light microscopy ~scanning electron microscopy
cryo-electron microscopy~
The primary role of _____ is to bind animal cells together. ~the cytoskeleton ~tight junctions ~gap (communicating) junctions ~plasmodesmata ~desmosomes
desmosomes
The _____ is the bacterial structure that acts as a selective barrier, allowing nutrients to enter the cell and wastes to leave the cell. ~plasma membrane ~nucleoid region ~ribosome ~pili ~cell wall
plasma membrane
Movement of amoebae across a surface requires which of the following activities by components of the cytoskeleton? ~assembly of microtubule extensions that vesicles can follow in the direction of movement ~assembly of actin filaments to form bulges in the plasma membrane ~localized contractions driven by myosin and microtubules ~reinforcement of the pseudopod with intermediate filaments
assembly of actin filaments to form bulges in the plasma membrane
plant or animal cell? nucleus, plasma membrane, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, cytoskeleton, endoplasmic reticulum
both
regulates cytoplasm composition, creates internal pressure, and stores cell compounds
central vacuole
Which of the following correctly matches an organelle with its function? ~ribosome with the manufacture of lipids ~mitochondrion with photosynthesis ~central vacuole with storage ~nucleus with cellular respiration ~lysosome with movement
central vacuole with storage
An organelle in a newly discovered cell contains thylakoids, DNA, and ribosomes. These findings suggest that this organelle is most likely similar to which of the following organelles? ~chloroplasts ~lysosomes ~nuclei ~mitochondria
chloroplasts
A cell has formed a food vacuole as it ingested a food particle. Which of the following events is associated with the breakdown of that food particle? ~proteins for digestion of the food particle were initially processed in mitochondria ~digestion of the food particle occurs in a vesicle enclosed by a membrane that separates the digestion from the cytoplasm ~the membrane of the food vacuole is derived from the cell wall ~proteins for digestion of the food are made by ribosomes in the Golgi apparatus ~enzymes for the breakdown of the food are delivered to the food vacuole from the cytosol
digestion of the food particle occurs in a vesicle enclosed by a membrane that separates the digestion from the cytoplasm
A characteristic 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules, consisting of nine doublet microtubules surrounding a pair of single microtubules describes the ultrastructure of which of the following cellular structures? ~eukaryotic flagella and motile cilia ~eukaryotic flagella, motile cilia, and nonmotile cilia ~centrioles and basal bodies ~bacterial flagella
eukaryotic flagella and motile cilia
Which of the following statements describes a major advantage of light microscopy over electron microscopy? ~light microscopy provides higher resolution than electron microscopy ~light microscopy allows the visualization of dynamic processes in living cells ~light microscopy provides higher magnification than electron microscopy ~light microscopy provides visualization of the topography of cell surfaces
light microscopy allows the visualization of dynamic processes in living cells
Disruption of nuclear pore complexes in a eukaryotic cell will most likely interfere with the transport of which of the following molecules out of the nucleus? ~DNA ~mRNA ~amino acids ~phospholipids
mRNA
Membrane phospholipids ~may have ʺkinksʺ in their tails, each caused by the presence of a double bond between carbons. ~have hydrophilic tails that face outward and are exposed to water and hydrophobic heads that face the center of the membrane and are shielded from water. ~remain fluid because they are tightly packed against one another. ~form impermeable layers for cells.
may have ʺkinksʺ in their tails, each caused by the presence of a double bond between carbons.
The extension of pseudopodia in amoeba is due to the regulated assembly and destruction of _____
microfilaments
Centrosomes are sites where protein dimers assemble into _____
microtubules
Cyanide binds to at least one molecule involved in producing ATP. In a cell exposed to cyanide, most of the cyanide will be in _____ ~lysosomes. ~mitochondria. ~peroxisomes. ~ribosomes.
