BIO101-Exam 2 revised

In what way are fungi similar to animals?

Both take in food from the outside

Plants are in the domain ________.

Eukarya

T/F organisms on earth are currently classified first as either plant or animal.

False

Why will the leftovers in your refrigerator be guaranteed to eventually grow mold?

Fungi are widespread and reproduce quickly.

Not all plants have seeds. What advantage do seeds provide a plant?

Plants are no longer restricted to moist environments

Plants possess many compounds that affect animals. What explains these plant characteristics?

Plants that produce chemical defenses were successful against plant-eating animals

What is a major role fungi play in an ecosystem?

Recycling nutrients from dead organisms back into the food chain

Mycorrhizae are fungi that are symbiotic with plants. What is likely relationship between these fungi and plants?

The fungi provide soil nutrients to the plants; the plants provide food to the fungi

Although beneficial, group living also has many costs. Which of the follow is NOT a cost to an individual of living in a group? a) increased opportunity for reciprocal altruism b) increased competition for mates c) increased risk of infanticide or injury to offspring d) increased risk of disease and parasites e) increased competition for resources

a

Because it is possible for a female to mate with multiple males, any of whom could be the father, male mammals and birds will always: a. have some degree of paternity uncertainty b.invest more in the care of the offspring c. invest less in the care of the offspring d.be the choosier sex in mating

a

Behavior that do not require environmental input for their development are called: a. instincts b.complex behaviors c.learned behaviors d.reciprocal altriusm

a

Which situation occurs after the creation of a new allele? a. the gene pool becomes more diverse. b. reproductive isolation always occurs in the group where the mutation occurred. c.the gene pool fragments into smaller groups d.the gene pool becomes less diverse.

a

Which of the following conditions must be meet for reciprocal altruism to evolve? a. The benefit to the recipient must be significantly greater than the costs to the donor. b. There must be the ability to recognize and punish cheaters. c. There must be repeated interactions among individuals with opportunities for each individual to be both the donor and the recipient of altruistic- appearing acts. d. It must be a colony of mostly females, where the older females give the benefit for the others.

a b c

In a polygynous mating system: a. male-male competition is common. b.males tend to compete for access to females c.multiple males tend to mate with the same female. d.multiple females tend to mate with the same male

a b d

What is a virus?

a non-living particle

What effect do assortative matings have on populations? a. they maintain appearance difference between groups b.they increase the rate of mutations c. They cause isolated groups to be more similar to each other. d. They cause one sex to be much different that the other.

a.

A small founder population of turtles has established a population on an island with varied and good habitat that contains ample food. there is very little competition between members. what effect would this low level of competition have on evolution? a. the population will grow in size and many variants will coexist b. the population will grow in size but won't change much c. the population will remain very stable in size, and it wont evolve much. d. genetic drift will eliminate most of the population

a. the population will grow in size and many variants will coexist

Which of these most accurately describes a single population?

all the oak trees in a park

In the "Ultimatum Game," one player (the proposer) proposes a way to split $100 and the other player (the decider) either accepts it—in which case both players get the amount proposed for them—or rejects it, and neither player gets any of the cash. Deciders will nearly always reject offers of $90 for the proposer and $10 for them because a) $10 has little value for anyone. b) the evolution of reciprocal altruism has led to human brains being very sensitive to detecting and punishing stingy/selfish people. c) money did not exist for most of human evolutionary history. d) true cooperation is possible only among kin. e) None of the above answer choices is correct; deciders always accept offers of cash.

b

What is evolution that occurs as a result of a dramatic reduction in population size? a.genetic drift b.population bottleneck c.gene flow d. founder effect

b

_______________________ selection favors organisms that the character values at one extreme of the phenotypic distribution. a. intermittent b. directional c. stabilizing d. disruptive

b

the eggs related by sponges during reproduction have proteins on their surfaces that prevent sperm from different sponge species from binding to eggs. What type of reproductive isolation would include this example? a. mechanical reproductive isolation b. gamete compatibility c.hybrid inviability d.behavior reproductive isolation

b

what results when traits are acted on by sexual selection? a.the traits increase fertility. b.the traits sometimes appear to have no relation to fitness. c.the traits occur in plants but not in animals d. the traits occur mostly in females

b

All of the bees in an area are eliminated by disease. This could lead to reproductive isolation of which of the following species in the area?

black cherry trees

How do fungi obtain nutrients?

by secreting chemicals that break down food and then absorbing it

In black widow spider mating, the male ___________________________ and the female ___________________________. a) does a dance to get into position to copulate; then moves into position b) mates with many females ; mates with only one male c) breaks off his sexual organ inside the female ; kills and eats the male d) produces a copulatory plug ; removes the copulatory plug e) bring the female a nuptial gift of food ; decides whether to accept it

c

True or false: A minimum of 100 years of isolation is required for two populations to accumulate enough differences to be considered different species.

false

true or false when speciation occurs its a dramatic change in the appearance

false

which situation is an example of behavioral isolation?

