Bio1010 Mod 7

Over time, bacteria have become increasingly resistant to antibiotics. Which of the following best explains this in terms of natural selection?

Bacteria that happen to have natural resistance to antibiotics survived and reproduced.

On official documents, you are asked to give your first and last names. Which name is analogous to a genus, and which to a species name?

First name is analogous to species; last name is analogous to genus

What is genetic drift?

A change in allele frequency due to chance

What is the concern about using antibacterial and antimicrobial soaps?

The use of any chemical that kills bacteria can eventually lead to resistance to that chemical in the population of bacteria.

In the projected video showing the growth of bacteria, why did the bacteria grow up to the edge of the area with antibiotics, pause, then continue to grow across the area with antibiotics?

A few bacteria experienced random mutations in their DNA, which allowed some of them to grow even though antibiotics were present

You take a job as a research assistant at one of the richest fossil fields ever to be discovered. On your first day, you discover a new species, Neko borgus, that bears similarities to the modern, domesticated cat. You now begin the task of grouping your many fossils. Can you determine which examples are from the same species by using the biological species concept?

No, because you cannot determine the potential for interbreeding between samples

Why did dark-colored rock pocket mice first appear in a population of light-colored rock pocket mice?

they have a genetic mutation that affects their fur color

Which of the following is not an assumption that Darwin made about how evolution acts on populations?

The most fit individuals will always have the most offspring.

Which statement correctly describes the evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria?

The presence of an antibiotic in an environment leads to the selection of those individuals that are most resistant to it

In the video, what does the UK's Chief Medical Officer suggest for promoting the development of new antibiotics?

encouraging big pharmaceutical companies to start investing again in new drug research and development

Darwin thought that significant evolution was much too slow to be witnessed in a human lifetime. Recent experiments by biologists have _____.

shown that some populations can evolve quite rapidly, with important changes occurring over several generations in the laboratory

What does Dr. Carroll mean when he says "while mutation is random, natural selection is not"?

-natural selection can favor some mutations and not others - selection can change depending on environment -mutations for advantageous traits are more likely to be passed on to next generation

When dark-colored fur gives mice a 1% competitive advantage and 1% of the population begins with dark fur, in about 1000 years, 95% of the population will have dark fur. Which of the following statements is true?

??? If dark-colored rock pocket mice had a competitive advantage of 0.1%, it would take longer for 95% of the population to have dark fur.

Which of the following is a consequence of natural selection?

Evolution

As proposed by Darwin, what sorts of traits are favored by natural selection?

Heritable traits that help individuals survive and reproduce more successfully than others in the same population.

Crossing a male horse and a female donkey produces a mule. Mules are an example of __________

Hybrid weakness

The process of speciation starts with a single species. It often involves the following steps: (1) two populations become physically separated from one another by a barrier to dispersal and stop exchanging genes; (2) the populations experience independent evolutionary changes; (3) changes in one or both populations result in development of reproductive isolating mechanisms that prevent interbreeding; further changes in geography may bring the groups back into contact. When do you officially have two separate species?

step 3

Which of the following contributes the LEAST to the problem of antibiotic resistance?

taking the entire course of antibiotics as prescribed by the doctor

Imagine that four people are infected with HIV from a common source (an infected blood sample). Initially, the patients' HIV populations are genetically identical. By the time they develop full-blown AIDS, how would the viral populations of the four patients compare?

Each patient's viral population would be unique specifically adapted to deal with- and overcome- his or her unique immune system response.

What type of supportive evidence for evolution has been obtained from comparing the forelimbs of different mammals?

Anatomical homology

Natural selection is best described as __________

Differential (unequal) survival and reproduction

Prior to Darwin, ideas about how organisms came into being were mostly based on __________

Religious beliefs

Nachman examined dark-colored mice from 2 different populations living hundreds of miles apart, they looked identical dark color is caused by 2 different genes telling you

- dark fur color evolved independently on lava flow -natural selection favor similar adaptations -there are 2 genes in creating dark mouse fur

A biologist spends her summer break collecting frogs from a remote jungle in Peru. She discovers two distinct color forms that could be variants of a single species or two different species. What would be the most direct test of their species status under the biological species concept? A biologist spends her summer break collecting frogs from a remote jungle in Peru. She discovers two distinct color forms that could be variants of a single species or two different species. What would be the most direct test of their species status under the biological species concept?

A biologist spends her summer break collecting frogs from a remote jungle in Peru. She discovers two distinct color forms that could be variants of a single species or two different species. What would be the most direct test of their species status under the biological species concept? Observe mating in the natural environment of the two groups. If the two forms do not mate with each other, they are different species.

Natural selection is best described as _____.

A filtering process that fine-tunes the traits of populations by sorting among existing, randomly produced variations.

Which of the following correctly describes what the video referred to as a "microbial cure"?

Antibiotics are used to kill all of the infectious bacteria in a person.

HIV has become an important source of mortality for humans. If AIDS persists as a major factor for humans for many generations in the future, natural selection theory predicts that _____.

Any heritable traits that help humans survive and reproduce in the presence of AIDS should become more frequent over time

The biological species concept fails to recognize the species of __________

Bacteria

In the modern system for classifying life used by many biologists, the three domains are __________

Bacteria, archea, eukarya

Two individuals from different populations attempt to mate but are unable to successfully coordinate in the mating dance. This is an example of a __________ isolating mechanism

Behavioral

The biological species concept applies only to breeding populations __________

In nature

According to the biological species concept, a species is composed of __________

Individuals capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring

The most inclusive category among the following is __________

Kingdom

__________ proposed that species evolved but the inheritance of characteristics acquired by their parents

Lamarck

__________ proposed that geological processes are still ongoing

Lyell

The emergence of very diverse species of house pets (birds, domestic dogs) is an example of __________

Macroevolution

In _____ isolation, it is physically impossible for two species to mate with each other, often because their genitalia do not fit together properly.

Mechanical

What is the difference between microevolution and macroevolution?

Microevolution refers to change within a population or species; macroevolution refers to change above the species level that can produce new species

Which process causes the appearance of new alleles in a population?

Mutation

Of the following evolutionary forces, which consistently pushes populations toward a better "fit" with their environments?

Natural selection

The evolution of mammals after the extinction of dinosaurs around 65 million years ago is an example of adaptive radiation. In adaptive radiation, __________

One or a few species diversify into a large and varied group of descendant species

The term "allopatric speciation" is best defined as __________

Speciation that occurs as a result of geographic separation

The term "sympatric speciation" is best defined as __________

Speciation that occurs in the absence of geographic separation

The correct order, from least to most inclusive, of the classification categories is __________

Species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain

Eastern and western spotted skunks breed at different times of the year. Therefore, they are prevented from interbreeding by _____ isolation.

Temporal

the human immune system cannot effectively suppress the HIV virus on its own. What key feature of HIV makes it so hard to beat?

The HIV virus has an extremely high rate of mutation.

Anatomical structures such as the tailbones of humans are not critical to survival may be very important to other animals, such as our primate relatives. In humans, the tailbone could be considered __________

Vestigal

Mutations are always

a change in an organism's DNA

A particular antibiotic kills 99% of a bacterial population. What will be the result of the continued application of this antibiotic?

Over time, the antibiotic will become less effective at killing the bacteria.

Why do dark colored rock pocket mice on dark lava flows have white bellies?

there is no selection for dark bellies by visual predators