BIO115 Final Exam

Red-green color-blindness is a recessive, X-linked trait in humans. Suppose a color-blind male and female homozygous for normal vision have a child together. What is the probability the child will be color-blind?

0%

In a population, there are 10 individuals with the AA genotype, 10 with the Aa genotype, and 30 with the aa genotype. What is the frequency of the A allele in this population?

0.3

In cats, all white fur is dominant to colored fur, and short hair is dominant to long hair. Suppose two white, short-haired cats mate. If they are both heterozygous both genes, what is the probability that one of their kittens will have long, colored fur?

1 out of 16 (6.25%)

Snapdragons show incomplete dominance in flower color, with the red (R) allele and the white (r) allele combining in the heterozygote to produce pink flowers. What is the expected phenotypic ratio in the offspring of a cross between two pink flowers?

1 red to 2 pink to 1 white

What is the maximum number of alleles per gene that an individual can have (assume a diploid species)?

2

Cystic fibrosis is a serious disease caused by a recessive allele at a single gene. People with cystic fibrosis produce a thick, sticky mucus in their tracheae that can obstruct air flow to their lungs. Two people, who both have relatives with cystic fibrosis, are planning on have a child together. They are both healthy, but they worry that they might be carriers of the cystic fibrosis allele (i.e. heterozygous). IF they are both carriers, what is the probablity that their child will healthy, but be a carrier of the cystic fibrosis allele?

2 out of 4 (50%)

You are a conservation officer tasked with designing a wildlife refuge in a fragmented landscape. You determine you have the resources for four natural areas. Which of the following refuge designs is the best, and which is the worst?

3 is the best, 2 is the worst

In Drosophila, long wings are dominant to short wings, and brown body color is dominant to yellow body color. A female fly with a short wings and heterozygous for body color has a child with a male fly who is heterozygous at both genes. What is the expected ratio of phenotypes among their offspring?

6 long wings and brown body to 2 long wings and yellow body to 6 short wings and brown body to 2 short wings and yellow body

Adrenal hyperplasia is a genetic recessive disease that is rare, but most common in people of East Asian ancestry, where it occurs at a rate of 9.6 per 10,000 people (frequency of 0.00096; Xiao & Lauske, 2021). Japan has a population of about 125 million (125,000,000). How many of them are expected to be carriers of the adrenal hyperplasia allele, assuming Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

7,509,750

Which answer is the best estimate for the carrying capacity of a population whose size over time is described by the following graph (x-axis = time; y-axis = population size)?

70

A healthy person practicing normal hygiene most likely has...

A diverse community of bacteria on their body

Which of the following foxes has the greatest fitness?

A fox that lived for 7 years and had 10 offspring

In which population would you expect the most genetic variation?

A large population with a high mutation rate and a lot of migrants.

What best describes the body structure of multicellular fungi?

A network (mycelium) of branching filaments (hyphae)

When does allopatric speciation take place?

ALL When a geographic barrier separates two populations & When separated populations that have diverged from each other com back into contact & When a second reproductive isolation mechanism evolves

You have an individual with the dominant phenotype and want to test the hypothesis that it is a homozygote. What is a logical prediction from this hypothesis?

All of the offspring of a testcross (with the recessive phenotype) have the dominant phenotype

Which of the statements best describes the evolution or characteristics of protists?

All protists are unicellular

Suppose there is a gene (not X-linked) with two alleles that affects eye color in an insect. One allele is responsible for eyes that are purple in color, and the other allele is responsible for normal, red colored eyes. Crossing a pure-breeding fly with red eyes and a pure-breeding fly with purple eyes results in offspring that all have red eyes. Which allele is dominant?

Allele for red eyes

Identify the independent variable in the experiment.

Amount of cholesterol added to the diet

Anabaena is a genus of cyanobacteria that have heterocysts. Which of the following is NOT correct about them?

Anabaena cannot survive in the presence of oxygen

The cell in the upper left of the picture is in what stage of mitosis?