mitochondria
Cyanide binds with at least one protein complex involved in producing ATP. If a cell is exposed to cyanide, most of the bound cyanide is likely to be localized within which of the following organelles? ~smooth endoplasmic reticulum ~lysosomes ~peroxisomes ~mitochondria
mitochondria
Mitochondria are found in __________. ~animal cells only ~all cells ~plant cells only ~animal cells and prokaryotic cells, but not plant cells ~plant and animal cells
plant and animal cells
plant or animal cell? central vacuole, cellulose cell wall, chloroplast
plant cell
Which of the following structures form cytoplasmic channels that connect adjacent plant cells through the cell walls? ~desmosomes ~gap junctions ~tight junctions ~plasmodesmata
plasmodesmata
structure? plant or animal? small channels between cells that are otherwise surrounded by walls; enable movement of water and solutes between cells
plasmodesmata, plant
A cell with a predominance of rough endoplasmic reticulum is most likely involved in which of the following processes? ~producing large quantities of carbohydrates for storage in the vacuole ~producing large quantities of proteins in the cytosol ~producing large quantities of carbohydrates to assemble an extensive cell wall matrix ~producing large quantities of proteins for secretion
producing large quantities of proteins for secretion
Examination of a cell by transmission electron microscopy reveals a high density of ribosomes in the cytoplasm. This observation suggests that the cell is actively producing large amounts of which of the following molecules? ~nucleic acids ~proteins ~polysaccharides ~lipids
proteins
Passive leakage of partially digested material from the small intestine into the human abdominal cavity may result from defects in which of the following type of intercellular junction? ~plasmodesmata ~desmosomes ~tight junctions ~gap junctions
tight junctions
Which of these cell junctions form a barrier to the passage of materials? ~keratin fibers ~tight junctions ~plasmodesmata ~gap (communicating) junctions ~desmosomes (anchoring junctions)
tight junctions
structure? plant or animal? membrane proteins that create a watertight seal between cells
tight junctions, animal
Which of these organelles produces H2O2 as a by-product? ~flagellum ~peroxisome ~mitochondrion ~nucleus ~centrioles
peroxisome
Which of the following molecules is required by cells to assemble cilia or flagella? ~laminin ~intermediate filaments ~actin ~tubulin
tubulin
Which of the following options best depicts the flow of information when a gene directs the synthesis of a cellular component? ~RNA →→ DNA →→ RNA →→ protein ~DNA →→ amino acid →→ RNA →→ protein ~DNA →→ RNA →→ protein ~protein →→ RNA →→ DNA
DNA →→ RNA →→ protein
_____ is/are identical in structure to centrioles. ~Chromatin ~Nuclear envelopes ~Basal bodies ~Microfilaments ~Mitochondria
basal bodies
Which of the following is a common trait of chloroplasts and mitochondria? ~both are found in plant and animal cells ~both reproduce by meiosis ~both are surrounded by a single membrane ~both contain their own DNA ~proteins for both are synthesized on ribosomes in the rough ER
both contain their own DNA
makes sugar by converting light energy into chemical energy
chloroplast
long proteins of fibers found in the extracellular matrix that provide structural support for cells
collagen, animal
prokaryotic or eukaryotic? lysosome, mitochondria, nucleus
eukaryotic
Which of the following areas in bacterial cells best describes where chromosomal DNA is generally localized? ~in mitochondria ~in the nucleoid ~associated with ribosomes ~in a membrane-enclosed nucleus
in the nucleoid
If plant cells are grown on media containing radioactively labeled thymine for one generation, radioactively labeled macromolecules will be detected in which of the following organelles? ~only in the nucleus and mitochondria ~in the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts ~only in the nucleus and chloroplasts ~only in the nucleus
in the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts
The only cytoskeletal fibers not associated with intracellular movement or whole cell locomotion are the _____
intermediate filaments
Which organelle plays a role in intracellular digestion? ~Golgi apparatus ~plasmodesma ~lysosome ~ribosome ~chloroplast
lysosome
name the organelle:protein synthesis
rough ER
Where is calcium stored? ~rough endoplasmic ~reticulum ~microtubules ~centrioles ~mitochondria ~smooth endoplasmic reticulum
smooth ER
In experiments to test whether a protein can enter the nucleus, why would proteins be labeled with fluorescent molecules? ~To give the protein molecules energy ~To make the proteins bigger ~To make the proteins easy to see ~To target the proteins to the nucleus
To make the proteins easy to see
What name is given to the rigid structure, found outside the plasma membrane, that surrounds and supports the bacterial cell? ~capsule ~pili ~cell wall ~flagella ~nucleoid region
cell wall
What is a function of a bacterium's capsule? ~protein synthesis ~DNA storage ~propulsion ~protection
protection
a polysccaride that is used to synthesize cell walls which protect cells and help maintain their shape
cellulose, plant
One difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is that eukaryotic cells ~lack the complexity seen in prokaryotic cells. ~are enclosed by a membrane, which is lacking in prokaryotic cells. ~have membrane-enclosed organelles, which are lacking in prokaryotic cells. ~have DNA, which is lacking in prokaryotic cells.
have membrane-enclosed organelles, which are lacking in prokaryotic cells.
