BIO102 Final MASTERING
A population is growing exponentially and its instantaneous growth rate (r) is 0.02. Would the number of individuals added to the population (rN) be greatest at a population size (N) of 20, 500 or 1000? 1. 1000 2. All the populations would have the same number of individuals added to them since r is constant. 3. 500 4. 20
1. 1000
Which of the events listed below occurs in the light reactions of photosynthesis? 1. Light is absorbed and funneled to reaction-center chlorophyll a. 2. NADP is produced. 3. Carbon dioxide is incorporated into PGA. 4. ATP is phosphorylated to yield ADP. 5. NADPH is reduced to NADP+.
1. Light is absorbed and funneled to reaction-center chlorophyll a.
Why do related species share homologous traits? 1. Related species inherited homologous traits from a common ancestor. 2. Related species have independently evolved homologous traits. 3. Related species have adapted to similar environments. 4. Related species share homologous traits because they are found in the same geographical area.
1. Related species inherited homologous traits from a common ancestor.
________ is to xylem as ________ is to phloem. 1. Vessel element; sieve-tube member 2. Cortex; pith 3. Vascular cambium; cork cambium 4. Apical meristem; vascular cambium 5. Sclerenchyma cell; collenchyma cel
1. Vessel element; sieve-tube member
Organisms that synthesize their own C-C molecules from single-carbon starting materials are named _____, while those that absorb preformed C-C compounds produced by other organisms are _____. 1. autotrophs; heterotrophs 2. chemoorganotrophs; heterotrophs 3. phototrophs; chemoorganotrophs 4. autotrophs; chemoorganotrophs
1. autotrophs; heterotrophs
Random spacing patterns in plants such as the creosote bush are most often associated with ________. 1. chance 2. the concentration of nutrients within the population's range 3. patterns of high humidity 4. competitive interaction between individuals of the same population 5. the random distribution of seeds
1. chance
Angiosperms are the most successful terrestrial plants. Which of the following features is unique to them and helps account for their success? 1. fruits enclosing seeds 2. dominant gametophytes 3. sperm cells without flagella 4. embryos enclosed within seed coats 5. wind pollination
1. fruits enclosing seeds
As you stroll through a moist forest, you are most likely to see a _____. 1. gametophyte of a moss 2. sporophyte of a liverwort 3. zygote of a green alga 4. gametophyte of a fern
1. gametophyte of a moss
In plants, which of the following are produced by meiosis? 1. haploid spores 2. diploid spores 3. haploid gametes 4. diploid gametes 5. haploid sporophyte
1. haploid spores
In plants, which of the following are produced by meiosis? 1. haploid spores 2. haploid gametes 3. haploid sporophytes 4. diploid gametes 5. diploid spores
1. haploid spores
A prokaryote that obtains carbon and energy by absorbing molecules from its environment is a(n) _____. 1. heterotroph and chemotroph 2. autotroph and phototroph 3. autotroph, phototroph, and chemotroph 4. chemotroph 5. autotroph
1. heterotroph and chemotroph
Natural selection involves energetic trade-offs between _____. 1. high survival rates of offspring and the cost of parental care 2. increasing the number of individuals produced during each reproductive episode and a corresponding decrease in parental care 3. choosing how many offspring to produce over the course of a lifetime and how long to live 4. the emigration of individuals when they are no longer reproductively capable or committing suicide 5. producing large numbers of gametes when employing internal fertilization versus fewer numbers of gametes when employing external fertilization
1. high survival rates of offspring and the cost of parental care
Plants photosynthesize _____. 1. only in the light but respire in light and dark 2. and respire only in the dark 3. and respire only in the light 4. only in the dark but respire only in the light 5. only in the light but respire only in the dark
1. only in the light but respire in light and dark
The molecules that absorb only certain wavelengths of light energy from the sun to begin the photosynthetic reactions are called _____ 1. pigments 2. oxygen 3. stroma 4. chloroplasts
1. pigments
Logistic growth of a population is represented by ΔN/Δt = ________. 1. rN((K-N)/K) 2. rN/K 3. rN (K + N) 4. rNrN 5. rmax N
1. rN((K-N)/K)
When using a cladistic approach to systematics, which of the following is considered most important for classification? 1. shared derived characters 2. homoplasic ancestral characters 3. shared ancestral characters 4. the number of homoplasies 5. overall phenotypic similarity
1. shared derived characters
Carbon dioxide enters the inner spaces of the leaf through the _____. 1. stoma 2. cuticle 3. walls of guard cells 4. phloem 5. epidermal trichomes
1. stoma
In general, NPP is much higher on land than in the oceans. Why? 1 The leading hypothesis is that oceans have higher densities of herbivores, which quickly consume the producers. 2 The leading hypothesis is that there is more light available on land than in the ocean. 3 The leading hypothesis is that there are more available nutrients in water than on land. 4 The leading hypothesis is that there are few photosynthetic organisms that can live in the ocean.