Anaphase

In the pictures above, there is the diploid parent cell and the four daughter cells from the parent cell going through meiosis. Based on four daughter cells, when did nondisjunction occur during meiosis?

Anaphase I

Based on the above tree, which of the following groups of species constitute a monophyletic group?

Angiosperms + gymnosperms

What distinguishes angiosperms from gymnosperms?

Angiosperms have flowers, gymnosperms don't & Angiosperms have fruit, gymnosperms don't

The cichlid fish in the great African lakes (such as Lake Victoria and Lake Malawi) are classic examples of sympatric speciation. Which of the following is most likely to be the closest relative of a cichlid species living Lake Victoria?

Another cichlid species living Lake Victoria

What group of organisms best describe the closest relatives to eukaryotes?

Archaea

The fruits pictured below are most likely dispersed by...

Attaching to animal fur -Spiky fruits

Based on the above tree, where did the ability to utilize a wider range of wavelengths in photosynthesis evolve?

B Exam 4 question 26

Which of the following statements about bacterial genomes is true?

Bacterial chromosomes are found in a nucleoid region which is not contained within a nuclear membrane.

Courtship in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is characterized by a series of actions on the part of the male: antennal probing, wing movements, rotating around the female, chasing the female, and licking. Eventually, the female may permit the male to proceed with copulation. Mating in these flies usually occurs on rotting fruit, where other species of Drosophila may be feeding as well. What type of reproductive isolation keeps these species separate from one another?

Behavioral isolation

Which evolutionary innovation allowed sporophytes to continue growing and potentially reproducing after releasing spores?

Branching

Chemotrophic bacteria...

Can gain their energy by the oxidation of organic compounds.

In Drosophila, there is a gene that affects wing development. One allele is responsible for wings that are curled up, and the other allele is responsible for wings that lay flat. Flies with curled wings are unable to fly and have difficulty finding and attracting mates. Which allele is dominant?

Cannot be determined

Which of the following is present in ALL viruses?

Capsid proteins

While out walking, you see a dark purple-red colored flower that smells terrible and produced no nectar. What type of pollinator would predict is most likely to visit the flower?

Carrion fly

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding the lysogenic cycle?

Cells infected by a virus in its lysogenic phase can continue to grow and divide.

In a cancerous tumor, what level of reproductions is not being regulated correctly?

Cellular

In terms of the Modern Synthesis, evolution can be defined as the...

Change in the allele frequencies of a population over generations

Hydrobia ulvae and Hydrobia vetrosa are two species of water snail in Northern Europe. They eat algae off grains of sand in river mouths. The length of the shell is an indicator of body size, which in turn determines the sizes of sand grains used by the snails. The two species may exist in habitats by themselves (allopatry) or in the same habitat (sympatry). What has taken place in locations where both species occur together?

Character displacement

Use the following information for questions 46 and 47. The leaves of wild parsnip contain chemicals called furanocoumarins. These are toxic compounds, and are poisonous to most herbivores. There is a species of moth, the parsnip webworm, that feeds on wild parsnips. They are able to detoxify the furanocoumarins in the parsnip. In habitats where wild parsnip is the only suitable food source for the webworm, the parsnips produce very high quantities of furanocoumarins, and the webworm caterpillars display strong resistance to the chemical. However, some habitats also have a plant species related to wild parsnip, but is less toxic. In these locations, wild parsnip does not produce as much furanocoumarins, and the webworm exhibits lower resistance. What type of defense does wild parsnip have against herbivores?

Chemical defense

Which of the following characteristics of fungi most accurately reflects their relatedness to plants vs. animals?

Chemoheterotrophic metabolism

What is the result of crossing over?

Chromosomes that are a mixture of maternal and paternal DNA

Which phylum of fungi includes the pathogenic species linked to the world-wide decline in amphibian populations?

Chytridiomycota

How would you describe the evolutionary interaction between wild parsnip and parsnip webworms?

Coevolutionary arms race

When studying the sequence of a particular gene in gorillas, scientists found that the sequence was very similar to sequence of the same gene in chimpanzees. Horses had a sequence that was slightly less similar. Snapping turtles had a gene sequence that was also similar, but with a few more differences than the horse. This is evidence for which evolutionary theory?

