BIO122 Lexture Exam 2

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Calculate the Stroke Volume if the End Diastolic Volume is 135 mL/beat and the End Diastolic Volume is 60 mL/beat?

135-60 = 75 mL/beat

Which of the following blood pressure readings would be indicative of hypertension?

170/96

During inflammation, fluids will passively diffuse out of blood vessels into the nearby infected tissues. This implies all of the following EXCEPT ______. A) B-lymphocytes will differentiate to become plasma cells B) the surrounding tissue will swell with excessive fluids C) the osmolarity of the fluids surrounding infected tissue is higher then the plasma D) nearby capillaries have become more permeable

A) B-lymphocytes will differentiate to become plasma cells

Which description of the heart is INCORRECT? A) The parietal layer of the serous pericardium is also known as the epicardium of the heart wall. B) The fibrous pericardium prevents overfilling of the ventricles. C) The endocardium lines the indie of the heart. D) The parietal pericardium lines the internal surface of the fibrous pericardium.

A) The parietal layer of the serous pericardium is also known as the epicardium of the heart wall. Info: The visceral layer of serous pericardium is also known as the epicardium of the heart wall.

Which of the following is NOT a difference between cardiac & skeletal muscles? A) cardiac muscle does not use the sliding filament mechanism for contraction; skeletal muscle does. B) cardiac muscle cells contain more mitochondria than do skeletal muscle cells. C) the plasma membranes of cardiac muscle cells interlock, but skeletal muscle fibers are independent. D) Cardiac muscle cells quickly die in the absence of O2; skeletal muscle cells are better able to adapt to O2 deficiency.

A) cardiac muscle does not use the sliding filament mechanism for contraction; skeletal muscle does.

If a person were to have substantial blood loss, you would expect to see all of the following physiological events to happen EXCEPT one. Select the least likely response to substantial blood loss. A) decreased heart rate B) increasing vasomotor tone C) a weak, thready pulse D) increases total peripheral resistance

A) decreased heart rate

Which of the following does NOT describe AV valves? A) formed by the pocket-like cusps B) anchored inferiorly b the specialized connective tissue C) flap-like D) open based on pressure changes in the atria vs. the ventricles

A) formed by pocket-like cusps Info: "Pocket-Like" is a description that better fits the crescent moon shaped cusps that from semilunar (SL) valves.

All of the following are true of the classical pathway of complement activation EXCEPT one. Select the one answer that does NOT describe the classical pathway of complement activation. A) it activates T helper cells by presenting antigen to them. B) It requires that circulating antibodies are bound to antigens. C) Classical activation will result in enhances inflammation, opsonization as well as formation of MAC proteins. D) It is an example of overlap between innate and adaptive immune function.

A) it activates T helper cells by presenting antigen to them

Which of the following structures receives the depolarization wave from the atria and passes impulses onto the ventricles?

AV node

The term for pain associated with deficient blood delivery to the heart that may be caused by the transient spasm of coronary arteries is ________.

Angina Pectoris

prevents back flow into the left ventricle:

Aortic Semilunar Valve

Which best describes the isovolumetric contraction phase of the cardiac cycle?

As ventricular systole starts, the AV valves are closed and the semilunar valves are closed.

The P wave on an electrocardiogram represents _______.

Atrial Depolarization

During the isovolumetric relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle, _______.

Atrioventricular, Aortic, & Pulmonary Valves are closed.

Select the correct statement about lymphocytes.

B cells produce plasma cells, which secrete antibodies into the blood.

Cancer cells and virus-infected body cells can be killed before activation of adaptive immunity by ________.

B lymphocytes

Which of the following statements regarding the hepatic portal system is false? A) it carries nutrients, toxins, and microorganisms to the liver for processing B) it branches off the inferior vena cava C) its major vessels are the superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, and splenic veins. D) it consists of a vein connecting two capillary beds together.