2 The leading hypothesis is that there is more light available on land than in the ocean.
When primary producers invest energy to build new tissue, this is _____. 1 the amount of energy available to consumers 2 net primary productivity and the amount of energy available to consumers 3 maintenance costs 4 maintenance costs and the amount of energy available to consumers 5 net primary productivity
2 net primary productivity and the amount of energy available to consumers
Arrange the following in the correct sequence, from earliest to most recent, in which these plant traits originated. 1. sporophyte dominance, gametophyte independence 2. sporophyte dominance, gametophyte dependence 3. gametophyte dominance, sporophyte dependence 1. 1 → 2 → 3 2. 3 → 1 → 2 3. 2 → 1 → 3 4. 2 → 3 → 1 5. 3 → 2 → 1
2. 3 → 1 → 2
If a population is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for a specific gene, which statement is correct? 1. Individuals with one form of the gene have greater mating success. 2. At least one of the Hardy-Weinberg assumptions has been broken. 3. New forms of the gene have entered the population due to immigration. 4. Natural selection is acting on this gene.
2. At least one of the Hardy-Weinberg assumptions has been broken.
Which mode of natural selection is most likely to contribute to speciation? 1. Natural selection does not lead to speciation. 2. Disruptive selection 3. Stabilizing selection 4. Directional selection
2. Disruptive selection
Did whales evolve from hippos? 1. Yes, the common ancestor of whale was a hippo. 2. No, but they both share a recent common ancestor. 3. No, hippos evolved from whales. 4. No, whales and hippos do not share a recent common ancestor so whales did not evolve from hippos.
2. No, but they both share a recent common ancestor.
Which structures are homologous? 1. Plant leaf and algal blade 2. Oak leaf and maple leaf 3. There are no homologous plant structures. 4. Plant leaf and plant root
2. Oak leaf and maple leaf
Which statement about genetic drift is correct? 1. Genetic drift increases adaptation of individuals to their environment. 2. The direction of evolutionary change due to genetic drift is random. 3. Genetic drift results from migration of new individuals into a population. 4. Genetic drift becomes increasingly important with increasing population size
2. The direction of evolutionary change due to genetic drift is random.
What best explains hare and lynx population cycles? 1. Natural variation in the number of lynxes born 2. The interaction of food availability and predation intensity 3. The seasonal trends in food availability 4. The population density of hares
2. The interaction of food availability and predation intensity
Why are violet-to-blue and red photons the most effective at driving photosynthesis? 1. These are the wavelengths of light reflected by chlorophylls. 2. These are the wavelengths of light absorbed by chlorophyll molecules. 3. These are the wavelengths of light absorbed by carotenoids. 4. These are the wavelengths of light transmitted by chlorophylls
2. These are the wavelengths of light absorbed by chlorophyll molecules.
One important difference between the anatomy of roots and the anatomy of leaves is that _____. 1. leaves have epidermal tissue but roots do not 2. a waxy cuticle covers leaves but is absent from roots 3. vascular tissue is found in roots but is absent from leaves 4. root cells have cell walls and leaf cells do not 5. only leaves have phloem and only roots have xylem
2. a waxy cuticle covers leaves but is absent from roots
Which of the following is the best modern definition of evolution? 1. change in the number of genes in a population over time 2. descent with modification 3. inheritance of acquired characters 4. survival of the fittest
2. descent with modification
The process of photosynthesis probably originated _____. 1. three separate times during evolution 2. in prokaryotes 3. in fungi 4. in plants
2. in prokaryotes
Which of the following occurs in vascular land plants but not charophytes (stoneworts)? 1. cellulose 2. lignin 3. chlorophyll b 4. chlorophyll a 5. sporopollenin
2. lignin
What kind of molecules serve as electron acceptors in cellular respiration? 1. molecules in an excited state 2. molecules with low potential energy 3. molecules with high potential energy 4. polar molecules 5. water
2. molecules with low potential energy
A prokaryote that obtains energy from light is a(n) _____. 1. autotroph and phototroph 2. phototroph 3. heterotroph and chemotroph 4. chemotroph 5. autotroph, phototroph, and chemotroph
2. phototroph
Trichomes _____ 1. absorb sunlight, increasing the temperature of leaves 2. repel or trap insects 3. open and close for gas exchange 4. increase water loss from leaves
2. repel or trap insects
The study of the Zootoca vivipara lizard showed that _____. 1. females in the low-elevation Netherlands population had low fecundity and low survival 2. the low-elevation Netherlands population was intermediate for fecundity and survivorship when compared with other populations 3. despite dramatic differences in elevation, the low-elevation Netherlands population looked nearly identical to the other populations for fecundity and survivorship 4. females in the low-elevation Netherlands population had high fecundity and high survival
2. the low-elevation Netherlands population was intermediate for fecundity and survivorship when compared with other populations
Which of the following is a consequence of biomagnification? 1 The amount of biomass in the producer level of an ecosystem decreases if the producer turnover time increases. 2 The biomass of producers in an ecosystem is generally higher than the biomass of primary consumers. 3 Toxic chemicals in the environment pose greater risk to top-level predators than to primary consumers. 4 Populations of top-level predators are generally smaller than populations of primary consumers. 5 Only a small portion of the energy captured by producers is transferred to consumers.