Common Descent

Prokaryotes do not reproduce sexually, but they do acquire genetic changes via ___.

Conjugation

Conjugation is part of the life cycle of many ciliate protists where haploid micronuclei are exchanged between individuals. Which of the statements below is most accurate?

Conjugation is a form of sex, but not reproduction

Many groups of protists construct protective casings. Dinoflagellates often produce casings of cellulose. Forams manufacture calcium carbonate shells. Diatoms and some tubulinids (a type of amoebozoan) have silicon dioxide cases. Euglenozoans have protein reinforcements of their cellular membranes. Are protective casings in protists homologous or convergent?

Convergent

Which of the following is a good way to preserve genetic variation in endangered populations?

Create conservation area with the largest size possible

Bryophyte spores are genetically distinct from one another. The best explanation of this phenomenon is because...

Crossing over and independent assortment occurred during meiosis.

How does the current concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere compare to historical concentrations?

Currently much higher than it has ever been in the past 800,000 years

Based on the theory of endosymbiosis, would you predict that the DNA sequence of a gene in the chloroplasts of green algae would most similar to the sequence of the same gene in...

Cyanobacteria

Now imagine people have filled in the stream to build a shopping center. The construction also destroyed some of the unicorn catfish habitat in the two lakes, and there are now only 50 catfish in each lake. What will happen to the genetic variation WITHIN each of the two populations?

Decrease

Cells in the stem of a mushroom are most likely...

Dikaryotic

What is the primary function of fruit?

Disperse seeds

Imagine two lakes that are connected by a stream. The very rare unicorn catfish lives in the lakes, but can swim between the lakes using the stream. There are about 1000 unicorn catfish in each lake. What is the likely degree of divergence or variation between the two populations in the two lakes?

Divergence or variation between the populations is low

Based on the above tree, where did the cuticle evolve?

E Exam 4 Question 19

Based on segregation and independent assortment, what are the possible gamete genotypes produced by a diploid individual with genotype EeFf?

EF, Ef, eF, ef

There are two competing phylogenetic hypotheses for the relationships among the three domains of life. Trees depicting the two hypotheses are shown below. Which hypothesis suggests that Archaea are paraphyletic?

Eocyte Hypothesis

What public health achievement have vaccines made possible?

Eradication of previously serious diseases

You are a conservation biologist working on the Cache la Poudre River, a federally designated Wild and Scenic River in Colorado. You are worried that a nearby trout hatchery is not taking precautions against flooding, and the brook trout adapted to the environment of a commercial fish farm are regularly being washed into the wild brook trout population in the Cache la Poudre River. To see if there is any evidence of this, you have taken fin clippings from 200 trout in the river. One of the genetic markers you test has two alleles, and the genotypic data is shown below. The frequency of the A1 allele is 0.58. Is the population in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium? [2 pts]

Exam 2 Question 26 for graph No, it is not in HWE. The expected frequencies are very different from the observed frequencies

You are studying the metabolism of a new species of bacteria. You conduct an experiment with the following treatment groups and results. The control group had access to light, carbon dioxide, and organic molecules.

Exam 3 Question 41 Chemoautotrophic

Which of the following taxonomic ranks is the most exclusive (potentially includes the least species)?

Family

Across sexual life cycles, the change from haploid to diploid and the subsequent change from diploid to haploid is controlled, respectively, by...

Fertilization followed by meiosis

Many Drosophila melanogaster (fruit flies) populations around the world have evolved to be resistant to the insecticide DDT. Which of the following statements most accurately describes how this evolution happened?

Flies carrying the resistant allele were more likely to survive to adult hood and pass that allele to a greater proportion of the offspring in the next generation.