While abundant quantities of proteins are produced by free ribosomes in the cytosol, new proteins are also produced by which of the following organelles? ~lysosomes ~mitochondria ~the nucleolus ~the Golgi apparatus
mitochondria
Where is a bacterial cell's DNA found? ~ribosomes ~nucleus ~peroxisome ~nucleoid region ~capsule
nucleoid region
Ribosomal subunits are manufactured by the _____. ~rough endoplasmic reticulum ~nucleolus ~smooth endoplasmic reticulum ~peroxisome ~lysosome
nucleolus
Which cell would be best for studying lysosomes? ~nerve cell ~bacterial cell ~phagocytic white blood cell ~muscle cell
phagocytic white blood cell
Which of the following organelles is primarily responsible for the production and modification of polysaccharides that will be secreted? ~lysosome ~Golgi apparatus ~peroxisome ~mitochondrion
Golgi apparatus
Which of the following statements best describes one major difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells? ~Prokaryotic cells are generally larger than eukaryotic cells. ~Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not. ~Prokaryotic cells have cell walls, while eukaryotic cells do not. ~Eukaryotic cells have flagella, while prokaryotic cells do not.
Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not.
True or false? Proteins produced during the "chase" phase of a pulse-chase experiment are labeled with radioactive material.
False
What is the first step in a pulse-chase experiment? ~Preparing cells for electron microscopy ~Examining cells for the location of the labeled molecules ~Incubating cells with an unlabeled molecule ~Incubating cells with a labeled molecule
Incubating cells with a labeled molecule
Which of the following functions is NOT associated with the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells? See Concept 6.6 (Page) ~determining the shape of animal cells ~the beating of cilia or flagella ~the contraction of muscle cells in animals ~maintaining the position of the nucleus in the cell ~Movement of RNA molecules from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
Movement of RNA molecules from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
Which of the following statements best describes some aspect of cytoskeleton structure or function in eukaryotic cells? ~Movement of cilia and flagella is the result of motor proteins causing microtubules to move relative to each other. ~Chemicals that block the assembly of the cytoskeleton would have little effect on a cell's response to external stimuli. ~The cytoskeleton is a static structure most resembling scaffolding used at construction sites. ~Although microtubules are common within a cell, actin filaments are rarely found outside of the nucleus.
Movement of cilia and flagella is the result of motor proteins causing microtubules to move relative to each other.
What scientific hypotheses can be tested by a pulse-chase experiment? ~Solubility of a molecule ~The amino acid sequence of a protein ~Movement of molecules through a cell over time ~The steady-state amount of protein in a cell
Movement of molecules through a cell over time
Select the correct statement describing cellular structure or function. ~Plant and animal cells both carry out cellular respiration, producing ATP. ~Mitochondria and chloroplasts are part of the endomembrane system of the eukaryotic cell. ~Only plant cells contain chloroplasts, and only animal cells contain mitochondria.
Plant and animal cells both carry out cellular respiration, producing ATP.
Which of the following statements best describes some aspect of protein secretion from prokaryotic cells? ~Prokaryotes cannot secrete proteins because they lack rough endoplasmic reticulum. ~The mechanism of protein secretion in prokaryotes is probably the same as that in eukaryotes. ~Proteins secreted by prokaryotes are likely synthesized on ribosomes bound to the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane. ~Prokaryotes cannot secrete proteins because they lack an endomembrane system.
Proteins secreted by prokaryotes are likely synthesized on ribosomes bound to the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane.
Which one of the following statements about the endomembrane system is correct? ~The endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with the plasma membrane. ~Most of the phospholipids of the endomembrane system are synthesized in the mitochondria. ~Mitochondria function in the modification and sorting of lipids and proteins. ~Proteins that will be secreted from the cell are likely to be found in closed spaces bounded by membranes of the endomembrane system. ~Ribosomes move lipids and proteins among the different organelles of the endomembrane system.
Proteins that will be secreted from the cell are likely to be found in closed spaces bounded by membranes of the endomembrane system.