B) It branches off the inferior vena cava

Which of the following is NOT part of the intrinsic conduction system of the heart? A) sinoatrial (SA) node B) atrioventricular (AV) valve C) atrioventricular (AV) node D) bundle branches

B) atrioventricular valve

Which of the following does NOT deliver deoxygenated blood to the heart? A) inferior vena cava B) pulmonary veins C) superior vena cava D) coronary sinus

B) pulmonary veins

If a person has lost a significant amount of blood but still maintains a normal blood pressure it does not necessarily mean that the person is maintaining adequate perfusion. Which of the following best explains why this is so?

Blood vessels are constricting causing greater peripheral resistance.

Functions of the spleen include all of those below EXCEPT_____. A) storage of iron B) removal of old or defective blood cells from the blood C) forming crypts that trap bacteria D) storage of blood platelets

C) forming crypts that trap bacteria

Which of the following is NOT a role of activated complement? A) insertion of MAC and cell lysis B) opsonization C) prevention of immediate hypersensitive reactions D) enhancement of inflammation

C) prevention of immediate hypersensitivity reactions

The condition where fluid compresses the heart and limits its ability to contract is called ________.

Cardiac Tamponade

Adaptive Defense System:

Cellular and Humoral Immunity

Third Line of Defense:

Cellular and Humoral Immunity

The short-term controls of blood pressure, mediated by the nervous system and blood borne chemicals, primarily operate via all but which of the following? A) reflex arcs associated with vasomotor fibers B) reflex arcs involving baroreceptors C) chemoreceptors D) altering blood volume

D) altering blood volume

Factors that aid venous return include all EXCEPT _______. A) venous valves B) pressure changes in the thorax C) activity of skeletal muscles D) urinary output

D) urinary output

Lymph vessels do NOT transport _______. A) leaked plasma proteins B) excessive tissue fluid C) lymphocytes D) dietary fats E) erythrocytes

E) erythrocytes

An Abnormal Pacemaker:

Ectopic Focus

What hormone would increase Cardiac Output?

Epinephrine

True/False: Arterial blood supply to the heart muscle is continuous whether the heart is in systole or diastole.

False

True/False: Cardiac muscle has more mitochondria and depends less on a continual supply of O2 than does skeletal muscle.

False

True/False: Natural Killer cells destroy target cells or pathogens by ingestion and destruction of particulate matter in a process called phagocytosis.

False

True/False: Osmotic pressure is created by the presence in a fluid of small diffusible molecules that easily move through the capillary wall.

False

True/False: an electrocardiogram (ECG) provides direct information about valve function.

False

True/False: arterial pressure in the pulmonary circulation is much higher than in the systemic circulation because of its proximity to the heart.

False

True/False: Increased EDV or ESV will increase SV.

False Info: Stroke Volume is equal to the difference between EDV and ESV. Increased EDV will result in a larger SV; however, ESV will result in a smaller SV.

A condition of rapid and irregular or out-of-phase contraction of heart muscle cells:

Fibrillation

Death of Heart Muscle Cells:

Infarction

Innate Defense System:

Inflammatory Response and Skin and Mucous Membranes

First Line of Defense:

Intact Skin and Mucous Membranes

Heart Muscle is deprived of O2:

Ischemia

AV valve with 2 flaps:

Mitral (bicuspid) Valve

prevents back flow of blood into the left atrium:

Mitral (bicuspid) Valve

Isolated clusters of lymph follicles found in the wall of the small intestine:

Peyer's Patches

prevents back flow into the right ventricle:

Pulmonary Semilunar Valve

Athersclerosis causes elastic arteries to become less stretchy. How does this affect pulse pressure?

Pulse Pressure is chronically increased.

Total Heart Relaxation:

Quiescent Period

Into which chamber of the heart do the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sins return deoxygenated blood?

Right Atrium

What would happen to the SA node if a chemical blocker was used to reduce transport of Na+ into the pacemaker cells?

The SA nose would depolarize more slowly, decrease the HR.

Which of the choices below explains why the arterioles are known as resistance vessels?

The contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter.