Use the following information for questions 4-9. As an undergraduate, I studied the effects of low temperature on insects. One experiment I did was to test the effects of cholesterol on the ability of fruit flies to survive high sub-zero temperatures. Insects cannot make cholesterol on their own, and must consume it as part of their diet. Cholesterol is an important component of cell membranes, and we thought that cholesterol might be important in keeping cell membranes working properly at low temperatures. I had several vials of fruit flies. In some vials, I fed the flies their normal diet with no cholesterol added. In other vials, I added 5 mg/mL of cholesterol to the flies' diet, and in others I added 10 mg/mL to their diet. After several generations of flies had grown up on these diets, I took flies from each vial and slowly cooled them to -5°C for two hours. After returning them to room temperature, I counted how many flies survived. Identify the control group in the experiment.

Flies raised on diet with no added cholesterol

Identify the treatment group in the experiment.

Flies raised on diets with added cholesterol

What would be a valid prediction for this experiment?

Fruit flies on a diet with higher cholesterol will have greater survival rates when exposed to -5°C

Which generations of the fern life cycle are capable of photosynthesis?

Gametophyte and Sporophyte

Greater potential for adaptation in new or changing environments is one likely driving force behind which evolutionary trend in plants?

Gametophyte dominance to sporophyte dominance

Vascular, seedless plants include ferns, and non-vascular plants include mosses. How has the dominant generation evolved from non-vascular plants to angiosperms?

Gametophytes are dominant in non-vascular plants; sporophytes are dominant in angiosperms

Which factor likely helped drive the transition of the ancestor of land plants from aquatic to terrestrial life?

Greater access to light and carbon dioxide

Which of the following best defines the meaning of "population" in biology?

Group of individuals of the same species that can potentially interbreed

Which group of land plants was never the dominant group in forests at any point in Earth's history?

Gymnosperms

Which of the following is NOT an example of an ecosystem service?

Gypsy moth caterpillars defoliating trees in New England.

Which of the following is a true statement about horizontal gene transfer?

HGT can occur between species, no matter closely or distantly they are related to each other

What reproductive isolation mechanism is usually the first to appear in allopatric speciation?

Habitat isolation

Prior to reproduction, most cells in a normal fungal mycelium are...

Haploid

Across all sexually reproducing organisms, what is always produced after Meiosis II?

Haploid cells?

Angiosperms and gymnosperms both produce two different types of spores. What is the most logical implication of this?

Heterospory is a synapomorphy uniting angiosperms and gymnosperms

A man is color blind (a recessive, X-linked trait). From which of his parents could he have inherited his color-blind allele?

His mother

You observe that honeybees regularly visit many of the flowers in your yard, regardless of the size and shape of the flower, but you never see them visit the red roses on your rose bush. You wonder (pose a research question), "Why don't the bees visit the red roses?" You know from previous observation and research that honeybees visit a wide variety of flowers, and that their eyes have receptors for ultraviolet light but none for red light. What would be a valid scientific hypothesis in this situation?

Honeybees are not visually attracted to the roses because they cannot see the red color of the flowers

Scientists are trying to treat certain genetic diseases by insert a functioning allele into a person's cells to replace the non-functioning allele causing the disease. Understanding what basic biological process would help scientists accomplish this?

Horizontal gene transfer

Based on the above tree, where did flowers evolve?

I Exam 4 question 25 Angiosperms only have flowers

Where does karyogamy occur?

Image on Exam 4 Question 16 A (tips of the mushroom)

The Florida panther is a distinct population of cougar that lives in southern Florida. In the 1970s, the population of Florida panthers was as low as 20 individuals, and there was a higher incidence of heart and immune problems relative to other populations of cougars. Why did the Florida population have a higher incidence of these problems?

Inbreeding and loss of genetic variation in the Florida population

Now imagine people have filled in the stream to build a shopping center. The construction also destroyed some of the unicorn catfish habitat in the two lakes, and there are now only 50 catfish in each lake. What will happen to the genetic variation BETWEEN each of the two populations?

Increase

What evolutionary advantage did true leaves offer to land plants?