What path does a protein in the secretory pathway take, starting from its site of synthesis? ~Rough ER, secretory vesicles, Golgi apparatus, plasma membrane ~Rough ER, Golgi apparatus, secretory vesicles, plasma membrane ~Plasma membrane, secretory vesicles, Golgi apparatus, rough ER ~Golgi apparatus, rough ER, secretory vesicles, plasma membrane
Rough ER, Golgi apparatus, secretory vesicles, plasma membrane
Which of the following expresses the concept of emergent properties? ~A cell is the basic unit of structure in living organisms. ~The parts of a car, once assembled, result in a structure that can provide transportation. ~Energy can be transformed but not created or destroyed, while matter cycles through a system. ~Properties emerge from a system through evolutionary mechanisms.
The parts of a car, once assembled, result in a structure that can provide transportation.
The cell walls of bacteria, fungi, and plant cells, and the extracellular matrix of animal cells are all external to the plasma membrane. Which of the following characteristics is common to all of these extracellular structures? ~They must block water and small molecules to regulate the exchange of matter and energy with their environment. ~They are constructed of materials that are synthesized in the cytoplasm and then transported out of the cell for assembly. ~They must provide a rigid structure that maintains an appropriate ratio of cell surface area to volume. ~They are composed of a mixture of lipids and nucleotides.
They are constructed of materials that are synthesized in the cytoplasm and then transported out of the cell for assembly.
Motor proteins are responsible for moving vesicles and organelles within the cell. Motor proteins move along protein "tracks." In the example shown in the Visualizing figure, what are those tracks made of? ~actin ~receptor proteins ~transport proteins ~tubulin
actin
Which of the following structures is independent of the endomembrane system in eukaryotic cells? ~plasma membrane ~Golgi apparatus ~chloroplast ~nuclear envelope
chloroplast
Motor proteins provide for molecular motion in cells by interacting with which of the following cellular structures? ~free ribosomes and ribosomes attached to the ER ~components of the cytoskeleton ~cellulose fibers in the cell wall ~membrane proteins of the inner nuclear envelope
components of the cytoskeleton
An early step in the evolution of eukaryotic cells most likely involved which of the following events? ~evolution of an endomembrane system and subsequent evolution of mitochondria from a portion of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum ~endosymbiosis of an oxygen-using bacterium in a larger bacterial host cell-the endosymbiont evolved into mitochondria ~endosymbiosis of a photosynthetic archaeal cell in a larger bacterial host cell to escape toxic oxygen-the anaerobic archaea evolved into chloroplasts ~endosymbiosis of an oxygen-using bacterium in a larger bacterial host cell-the endosymbiont evolved into chloroplasts
endosymbiosis of an oxygen-using bacterium in a larger bacterial host cell-the endosymbiont evolved into mitochondria
A mutation that disrupts the ability of an animal cell to add polysaccharide modifications to proteins would most likely cause defects in which of the following structural elements? ~extracellular matrix ~intermediate filaments ~microfilaments ~microtubules
extracellular matrix
Certain animal cells normally have well-defined spherical nuclei when observed by light microscopy. Cells with a genetic defect have irregularly-shaped nuclei. Which of the following cytoskeletal elements is most likely affected by this genetic defect? ~myosin proteins ~microtubules ~intermediate filaments ~microfilaments
intermediate filaments
Asbestos is a material that was extensively used in construction for decades. One risk from working in a building that contains asbestos is the development of asbestosis caused by the inhalation of asbestos fibers. Cells will take up asbestos by phagocytosis, but are not able to degrade it. Toxicity most likely results from accumulation of asbestos in which of the following organelles? ~lysosomes ~peroxisomes ~nuclei ~the Golgi apparatus
lysosomes
A young child who suffers from a metabolic disease is always tired and fatigued. Which of the following organelles is most likely malfunctioning in this disease? ~mitochondria ~smooth endoplasmic reticulum ~lysosomes ~Golgi apparatus
mitochondria
Disruption of the function of which of the following organelles would result in a dramatic decrease in ATP synthesis in eukaryotic cells? ~peroxisome ~Golgi apparatus ~lysosome ~mitochondrion
mitochondrion