3 Toxic chemicals in the environment pose greater risk to top-level predators than to primary consumers.
Which of the following statements is true of the pine life cycle? 1. Male and female gametophytes are in close proximity during gamete synthesis. 2. The pine tree is a gametophyte. 3. Conifer pollen grains contain male gametophytes. 4. Double fertilization is a relatively common phenomenon. 5. Cones are homologous to the capsules of moss plants.
3. Conifer pollen grains contain male gametophytes.
Which of the following statements is true of the pine life cycle? 1. The pine tree is a gametophyte. 2. Cones are homologous to the capsules of moss plants. 3. Conifer pollen grains contain male gametophytes. 4. Double fertilization is a relatively common phenomenon. 5. Male and female gametophytes are in close proximity during gamete synthesis.
3. Conifer pollen grains contain male gametophytes.
Which evolutionary mechanism results in adaptation? 1. Genetic drift 2. Mutation 3. Natural selection 4. Gene flow
3. Natural selection
Why are there several structurally different pigments in the reaction centers of photosystems? 1. Excited electrons must pass through several pigments before they can be transferred to electron acceptors of the electron transport chain. 2. They enable the plant to absorb more photons from light energy, all of which are at the same wavelength. 3. This arrangement enables the plant to absorb light energy of a variety of wavelengths. 4. They enable the reaction center to excite electrons to a higher energy level
3. This arrangement enables the plant to absorb light energy of a variety of wavelengths.
If a fern gametophyte has both male and female gametangia on the same plant, then it _____. 1. has lost the need for a sporophyte generation 2. must be diploid 3. belongs to a species that is homosporous 4. has antheridia and archegonia combined into a single sex organ 5. is actually not a fern, because fern gametophytes are always either male or female
3. belongs to a species that is homosporous
Which of the following is derived from the ground tissue system? 1. cuticle 2. phloem 3. pith 4. periderm 5. root hair
3. pith
Which of the following is correctly paired with its structure and function? 1. parenchyma-supporting cells with unevenly thickened primary cell walls 2. ground meristem-protective coat of woody stems and roots 3. sclerenchyma-supporting cells with thick secondary walls 4. guard cells-waterproof ring of cells surrounding the central stele in roots
3. sclerenchyma-supporting cells with thick secondary walls
Photosynthesis ceases when leaves wilt, mainly because _____. 1. the chlorophyll in wilting leaves is degraded 2. accumulation of carbon dioxide in the leaf inhibits enzymes 3. stomata close, preventing carbon dioxide from entering the leaf 4. flaccid mesophyll cells are incapable of photosynthesis 5. photolysis, the water-splitting step of photosynthesis, cannot occur when there is a water deficiency
3. stomata close, preventing carbon dioxide from entering the leaf
Succession in an ecological context refers to _______. 1 the predictable series of changes in a community as species evolve and become extinct 2 the sequence of changes that a species goes through during its occupancy within a community 3 what happens to the evolution of species as a result of the coevolutionary arms race 4 the sequence of changes in species composition over time within the community after a disturbance
4 the sequence of changes in species composition over time within the community after a disturbance
Which of the following statements best summarizes evolution by natural selection as it is viewed today? 1. Evolution by natural selection represents the result of selection for acquired characteristics. 2. Evolution by natural selection is the descent of humans from the present-day great apes. 3. Evolution by natural selection is the production of adaptations that meet present and anticipated needs. 4. Evolution by natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of the most-fit phenotypes.