Increased surface area for photosynthesis to provide energy for other, energetically expensive adaptations

On the island of Trinidad, there are many streams flowing out of the mountainous center of the island down to the sea. These streams consist of a series of pools separated by small waterfalls as the streams flow down the mountainsides. Trinidad is famous for the guppies that inhabit many of these pools. Guppies are rather small fish, and guppies in a given pool cannot traverse the waterfalls to reach higher pools upstream, and they carefully avoid being washed over the falls to lower pools downstream. This means that each pool has a more or less isolated population of guppies inhabiting it. As a result, the streams and fish of Trinidad are particularly famous among biologists for the opportunities they present to conduct evolutionary experiments that can be replicated in different pools. In pools where the guppies live with no larger fish species, the male guppies often have brilliantly colored strips or spots during the mating season. This is a result of...

Intersexual Selection

Why is the logistic growth model a more realistic model for population growth?

It acknowledges that resources are not infinite

If humans were to immediately eliminate all carbon dioxides contributions from farming and burning plant matter, how would that affect the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?

It would continue to increase.

What molecule or material provides vascular tissue with its rigidity, providing the structural support for upright growth?

Lignin

Which of the following LEAST likely to be a life history trait of a species with the above survivorship curve?

Low degree of parental care

Peafowl (Pavo cristatus) are well-known birds native to southern Asia. Males, called peacocks have long tails or "trains" patterned with numerous eyespots they they can hold upright in a display, and have long claws on their legs. Females, called peahens, have much short, undecorated tails. In a 2005 study, a researcher named Loyau and her colleagues examined the role of intrasexual selection in peafowl. Which of the following pieces of evidence from their study support the presence of intrasexual selection among male peacocks?

Males with longer legs were more likely to acquire and defend territory from other males to display their trains

What does a megaspore produce?

Megagametophyte

What type of cell division is being shown, and how many chromosomes are present?

Meiosis; 4 chromosomes

In sexual life cycles, gametes can be produced by ...

Mitosis & Meiosis

Which of the following is NOT a difference between mitosis and meiosis?

Mitosis only happens before adulthood, meiosis happens after adulthood is reached.

Which of the following could theoretically increase the amount energy available to secondary consumers?

More efficient digestion among primary consumers

The figure below shows the relationship between bacterial diversity on skin and the severity of atopic dermatitis (higher SCORAD means more severe dermatitis). Ignoring the colors and the three groups, what is the overall relationship between diversity of skin bacteria and severity of dermatitis?

More severe dermatitis association with less diverse skin bacterial community

Why is a family member that lives with you the best source for a stool sample for fecal transplant?

Most likely has a similar healthy gut flora as you do

Which of the following traits is homologous among protists?

Multicellularity

What is the ultimate source of all genetic variation?

Mutation

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between natural selection and evolution?

Natural selection is one mechanism of evolution

What is wrong with the statement "Early hominins needed to use tools to advance, so natural selection gave them proportionally larger brains to develop and utilize tools"?

Natural selection to does not create variation to fill a perceived need.

Based on the tree above, is the shedding of the outer covering during development homologous in animals?

No

You are a conservation biologist working on the Cache la Poudre River, a federally designated Wild and Scenic River in Colorado. You are worried that a nearby trout hatchery is not taking precautions against flooding, and the brook trout adapted to the environment of a commercial fish farm are regularly being washed into the wild brook trout population in the Cache la Poudre River. To see if there is any evidence of this, you have taken fin clippings from 200 trout in the river. One of the genetic markers you test has two alleles, and the genotypic data is shown below. The frequency of the A1 allele is 0.58. IF an assumption of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium is being violated, which assumption is it most likely to be?

No gene flow

Many scientists have conjectured that mutation rate is a selectable parameter. This would mean that the rate at which mutations occur in a population can evolve through natural selection. If this is true, would we expect to see populations with naturally selected mutation rates of zero? (I.e. populations where no mutations ever occur due to natural selection)

No, a mutation rate of zero will ultimately result in an inability adapt to new environments

Where on the "Tree of Life" do viruses belong?

None of the above

Which of the following populations will not experience any genetic drift?

None of the above

Which of the following is NOT hypothesized to form the direct basis of a plastid in some lineage of photosynthetic protists?

Nuclei

Identify the dependent variable in the experiment.