Researchers investigating the mechanism of vesicle transport assembled a cell-free system that included microtubules, vesicles, and ATP. However, they observed no movement of transport of vesicles because the mixture was missing which of the following components? ~motor proteins ~mitochondria ~contractile microfilaments ~Golgi apparatus
motor proteins
Cytochalasin D is a drug that prevents actin polymerization. Which of the following processes will be unaffected in cells treated with cytochalasin D? ~movement of transport vesicles in the cytosol ~cytoplasmic streaming ~extension of pseudopodia ~contraction of muscle fibers
movement of transport vesicles in the cytosol
A particular cell contains the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, and mitochondria. Based on this composition, it could be a cell from which of the following organisms? ~a bacterium, but not a eukaryote ~nearly any eukaryotic organisman animal, but not a plant ~a plant, but not an animal
nearly any eukaryotic organism
A small protein (molecular weight = 25,000 daltons) is injected into a cell and observed in the nucleus a short time later. What type of transport has taken place? ~Passive transport ~Active transport ~Osmosis
passive transport
what protein? NADP+ reductase
peripheral protein
what protein? Pc
peripheral protein
strong, protective structure made from cellulose fibrils
plant cell wall
The _____ is a selective barrier, regulating the passage of material into and out of the cell. ~lysosome ~chloroplast ~plasma membrane ~nucleus ~nuclear envelope
plasma membrane
Disruption of nuclear pore complexes in a eukaryotic cell will most likely interfere with the transport of which of the following molecules into the nucleus? ~phospholipids ~rRNAs ~mRNAs ~ribosomal proteins
ribosomal proteins
A newly synthesized protein destined for secretion from a eukaryotic cell will generally follow which of the pathways listed below? ~rough ER →→ lysosome →→ transport vesicle →→ plasma membrane ~rough ER →→ Golgi →→ transport vesicle →→ plasma membrane ~rough ER →→ Golgi →→ transport vesicle →→ nucleus ~Golgi →→ rough ER →→ lysosome →→ transport vesicle →→ plasma membrane
rough ER →→ Golgi →→ transport vesicle →→ plasma membrane
Vinblastine, a drug that inhibits microtubule polymerization, is used to treat some forms of cancer. Cancer cells treated with vinblastine would most likely be unable to perform which of the following cellular functions? ~form cleavage furrows during cell division ~maintain the shape of the nucleus ~separate chromosomes during cell division ~migrate by amoeboid movement
separate chromosomes during cell division
The liver is involved in detoxification of many poisons and drugs. Which of the following structures is abundant in liver cells and primarily responsible for detoxification processes? ~smooth endoplasmic reticulum ~nuclear envelope ~rough endoplasmic reticulum ~Golgi apparatus
smooth ER
calcium ion storage, poison detoxification, lipid synthesis
smooth ER
A cell with a predominance of smooth endoplasmic reticulum is most likely specialized to carry out which of the following processes? ~storage of large quantities of water ~active secretion of large quantities of protein ~import and export large quantities of protein ~synthesis of large quantities of lipids
synthesis of large quantities of lipids
Tay-Sachs disease is a human genetic disorder that results in cellular accumulation of very large, complex, undigested lipids. Which of the following organelles is most likely defective in Tay-Sachs disease? ~the lysosome ~the Golgi apparatus ~the smooth endoplasmic reticulum ~the rough endoplasmic reticulum
the lysosome
Which of the following statements describes a primary function of integrins? ~transmitting signals from the extracellular matrix to the cytoskeleton ~linking the primary and secondary cell walls in plants ~connecting intermediate filaments to microtubules involved in vesicular transport ~transmitting chemical signals from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane
transmitting signals from the extracellular matrix to the cytoskeleton
Peroxisomes in liver cells detoxify alcohol by removing hydrogen atoms and combining them with which of the following molecules? ~with oxygen molecules to generate hydrogen peroxide ~with water molecules to generate hydrogen peroxide ~with hydrogen peroxide to generate oxygen ~with hydrogen peroxide to generate oxygen and water
with oxygen molecules to generate hydrogen peroxide
~chrom- ~aqu- (or aqua-) ~trans- ~-some (or soma-) ~inter- ~-elle ~bi-
~color ~water ~across ~body ~between ~little, small ~two
Which of the following statements describes a primary function of the middle lamella associated with plant cells? ~It prevents dehydration of adjacent cells. ~It glues adjacent cells together. ~It prevents uptake of excess water by plant cells. ~It forms connections between the cytoplasm of adjacent cells.
It glues adjacent cells together.