4. Evolution by natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of the most-fit phenotypes.
What term is defined as the change in allele frequencies that occurs when a new population is established? 1. Directional selection 2. Random migration 3. Gene flow 4. Founder effect
4. Founder effect
Why isn't inbreeding considered an evolutionary process? 1. It does not occur often enough to be important in evolution. 2. It does not change genotype frequencies. 3. It does not violate the assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg principle. 4. It does not change allele frequencies
4. It does not change allele frequencies
Which primary meristem gives rise to the vascular tissue system? 1. Ground meristem 2. Protoderm 3. Vascular cambium 4. Procambium
4. Procambium
Which of the following is the correct sequence from the growing tip of a primary root back towards its base? 1. Root cap, Zone of cellular elongation, Apical meristem, Zone of cellular division, Zone of cellular maturation 2. Zone of cellular elongation, Zone of cellular maturation, Root cap, Apical meristem, Zone of cellular division 3. Zone of cellular division, Apical meristem, Root cap, Zone of cellular elongation, Zone of cellular maturation 4. Root cap, Apical meristem, Zone of cellular division, Zone of cellular elongation, Zone of cellular maturation 5. Apical meristem, Zone of cellular elongation, Zone of cellular division, Root cap, Zone of cellular maturation
4. Root cap, Apical meristem, Zone of cellular division, Zone of cellular elongation, Zone of cellular maturation
How do stabilizing and disruptive selection differ? 1. With stabilizing selection, extreme individuals have high biological fitness. With disruptive selection, extreme individuals have low biological fitness. 2. Stabilizing selection produces adaptation. Disruptive selection is nonadaptive. 3. With stabilizing selection, the phenotype for a trait does not influence survival. With disruptive selection, the phenotype for a trait affects survival. 4. Stabilizing selection reduces the amount of variation in a trait. Disruptive selection increases the amount of variation in a trait.
4. Stabilizing selection reduces the amount of variation in a trait. Disruptive selection increases the amount of variation in a trait.
Which statement about balancing selection is correct 1. When balancing selection occurs, certain alleles are favored when they are common, but not when they are rare. 2. When balancing selection occurs, all genotypes have equal biological fitness. 3. When balancing selection occurs, phenotype does not matter. 4. When balancing selection occurs, no single allele has a distinct advantage and thus increases in frequency.
4. When balancing selection occurs, no single allele has a distinct advantage and thus increases in frequency.
Some plants growing in arid climates have small leaves and thick waxy cuticles on the upper epidermis. This is an adaptation for _____. 1. decreasing water breakdown in photosynthesis 2. increasing water absorption 3. increasing transpiration 4. decreasing water loss from leave
4. decreasing water loss from leave
The study of factors that determine the size and structure of populations through time is called _____. 1. logistic growth 2. immigration biology 3. community ecology 4. demography
4. demography
Which of the following is a land plant that has flagellated sperm and a sporophyte-dominated life cycle? 1. liverwort 2. hornwort 3. charophyte (stoneworts) 4. fern 5. moss
4. fern
Angiosperms are the most successful terrestrial plants. Which of the following features is unique to them and helps account for their success? 1. wind pollination 2. embryos enclosed within seed coats 3. sperm cells without flagella 4. fruits enclosing seeds 5. dominant gametophytes
4. fruits enclosing seeds
Which structure is common to both gymnosperms and angiosperms? 1. anthers 2. carpel 3. ovary 4. ovule 5. stigma
4. ovule
Cyanobacteria are thought to be the first organisms to evolve ____. 1. chemolithotrophy 2. aerobic respiration 3. fermentation 4. oxygenic photosynthesis
4. oxygenic photosynthesis
1. Carrying capacity cannot be found in the figure because species under density-dependent control never reach carrying capacity Exponential growth of a population is represented by ΔN/ Δt = ________. 1. rNrN 2. rN 3. rN/K 4. rmax N 5. rN (K + N)
4. rmax N
The function of sieve-tube elements is to _____. 1. transport water downward 2. transport carbon dioxide into leaves 3. transport water upward 4. transport sugars throughout the plant
4. transport sugars throughout the plant
Which of the following cell types retains the ability to undergo cell division 1. a sclereid 2. a functional sieve-tube element 3. a stem fiber 4. a tracheid 5. a parenchyma cell near the root tip
5. a parenchyma cell near the root tip
To apply parsimony to constructing a phylogenetic tree, _____. 1. choose the tree in which the branch points are based on as many shared derived characters as possible 2. base phylogenetic trees only on the fossil record, as this provides the simplest explanation for evolution 3. choose the tree with the fewest branch points 4. choose the tree that assumes all evolutionary changes are equally probable 5. choose the tree that represents the fewest evolutionary changes, either in DNA sequences or morphology
5. choose the tree that represents the fewest evolutionary changes, either in DNA sequences or morphology
Plants contain meristems whose major function is to _____. 1. produce flowers 2. photosynthesize 3. absorb ions 4. attract pollinators 5. produce more cells
5. produce more cells
Which of the following arise, directly or indirectly, from meristematic activity? 1. leaves 2. dermal tissue 3. secondary xylem 4. tubers 5. secondary xylem, leaves, dermal tissue, and tubers
5. secondary xylem, leaves, dermal tissue, and tubers
Which of the following are products of the light reactions of photosynthesis that are utilized in the Calvin cycle? electrons and H+ H2O and O2 CO2 and glucose ATP and NADPH ADP, i, and NADP+
ATP and NADPH
You can get mercury poisoning if you eat daily meals of tuna, a top predator. However, you can safely eat sardines, which are primary consumers, every day. What biological process explains this? Persistent toxins Biomagnification Trophic levels Energy transfer
Biomagnification
Which process is not an example of consumption? Herbivory. Commensalism. Parasitism. Predation.