Number of flies surviving low temperature

Beetles, butterflies, and wasps all exhibit complete metamorphosis, meaning they have a pupa stage during development. This trait in considered to be homologous in these insects. Based on this information, how many times did complete metamorphosis evolve in insects?

One Time

What will happen when two species are attempting to co-exist on a limiting resource?

One will be eliminated from that environment OR Natural selection will result in morphological change in one or both of the species so that they are no longer attempting to use the same limiting resource

Why do we not see species with both high survivorship to sexual maturity and high fecundity?

Organisms cannot take in enough energy to ensure survival to adulthood and to produce large numbers of offspring

When you eat a peach, what part of the plant are you eating?

Ovary

Which of the following is an accurate statement about phylogenies?

Phylogenetic trees are scientific hypotheses proposing a set of evolutionary relationships

You go to go graduate school to study biology, and take a mycology (study of fungi) class. Another grad student, who didn't go to as good of a school as Miami University, is surprised to observe that the cells in a mushroom have two nuclei. Even more surprising, the nuclei are genetically different! You, of course, are not surprised by this. You explain that the cells in the mushroom have undergone _________, but have not yet undergone ________.

Plasmogamy; karyogamy

Which of the following is NOT part of an ovule?

Pollen grain

Which of the following is NOT a step in the extinction vortex?

Population will have harmful traits selected for by natural selection

In a species with both sexually and asexually reproducing forms, which populations of that species are most likely to exhibit the greatest rates of sexual reproduction?

Populations with the greatest risk of parasite infection

Venus flytraps are able to photosynthesize and harness energy from the sun into chemical energy. These plants grow in nitrogen-poor soil, and so they obtain their nitrogen requirements by luring, trapping, and digesting herbivorous insects. What trophic level do venus flytraps occupy in a food web?

Primary Producer & First Level Carnivore

Which of the following statements about productivity pyramids in terrestrial ecosystems is true?

Primary producers will always have more energy/biomass; the pyramid can never be inverted

Which of following distinguish prokaryotes from eukaryotes?

Prokaryotic cells lack a defined nucleus & Prokaryotic cells have a single, circular chromosome

When during meiosis does crossing over take place?

Prophase I

According to the Eocyte Hypothesis in the tree in the previous question, was is the closest relative to cyanobacteria?

Proteobacteria + Acidobacteria

Suppose a species reaches sexual maturity quickly, reproduced only one or two times, lays hundreds of eggs at a time during reproduction, and invests no energy in parental care after laying eggs. What life history pattern best describes this species?

R-selection

Which of the following is the ultimate cause of plant tissue differentiation?

Rosette proteins

When in the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

S of Interphase

What is the relationship between seed plants and vascular plants?

Seed plants are a subgroup of vascular plants

What evolutionary adaptation evolved at letter H on the above tree?

Seeds Exam 4 Question 23

Which of the following is NOT a way that sexual reproduction, including meiosis, generates new combinations of alleles and traits?

Separation of sister chromatids

Which statement best describes the trade-off involved in the evolution of sexual reproduction?

Sexual populations don't grow in size as quickly, but do have a fast rate of adaptation to environments & Some offspring from sexual reproduction may not have traits that are well-suited to their environment, but it is more likely that at least some offspring will be able to survive if the environment changes

Which of the following is an accurate statement about the 3 domains of life?

Some prokaryotic organisms are as different from each other as they are from eukaryotic organisms

Hypothetical data on the stomatal density and cuticle thickness of three plant species is given below. Which species is most likely to be a desert-dwelling species?

Species B Less Stomatal Density and More cuticle thickness

The ability to move into and reproduce in drier environments is a likely driving force behind what trend in plant evolution?

Sperm transport by pollen

What is the dispersal agent in ferns?

Spores

What type of cell is produced by sporic meiosis?

Spores

What is the difference between a sporophyte and gametophyte?

Sporophytes are diploid and generate spores, gametophytes are haploid and generate gametes

How has the evolution of pollen been most directly important to land plants adapting to terrestrial life?