Identify the correct statement about differences between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER). ~Smooth ER is part of the endomembrane system of the eukaryotic cell, and rough ER is not. ~The outer surface of smooth ER lacks ribosomes, whereas the outer surface of rough ER has ribosomes. ~Rough ER consists of a network of membranous tubules and sacs called cisternae, whereas smooth ER is less complex.
The outer surface of smooth ER lacks ribosomes, whereas the outer surface of rough ER has ribosomes.
what protein? Rubisco
free protein
Ions can travel directly from the cytoplasm of one animal cell to the cytoplasm of an adjacent cell through which of the following structures? ~tight junctions ~desmosomes ~plasmodesmata ~gap junctions
gap junction
what protein? Photosystem II
integral protein
prokaryotic or eukaryotic? nucleoid
prokaryotic
~-plasm ~hypo- ~micro- ~sym- ~phago- ~-phyll ~hyper-
~formed substance ~below, less than ~small ~same ~eat ~leaf ~above, greater than
~mito- ~a- (or an-) ~endo- ~-cyte (or cyto-) ~ex- ~eu- ~chloro-
~thread ~without, lack of, not ~inside, inner ~cell ~out of ~true, good ~green
structure? plant or animal? membrane protein complexes that strengthen the adhesion between adjacent cells, like rivets, to protect against pulling forces
desmosomes, animal
_____ are surface appendages that allow a bacterium to stick to a surface. ~Ribosomes ~Cell walls ~Fimbriae ~Flagella ~Mitochondria
fimbriae
structure? plant or animal? small channels that form across the plasma membranes of adjacent cells; especially important in intercellular communication
gap junctions, animal
Which of the following proteins are synthesized by bound ribosomes? Select all that apply. ~insulin ~ER protein ~ribosomal protein ~DNA polymerase ~lysosomal enzyme ~actin
insulin, ER protein, lysosomal protein
The cilia and flagella of eukaryotic cells are composed of _____. ~intermediate filaments ~pili ~tonofilaments ~microtubules ~microfilaments
microtubules
Which of these are hollow rods that shape and support the cell? ~microfilaments ~chloroplasts ~peroxisomes ~plasma membrane ~microtubules
microtubules
Which of the following structures is common to plant and animal cells? ~chloroplast ~mitochondrion ~central vacuole ~centriole
mitochondrion
Which structure is common to plant and animal cells? ~mitochondrion ~centriole ~chloroplast ~central vacuole
mitochondrion
If homogenized cells are fractionated by differential centrifugation, which of the following organelles will require the greatest centrifugation speed to form a pellet at the bottom of the tube? ~nuclei ~ribosomes ~chloroplasts ~mitochondria
ribosomes
In a bacterium, where are proteins synthesized? ~ribosomes ~nucleus ~peroxisome ~nucleoid region ~capsule
ribosomes
Which of the following structures are found in plant, animal, and bacterial cells? ~ribosomes ~chloroplasts ~lysosomes ~mitochondria
ribosomes
_____ are the sites of protein synthesis. ~Mitochondria ~Golgi apparatuses ~Ribosomes ~Peroxisomes ~Microfilaments
ribosomes
Which of these organelles manufactures proteins bound for secretion out of the cell? ~Golgi apparatus ~lysosomes ~nucleolus ~rough endoplasmic reticulum
rough ER
If you are provided with a cube of modeling clay, which of the following changes to the shape of this cube will decrease its surface area relative to its volume? ~Stretch the cube into a long, shoebox shape. ~Cut the cube into eight smaller cubes. ~Round the clay up into a sphere. ~Flatten the cube into a pancake shape.
round the clay up into a sphere
Which of the following is the most appropriate technique for observing the movements of condensed chromosomes during cell division? ~a using a magnifying glass ~transmission electron microscopy ~standard light microscopy ~scanning electron microscopy
standard light microscopy
Which of the following parameters is most likely to limit the maximum size of a cell? ~the volume of the endomembrane system ~the ratio of surface area to volume of cytoplasm ~the absence of a nucleus ~the number of mitochondria in the cytoplasm
the ratio of surface area to volume of cytoplasm
Beginning within the nucleus, the first step leading to the synthesis of a polypeptide is _____. ~removal of introns from RNA and the stitching together of exons ~linking of nucleotides to form a polypeptide ~transferring of information from DNA to messenger RNA ~translation of an RNA nucleotide sequence into a sequence of amino acids ~translation of a DNA nucleotide sequence into a sequence of amino acids
transferring of information from DNA to messenger RNA
Which statements are true for chloroplasts? Select the three that apply. ~Their matrix contains enzymes that function in cellular respiration. ~They have membranous sacs called thylakoids that are surrounded by a fluid called stroma. ~They contain the green pigment chlorophyll. ~They are the sites of reactions that convert solar energy into chemical energy. ~They are the sites of reactions that convert chemical energy from food molecules to ATP. ~Their inner membrane has infoldings called cristae.