AV valve with 3 flaps:

Tricuspid Valve

prevents back flow into the right atrium:

Tricuspid Valve

True/False: An increase in blood viscosity will cause an increase in total peripheral resistance.

True

True/False: Anastomoses among coronary arterial branches provide collateral routes for blood delivery to the heart muscle.

True

True/False: If blood volume decreased dramatically due to massive bleeding, the ANS will attempt to maintain CO by increasing the HR.

True

True/False: Lymphoid tissue is mainly reticular connective tissue.

True

True/False: The left side of the heart pumps the same volume of blood as right.

True

True/False: The myocardium receives its blood supply from the coronary arteries.

True

True/False: Tissues damaged by myocardial infarction are replaced by fibrous connective tissue.

True

True/False: lymphatic capillaries are permeable to proteins

True

True/False: the cerebral arterial circle (Circle of Willis) is an arterial anastomosis.

True

True/False: the directional movement of cells in response to chemicals is called chemotaxis.

True

True/False: virus-infected cells secrete interferons to "warn" other cells of the presence of virus and these other cells to inhibit viral replication.

True

When an ectopic pacemaker leads to an extrasystole, the ______.

Ventricles contract before the atria contract.

Hemorrhage w/ a large loss of blood causes ______.

a lowering of BP due to change in cardiac output

The role of the Chordae Tendineae is to:

anchor the cusps of the AV valves to the papillary muscles protruding from the ventricular walls.

largest artery of the body:

aorta

Due to the branching of arteries the type of arteries that would be most numerous would be ________.

arterioles

Site that is the major determinant of peripheral resistance:

arterioles

site where resistance to blood flow is greatest:

arterioles

The release of which hormone is most likely to cause a reduction in blood volume and pressure?

atrial natriuretic peptide

If the mitral valve is unable to close properly ______.

blood could flow back into the left atrium

Artery usually ausculated to take the blood pressure:

brachial artery

Inflammation ______.

brings more leukocytes to the site of infection

Natural Killer (NK) cells ______.

can kill cancer cells before the adaptive immune system is activated

site where exchanges o food and gases are made:

capillaries

site where the velocity of blood flow is slowest:

capillaries

Norepinephrine acts on the heart by _____.

causing threshold to be reached more quickly

Fever production is regulated by _____.

chemicals that reset the body's thermostat to a higher setting

Normal heart sounds are caused by which of the following events?

closure of the heart valves

supplies the duodenum and stomach:

common hepatic artery

If cardiac muscle is deprived of its normal blood supply, damage would primarily result from ________.

decreased delivery of O2

If cardiac muscle is deprived of its normal blood supply, damage would primarily result from _____.

decreased delivery of oxygen

Reduction in the concentration of albumin in blood plasma would alter capillary exchange by ________.

decreasing colloid osmotic pressure and edema will occur

Lymphatic capillaries are present in _______.

digestive organs

Blood flow is _____ proportional to the difference in blood pressure. Blood flow is ____ proportional to the total peripheral resistance.

directly; inversely

Membrane attack complex (MAC) kills by ______.

disrupting the selectively permeability of a bacteria's plasma membrane

Lymph leaves a lymph node via ______.

efferent lymphatic vessels

major artery of the thigh:

femoral artery

Flow of lymph through a lymph node is slowed due to ______.

fewer efferent vessels draining it compared to many afferent vessels feeding it

Which is most responsible for the synchronized contraction of cardiac muscle tissue?

gap junctions

Vessel commonly used as a coronary bypass vessel:

great saphenous vein

Compared to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle _____.

has gap junctions that allow it to act as a functional syncytium

The Frank-Starling Law states that, if other factors are constant, a _____.

higher EDV will produce a higher SV

Which of the choices below reflects the balance (or imbalance) between the direction and amount of fluid that flows across the capillary walls?

hydrostatic and osmotic pressure

Blood flow to the skin _____.

increases when environmental temperature rises

supplies the distal areas of the large intestine:

inferior mesenteric artery

Second Line of Defense:

inflammatory Response

The plateau phase of an action potential in cardiac muscle cells is due to the ______.

influx of Ca2+ through slow Ca2+ channels.