Standing water no longer required for fertilization

What feature of land plants was made possible by the evolution of delayed meiosis?

Stems

Which of the following is a characteristic unique to land plants?

Stomata

The common ancestor of all insects was wingless and molted throughout its life. However, most insects belong to a monophyletic subgroup called the Pterygota, which have evolved wings, and molting stops at adulthood. In insects, the possession of wings and the cessation of molting in adults are...

Synapomorophies

A company is testing the effects of an additive to candles that is supposed to repel mosquitoes (this is the hypothesis). They predict that mosquito traps will catch fewer mosquitoes over the course of four hours when the traps are place near a candle with the additive added compared to traps near candles without the additive. The company tests their prediction by placing fifty candles with the additive around a large, outdoor space with traps near each candle. After four hours they collect the traps and count the mosquitoes. Two weeks later, they repeat the procedure using candles without the additive. What is wrong this design?

Temperature, rainfall, and wind are not treated as controlled variables

If a hypothesis is supported by one experiment, the next step in the scientific method is to...

Test the same hypothesis using a different prediction

Mammals are born with an active lactase gene that helps digest the lactose in milk while they are nursing. When they stop nursing, the lactase gene turns off, lactase is no longer produce, and they can no longer digest milk. Approximately 10,000 years ago, some populations of cattle-rearing prehistoric humans began to be able to digest milk as adults, and this ability spread through a large segment of the human species. What happened 10,000 years ago to begin this process?

The ability to digest milk in adulthood gave a greater fitness advantage

What is the agricultural benefit of legumes' mutualistic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria?

The bacteria convert nitrogen in the atmosphere to usable forms of nitrogen, increasing nitrogen content of soil in fields planted with legumes

A fruit fly from a pure-breeding line of flies with round, red eyes (the wild type traits) is crossed with a fly from a pure-breeding line of the flies with star-shaped, purple eyes. The offspring all have round, red eyes. The offspring are crossed with each other, and the phenotypic ratio among their offspring are almost exactly 9 round red eyes to 3 round purple eyes to 3 star-shape red eyes to 1 star shaped purple eyes. What possible conclusions can you make?

The genes for eye shape and eye color are on different chromosomes OR The genes for eye shape and eye color are on the same chromosome, but far apart from each other

What can happen when a piece of bacterial DNA becomes packaged in a viral capsid?

The genetic information on the bacterial DNA could become incorporated into another bacterium's genome when the virus carrying the bacterial DNA infects another cell

What role do bacteria that utilize nitrogen in energy acquisition play in ecosystems?

The help cycle nitrogen in ecosystems, converting it into forms that certain plant species can utilize.

One experiment that scientists have conducted with these guppies is to introduce predators to some of the pools that previously had only guppies. They counted the number of colorful spots on male guppies over several generations. How would you predict that number of spots would change when predators are introduced to the ponds?

The number of spots would decrease because the new environment with predators has a greater fitness cost for colorful spots.

From previous studies I know that the gene for making hairs on leaves is controlled by two alleles: H - the dominant allele codes for hairs and the recessive allele h is unable to make hairs. I also know that flower color is controlled by another gene such that the dominant allele P codes for purple flowers whereas the recessive allele p is unable to produce pigment. I cross a purple flowered plant with a white flowered plant. All 250 of the plants in the F1 have purple flowers. From this I can hypothesize that...

The purple flowered parent was homozygous dominant

Which of the following statements is true for BOTH seed plant and fern life cycles?

The sporophyte is photosynthetic and independent

There is a population of saber-toothed mice living in Greenland. Their fur is white, and so they can blend into the consistently snowy ground. Like in all mice, there are several interacting genes that control fur color. Due to global warming, snow cover on Greenland is reducing, revealing brown soil or gray bedrock. Using your time machine, you go 200 years into the future. The mice in Greenland are still white and are being heavily eaten by predators. Why do you think they have they not evolved brown fur to blend in?

There is no variation for brown fur present in the population

A population of cats that is in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium has 75% long-haired cats and 25% short haired. Hair length is controlled by two alleles, with the dominant long-hair allele having a frequency of 50%. Over the next several generations...