~They have membranous sacs called thylakoids that are surrounded by a fluid called stroma. ~They contain the green pigment chlorophyll. ~They are the sites of reactions that convert solar energy into chemical energy.
The diameter of a typical eukaryotic cell is approximately ten times the diameter of a typical prokaryote. What is the ratio of the volume of typical eukaryotic:prokaryotic cells? ~1000:1 ~100:1 ~10:1
1000:1
If model cells have shapes that approximate rectangular solids, which of the following dimensions will provide the cell with the greatest ratio of surface area to volume (all units are in micrometers, µm)? ~102020 ~202020 ~101010
101010
Which of the following pairs of organism groups consist solely of prokaryotic cells? ~Archaea and fungi ~Bacteria and protists ~Bacteria and Eukarya ~Bacteria and Archaea
Bacteria and Archaea
modifies and packages proteins
Golgi apparatus
Which statement about extracellular structures (plant cell walls and the extracellular matrix of animal cells) is correct? ~Extracellular structures store energy in the form of polysaccharides for subsequent metabolism by the cell. ~Information can be transmitted from these extracellular structures to the cytoplasm. ~Proteins and lipids are common components of extracellular structures. ~All extracellular structures form barriers to separate adjacent cells. ~Extracellular structures regulate the passage of water molecules across the cell membrane.
Information can be transmitted from these extracellular structures to the cytoplasm.
Which statement correctly describes an endomembrane function? ~Secretory proteins in transit from one part of the cell to another are carried in lysosomes. ~Products of the ER are usually modified during their transit from the cis to the trans region of the Golgi apparatus. ~The lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is continuous with the cell nucleus.
Products of the ER are usually modified during their transit from the cis to the trans region of the Golgi apparatus.
plant or animal cell? centriole
animal cell
The _____ is composed of DNA and protein. ~flagellum ~chromatin ~mitochondrion ~ribosome ~centriole
chromatin
Many cell organelles, most notably the nucleus, are anchored by _____ which are assembled from a diverse class of proteins.
intermediate filaments
name the organelle: macromolecule digestion, autophagy
lysosomes
During muscle contractions, myosin motor proteins move across tracks of ______
microfilaments
In eukaryotic flagella, the fibers that slide past one another due to the activity of dynein proteins
microtubules
produces chemical energy (ATP) that can power the cell
mitochondria
Which of the following is present in a prokaryotic cell? ~nuclear envelope ~chloroplast ~mitochondrion ~ribosome
ribosome
Which of the following is the most appropriate technique for observing and measuring the size of ribosomes in a eukaryotic cell? ~standard light microscopy ~transmission electron microscopy ~a using a magnifying glass ~scanning electron microscopy
transmission electron microscopy
Which of the following clues would tell you if a cell is prokaryotic or eukaryotic? ~the presence or absence of ribosomes ~whether or not the cell is generally partitioned by internal membranes ~whether or not the cell contains DNA ~the presence or absence of a rigid cell wall ~whether or not the cell carries out cellular metabolism
whether or not the cell is generally partitioned by internal membranes
1 meter = ____ centimeters
100
_____ aid in the coordination of the activities of adjacent animal cells. ~Plasmodesmata ~Gap (communicating) junctions ~Keratin fibers ~Tight junctions ~Desmosomes
Gap (communicating) junctions
Which structure is part of the endomembrane system? ~Golgi apparatus ~chloroplast ~mitochondrion ~centrosome
Golgi apparatus
name the organelle: protein modification and sorting, cisternal maturation
Golgi apparatus
Which of the following statements best describes the function of the nuclear pore complex found in eukaryotic cells? ~It assembles ribosomes from raw materials that are synthesized in the nucleus. ~It synthesizes the proteins required to copy DNA and make mRNA.It synthesizes secreted proteins. ~It regulates the movement of proteins and RNAs into and out of the nucleus.
It regulates the movement of proteins and RNAs into and out of the nucleus.