Interferons ______.

interfere with viral replication within cells

supplies pelvic structures:

internal iliac artery

Fats absorbed from the small intestine are transported to the bloodstream via _______.

lacteals

site where the blood pressure is greatest:

large arteries

site where the velocity of blood flow is fastest:

large arteries

site where blood pressure is lowest:

large veins

site where the blood volume is greatest:

large veins

The parietal pericardium ________.

lines internal surface of fibrous pericardium

The beginning of a true capillary is surround by a precapillary sphincter. The opening and closing of precapillary sphincters is controlled by _____.

local chemical conditions

Where in the body would you find low oxygen levels causing vasoconstriction and high levels causing vasodilation?

lungs

Protein-containing fluid within lymphatic vessels:

lymph

Small organs intimately associated with lymphatic vessels:

lymph nodes

Phagocyte mobilization involves ________.

mainly neutrophil and macrophage migration into inflamed areas

The lymphatic capillaries are _______.

more permeable than blood capillaries

Vessels that carry blood away from the heart and are named by the organs they supply (renal) are _______.

muscular arteries

A cellular component of the innate defenses includes:

natural killer cells

Complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and provide binding sites, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytize the organism. This phenomenon is termed ________.

opsonization

Cardiac Tamponade results in ineffective pumping of blood by the heart. This is because the excessive amount of fluid in the pericardial cavity will _______.

prevent the heart from filling properly with blood

carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs:

pulmonary vein

The left ventricular wall of the heart is thicker than the right wall in order to _____.

pump blood with greater pressure

The fact that the left ventricle of the heart is thicker than the right ventricle reveals that it ________.

pumps blood against a greater resistance

Artery that does not anastomose:

renal artery

supplies the kidney:

renal artery

Which of the following processes provides a long-term response to changes in blood pressure?

renal regulation

The receiving chambers of the heart include the _____.

right and left atria

A thrombus (blood clot) in the first branch of the arch of the aorta would affect the flow of blood to the ________.

right side of the head and neck and right upper armT

Isovolumetric contraction refers to the ______.

short period during ventricular systole when the ventricles are completely closed chambers

The influence of blood vessel diameter on peripheral resistance is ________.

significant because resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the vessel radius

In red bone marrow newly formed blood cells enter the circulation. You would expect to see many _____ type of capillaries int red bone marrow.

sinusoid

These capillaries may be lined with phagocytes that can extend their process into the plasma to catch "prey."

sinusoids

The "pacemaker potential" of pacemaker cells is produced by the opening of ______ at the end of an Action Potential.

slow Na+ channels

Peyer's patches are fond in the distal portion of the _____.

small intestine

largest lymphatic organ:

spleen

stores blood platelets:

spleen

supplies the small intestine:

superior mesenteric artery

The pulse pressure is ____.

systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure

If the length of the absolute refractory period in cardiac muscle cells was the same as it is for skeletal muscle cells ________.

tetanic contractions might occur, which would stop the heart's pumping action

If the length of the absolute refractory period in cardiac muscle cells was the same as it is for skeletal muscle cells, _______.

tetanic contractions might occur, which would stop the heart's pumping action

If the vagal nerves to the heart were cut, the result would be that ________.

the heart rate would increase by about 25bpm

Lymph traveling from the left arm would enter the venous circulation via at the ______.

thoracic duct

receives lymph from most of the body:

thoracic duct

The _____ valve is located between the right atrium and right ventricle.

tricuspid

Histologically, the ________ is squamous epithelium supported by a sparse connective tissue layer.

tunica intima

Which structural layer of blood vessels is most responsible for maintaining blood pressure?

tunica media

Which of the following is a type of circulatory shock?

vascular, due to extreme vasodilation as a result of loss of vasomotor tone

The redness and heat of an inflamed area due to local hyperemia caused by _____.

vasodilation

The AV valves are closed ______.

when the ventricles are in systole