There will be no change in frequencies

Which of the following is INCORRECT regarding homologous chromosomes?

They are exact copies of each other

How are megaspores transported in seed plants?

They are not transported; they stay in the megasporangium

What role did cyanobacteria play in the early history of the Earth?

They began the process of oxygenating the atmosphere

Why are small, isolated populations at greatest risk of extinction?

They experience more genetic drift and less gene flow

Why do mosses never grow more than a few centimeters tall?

They lack vascular tissue to transport water to greater heights

Which is true of the very first sporophytes?

They produced spores once and died

Hydrobia ulvae and Hydrobia vetrosa are two species of water snail in Northern Europe. They eat algae off grains of sand in river mouths. The length of the shell is an indicator of body size, which in turn determines the sizes of sand grains used by the snails. The two species may exist in habitats by themselves (allopatry) or in the same habitat (sympatry). What will happen if you take snails of each species from populations where they live by themselves, in allopatry, and place them in the same environment?

They will compete over sand grains for food resources

A desert-dwelling plant is more likely to have...

Thicker cuticle on leaves

From previous studies I know that the gene for making hairs on leaves is controlled by two alleles: H - the dominant allele codes for hairs and the recessive allele h is unable to make hairs. I also know that flower color is controlled by another gene such that the dominant allele P codes for purple flowers whereas the recessive allele p is unable to produce pigment. If I crossed a true breeding hairy plant with a true breeding hairless plant, and then crossed two of the F1 generation plants, what I should get in the F2 generation?

Three hairy plants for every hairless one

Identify a controlled variable in the experiment.

Time the flies were exposed to the low temperature

In 2005, several panthers from a larger Texas population were introduced to Florida. Why did was this done?

To artificially restore gene flow and increase the genetic diversity of the Florida population

What group is detonated by the letter F on the tree above?

Tracheophyta Exam 4 Question 22

The clade that includes lycopods (Lycopodophyta), ferns (Monilophyta), gymnosperms, and flowering plants (angiosperms) is characterized by being the first to have ALL of the following synapomorphies EXCEPT:

True leaves

Based on the evolutionary relationships depicted in the tree below, how many times did the shedding of the outer covering during development evolve in animals?

Two Times

Once inside a hot cell, what does a virus first do during a lytic cycle?

Use the host cells' ribosomes to make more virus capsid proteins

Which of the following is the broadest taxonomic group (i.e. which answer includes the other answers as subgroups)?

Viridiplantae

Which type of vaccine requires certain viral genes (such as for a spike protein in a viral capsid) to be incorporated into genome of the individual receiving the vaccine?

Virus vector vaccine

Which of the following groups has members with genomes composed of RNA?

Viruses

You are a conservation biologist working on the Cache la Poudre River, a federally designated Wild and Scenic River in Colorado. You are worried that a nearby trout hatchery is not taking precautions against flooding, and the brook trout adapted to the environment of a commercial fish farm are regularly being washed into the wild brook trout population in the Cache la Poudre River. Is there evidence that trout hatcher is not taking sufficient precautions?

Yes

Sporophytes first arose in the by means of .

bryophytes ... delayed meiosis

Cacti in the deserts of southwestern North America and some euphorbs of the deserts of Africa have barrel-shaped stems, short-lived leaves, and spines, yet these two types of plants are from different evolutionary lineages. This is an example of...

convergent evolution

Reproductive strategies that include organisms that reproduce in one "big bang" --having all their offspring in a single event are called _______, whereas those that have multiple reproductive events over their lifetime are called ______.

semelparous; iteroparous

If a population is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, this implies that..

the population is evolving at the gene not in equilibrium

In Drosophila, long wings (W) are dominant to short wings (w), and brown body color (B) is dominant to yellow body color (b). A female fly with a short wings and heterozygous for body color has a child with a male fly who is heterozygous at both genes. What is the genotype of the female fly?

wwBb

It is possible for person with type O blood to have had two parents with type B blood?

yes