Commensalism.
Which species interaction applies to bees that harvest nectar and pollen from flowers? Consumption. Mutualism. Competition. Commensalism.
Mutualism.
What is net primary productivity (NPP)? Minerals and nitrogen that can be fixed Solar energy consumed by non-photosynthetic organisms Water maintained in the soil Primary producer biomass or organic material that can be consumed
Primary producer biomass or organic material that can be consumed
Which statement is correct? A synapomorphy is an ancestral trait shared with an outgroup. Synapomorphies identify monophyletic clades. Synapomorphies are examples of homoplasy. A synapomorphy may arise due to convergent evolution.
Synapomorphies identify monophyletic clades.
True or false? Gene flow can either increase or decrease the average fitness of a population. 1. False 2. True
TRUE
Why is terrestrial productivity higher in equatorial climates? Productivity increases with water availability. Productivity increases with temperature. Productivity increases with available sunlight. The answer is most likely a combination of the other responses.
The answer is most likely a combination of the other responses.
Which habitats are the most productive? The combined boreal and temperate forests The open ocean The combination of wetlands, estuaries, and deserts The tropical rain forests and coral reefs
The tropical rain forests and coral reefs
What is the fundamental niche of Chthamalus? The upper intertidal zone The mean tide level The lower intertidal zone The upper and lower intertidal zones
The upper and lower intertidal zones
Why does net productivity diminish with increasing trophic levels? Energy is gained at each trophic level. Organisms at a higher trophic level have to work less to obtain food. There is poor trophic transfer efficiency at higher trophic levels. There are fewer plants at higher trophic levels.
There is poor trophic transfer efficiency at higher trophic levels.
Which of the following is TRUE of species interactions? They cannot affect species abundance. The outcome of any species interactions is static through time. They can act as agents of natural selection. They do little to affect species distributions.
They can act as agents of natural selection.
How do early successional species alter the environment in ways that make growing conditions more difficult for their own species? They increase the amount of sunlight, preventing shading of their seeds. They decrease nutrients available in the soil. They produce toxins that prevent the establishment of new plants. They reduce the disturbed nature of the soil, making it harder for their seeds to become established.
They reduce the disturbed nature of the soil, making it harder for their seeds to become established.
True or false? One example of a co-evolutionary arms race is when faster deer evolve and favor wolves and cougars that have stronger eyesight and senses of smell. True False
True
If gene flow into a population introduces a ____, fitness will ____; but if gene flow introduces a _____, fitness will _____.
beneficial allele: go up: deleterious allele: go down
Some birds follow moving swarms of army ants in the tropics. As the ants march along the forest floor hunting insects and small vertebrates, birds follow and pick off any insects or small vertebrates that fly or jump out of the way of the ants. This situation is an example of what kind of species interaction between the birds and the ants? mutualism consumption commensalism cooperation parasitism
commensalism
Which species interaction depends on prey density and effectiveness of prey defenses to determine the impact on the prey population? commensalism consumption mutualism competition
consumption
If two species are close competitors, and one species is experimentally removed from the community, the remaining species would be expected to _____. 1expand its realized niche 2become the target of specialized parasites 3change its fundamental niche 4eventually become competitively superior to the other species 5decline in abundance
expand its realized niche
What is the term used to describe the process shown in the panels in the accompanying figure, assuming Time 2 follows Time 1? niche differentiation niche realization species interaction competition
niche differentiation
You own 300 acres of patchy temperate forest. Which one of the following actions would increase the net primary productivity of the area the most? introducing 100 rabbits into the area removing the largest trees relocating all of the deer found in the area planting 500 new trees
planting 500 new trees