female spider mates when the spider makes a certain tapping on the web

Fungi are made of bundles of threadlike ________.

hyphae

In order to be acted on by sexual selection, what is required of a trait?

it must be something that influences mate choice by the opposite sex.

which kingdom would include an organism that is multicellular and relies on other organisms for food, and reproduced by spores?

kingdom fungi

Which kingdom would include an organism that is multicellular and makes its own food?

kingdom plantae

What produces gene flow?

mating between populations

Polygamy and monogamy are two types of: a) genomic calculations. b) mating systems. c) kinship systems. d) dominance hierarchies. e) learned behaviors.

mating systems

Sponges are found ________.

mostly in seawater

You work for a firm that has hired you to look for drugs that work in a similar way to aspirin. Your first search will be among organisms in which kingdom?

plantae

In a species such as elephant seals, in which males are significantly larger than females, the most likely mating system is:

polygny

Fruit flies all look more or less alike. If you have a male and female fruit fly, how could you test the hypothesis that they're the same species?

see if they can mate and if their offspring can also mate.

in what type of population would evolution occur most rapidly?

small population with small gene pool

One species of plant produces flowers when nights are 10 hours long. A related species comes into flower when nights are 9 hours long. This is an example of

temporal isolation

Which of the following is NOT an example of evolved reciprocal altruism? a) donating money to a charity b) monkeys picking parasites off each other ("nit-picking") c) volunteering time at a homeless shelter d) giving blood to a starving vampire bat e) All of the above are examples of evolved reciprocal altruism.

All of the above are examples of evolved reciprocal altruism.

Which group of organisms in the kingdom fungi is most related?

Animalia

Organisms that flourish in extreme conditions are called extremophiles. Which is group can contains extremophiles?

Archaea

What is the adaptive value of natural antibiotic production for fungi?

Bacteria are main competitors for fungi

What causes the reproductive isolation that can lead to speciation?

Members of one group are unable to make fertile offspring with other groups.

Are all fungi prokaryotes?

No, they are all eukaryotes.

What results after a speciation event?

One new species evolves, while the original species may stay the same or evolve into something different.

What is suggest by the hypothesis of punctuated equilibrium?

There have been short periods of dramatic evolutionary change separated by long periods of no change.

In what way is a member of domain Archaea similar to a member of domain Bacteria?

They are both prokaryotic cells

T/F Organisms that live in habitats with high levels of competition are more likely to produce defense chemicals than those that live with little competition.

True

Which example describes mechanical reproductive isolation?

Two fly species have differently shaped genitals that prevent interspecies mating.

Which statement describes viruses?

Viruses use host cells to make more viruses

The energy that a parent puts into the growth, feeding, and care of offspring is called: a. reproductive investment b. total reproductive output c. mating system d.reproductive success

a. reproductive investment

What is the ultimate explanation for modern human preference for fatty foods? a. When we eat fatty foods, taste receptors on our tongue are stimulated, sending an action potential to our brain triggering the "do-it-again" centers. Fatty foods have nine calories per gram, unlike carbohydrates and proteins, which have four calories b. per gram, and in our environment we need to maximize our caloric intake in order to maximize our fitness. c. Ancestral humans who preferred fatty foods were less likely to starve, leaving more offspring in the next generation. d. We do not actually prefer fatty foods; we prefer sugary foods. e. We like the way that lipid-rich foods taste.

c

What situation can result from a posterfertilization barrier to reproduction? a.mechanical isolation of a species b.mutations in genes that control development c.offspring that fail to develop d.gamete incompatibility

c

Behavior that involves giving up something of relatively low value in exchange for getting something of great value in the future is best described as: a) prepared learning. b) kin selection. c) reciprocal altruism. d) inclusive fitness. e) direct fitness.

c. reciprocal altruism.

In many ways a mule is a superior animal to the horse of donkey. They are often stronger and can jump higher than either of their parents. Why then are they considered a to be a "weak hybrid"? a.they are more prone to disease b.They do not live as long c.Their offspring are progressively weaker d. they are sterile

d

Sexual dimorphism refers to: a) the males have genitalia twice the size of the female. b) species with iteroparous (or "big bang") reproduction. c) sexually reproducing species in which females are larger than males. d) the situation in which males and females differ physically and/or behaviorally. e) sexually reproducing species in which males are larger than females.

d

In birds, after fertilization but prior to emergence of the chicks, the development of the fertilized egg is:

external

what is evolution that occurs from chance events?

genetic drift

Which shows the steps of speciation in the correct order?

geographic isolation, evolutionary charges, reproductive isolation

Which one of the following is a defining characteristic of animals but not of plants?

heterotrophic

True or false: When a founder population has a small gene pool, evolutionary change is more likely to be rapid than if the founder population has a large gene pool

true

The evolution of which trait allowed plants to grow taller?

vascular tissue

When geographic isolation occurs, under what conditions might you expect the most rapid speciation?

when the climate is very different in the two locations