Choose the best description of the cell cytoskeleton. ~The cell cytoskeleton serves as permanent scaffolding to anchor cell components into position within the cell cytoplasm. ~The cell cytoskeleton is similar to an animal skeleton in providing rigid internal support and structure to the cell. ~The cell cytoskeleton is a dynamic network of fibers that can be quickly dismantled and reassembled to change cell shape and the position of cell components.
The cell cytoskeleton is a dynamic network of fibers that can be quickly dismantled and reassembled to change cell shape and the position of cell components.
When H. V. Wilson exposed two species of differently pigmented sponges to a chemical that disrupted intercellular junctions, the cells of the sponges dissociated. Wilson then removed the chemical that caused dissociation and mixed the cells of the two species. He found that the sponges reassembled and that the cells from one species did not interact or form associations with the cells of the other species.Which of the following statements provides the most plausible explanation for the results of this experiment? ~The two species of sponge had different enzymes that functioned in the reassembly process. ~The molecules responsible for cell-cell adhesion (cell junctions) differed between the two species of sponge. ~One cell functioned as an organizer for each organism, thereby attracting only cells of the same species. ~The molecules responsible for cell-cell adhesion (cell junctions) were irreversibly destroyed during the experiment.
The molecules responsible for cell-cell adhesion (cell junctions) differed between the two species of sponge.
Which of the following statements about the nuclear envelope is false? ~The nuclear envelope is continuous with the Golgi apparatus. ~The nuclear envelope is composed of two lipid bilayers. ~Molecules pass into and out of the nucleus through nuclear pores. ~Nuclear pores are made up of a group of proteins that are collectively called the nuclear pore complex.
The nuclear envelope is continuous with the Golgi apparatus.
Which statement correctly describes the nuclear envelope of a eukaryotic cell? ~The nuclear envelope is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum. ~The nuclear envelope is a single membrane consisting of a phospholipid bilayer. ~Plasmadesmata in the nuclear envelope permit the exchange of macromolecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. ~The outer layer of the nuclear envelope is lined with a lamina. ~All of the proteins of the cell are synthesized on ribosomes bound on the nuclear envelope.
The nuclear envelope is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum.
Which of the following statements best explains how a modern transmission electron microscope (TEM) can achieve a resolution of about 2.0 nanometers, whereas a standard light microscope has a maximum resolution of about 200 nanometers? ~Staining with atoms of heavy metal provides higher contrast that the colored dyes used in light microscopy. ~The wavelengths of electron beams are much shorter than the wavelengths of visible light. ~TEMs utilize much higher quality glass lenses than those found in light microscopes. ~Specimens visualized by TEM are much thicker than those observed by light microscopy.
The wavelengths of electron beams are much shorter than the wavelengths of visible light.
The nuclear lamina is an array of intermediate filaments that line the inner surface of the nuclear membrane. Disassembly of the lamina by chemical treatment would most likely result in which of the following consequences? ~the inability of the nucleus to divide during cell division ~closing of nuclear pores ~a loss of genetic information from chromosomes ~a change in the shape of the nucleus
a change in the shape of the nucleus
A newly discovered unicellular organism isolated from acidic mine drainage is found to contain a cell wall, a plasma membrane, two flagella, and peroxisomes. Based on this information only, the organism is most likely to be ________. ~a motile bacterium ~a motile archaea ~a nonmotile prokaryote ~a nonmotile eukaryote ~a motile eukaryote
a motile eukaryote
prokaryotic or eukaryotic? plasma membrane, ribosomes, flagella
both
Which of the following choices correctly matches a tool and its proper application? ~scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to study the detailed movements of living cells ~cell fractionation to study the function of specific organelles light microscopy to study the internal structure of cilia ~transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to study the movement of organelles within a living cell ~transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to study the surfaces of preserved cells
cell fractionation to study the function of specific organelles light microscopy to study the internal structure of cilia
Which of the following is the smallest biological structure that would most likely be visible with a standard research-grade light microscope? ~human cheek cell ~chloroplast ~ribosome ~microfilament
chloroplast
identify the path a secretory protein follows from synthesis to secretion
endoplasmic reticulum, cis Golgi cisternae, medial Golgi cisternae, trans Golgi cisternae, plasma membrane
True or false? Large proteins containing a nuclear localization signal (NLS) bind to the nuclear pore and enter the nucleus without any expenditure of energy.
false