BIO141- Ch 7 Learnsmart questions

Stem cells that produce osteoblasts

Osteoprogenitor cells________ (check all that apply) -are stem cells -produce red blood cells -produce a cell that becomes an osteoblast -produce a cell that becomes an osteoclast -produce white blood cells

1. Stem cells in the perichondrium undergo mitosis 2. Committed cells become chondroblast 3. New matrix is produced at the periphery of the cartilage

Place the following steps in order to summarize appositinoal growth of cartilage: New matrix is produced at the periphery of the cartilage Committed cells become chondroblast Stem cells in the perichondrium undergo mitosis

-chonrdrocyte in lacuna undergoes mitosis -two cells occupy one lacuna -two cells in one lacuna begin to produce new matrix

Place the following steps in order to summarize the interstitial growth of cartilage -two cells in one lacuna begin to produce new matrix -chonrdrocyte in lacuna undergoes mitosis -two cells occupy one lacuna

1. Hyaline cartilage model develops 2. Periosteal bone collar forms 3. Primary ossification center appears 4. Secondary ossification centers appear 5. Epipshyseal plates become epiphyseal lines

Place the following steps of endochondral ossification in the correct order: -Hyaline cartilage model develops -Primary ossification center appears -Epipshyseal plates become epiphyseal lines -Periosteal bone collar forms -Secondary ossification centers appear

1. Zone of resting cartilage. This zone is farthest from the medullary cavity of the diaphysis and nearest the epiphysis. It is composed of small chondrocytes distributed throughout the cartilage matrix. It resembles mature and healthy hyaline cartilage. This region secures the epiphysis to the epiphyseal plate. 2. Zone of proliferating cartilage. Chondrocytes in this zone undergo rapid mitotic cell division, enlarge slightly, and become aligned like a stack of coins into longitudinal columns of flattened lacunae. These columns are parallel to the diaphysis. 3. Zone of hypertrophic cartilage. Chondrocytes cease dividing and begin to hypertrophy (enlarge in size) in this zone. The walls of the lacunae become thin because the chondrocytes resorb matrix as they hypertrophy. 4. Zone of calcified cartilage. This zone usually is composed of 2 to 3 layers of chondrocytes. Minerals are deposited in the matrix between the columns of lacunae; this calcification destroys the chondrocytes and makes the matrix appear opaque. 5. Zone of ossification. The walls break down between lacunae in the columns, forming longitudinal channels. These spaces are invaded by capillaries and osteoprogenitor cells from the medullary cavity. New matrix of bone is deposited on the remaining calcified cartilage matrix.

Place the zones of an epiphyseal plate in their correct order, starting closest to the epiphysis: -zone of hypertrophic cartilage -zone of calcified cartilage -zone of resting cartilage -zone of proliferating cartilage -zone of ossification

D

Ricketts is caused by what type of vitamin deficiency?

A hormon and neurotransmitter Most bone cells have serotonin receptors; when levels of serotonin are too high, osteoprogenitor cells are prevented from differentiating into osteoblast. SO seratonin plays a role inthe rate and regulation of normal bone remodling bc it affects osteoblast differentiation.

Serotonin is

yellow to red

Severe anemia can trigger the conversion of _____ bone marrow int o _____bone marrow

Cancellous

Spongy bone is also called: Dense bone Cortical Bone cancellous Bone

False. Mature cartilage does not have a blood supply, one reason why it is slow to heal when injured.

T/F Mature cartilage is well vascularized

TRUE

T/F Bone growth begins during embryologic development?

False

T/F? Bone has a poor supply of blood vessels

False

T/F? Osseous connective tissue is the only tissue type found in boness

Ground substance

The _____ ______ is the semisolid material that suspends and supports the collagen fivers; it si part of the organiz materials in the matrix of bone

Proximal epiphysis

The bone part labeled "A" in the figure is the: Metaphysis Proximal Epiphysis Distal epiphysis Diaphyis

The bones of the upper and lower limbs are produced though *endochondral* ossification

The bones of the upper and lower limbs are produced though _______________ ossification

Simple

The broken bone does not penetrate the skin in what type of fracture?

central canal

The central canal that lies in the center of the osteon is the ______________: -canalicus -central canal -lamella -trabeculla

bone remodeling

The contintual deposition of new bone tissue and the removal of old bone tissue is called ________

Medullary Canal

The cylindrical space within the diaphysis of a long bone is called the _______________

Medullary cavity

The cylindrical space within the diaphysis of a long bone is called the:

Proximal epiphsis

The epiphysis of a long bone that is closest to the the body trunk is the __________________

ossification (also known as osteogenesis

The formation and development of bone is: -fibrosis -ossification -hemopoiesis -membranization

Diaphysis

The primary ossification center is located int he _____ of a long bone. -Proximal epiphysis -Perforating Canal -Central Canal -diaphysis -distal epiphysis

Hemopoiesis

The process of blood cell production is called _________

Primary ossification center

The region in the diaphysis of a long bone where bone replaces cartilage through endochondral ossification is called the _____________ ossification center; it is the first major center of bone formation.

Metaphysis

The region of a mature bone between the diaphysis and epiphysis is called the _________

-Epiphyseal plate

The region of cartilage between the diaphysis and an epiphysis of a long bone during endochondral ossification is called: -epiphyseal line -articular cartilage -periosteal bone collar -epiphyseal plate

-Epiphyseal plate (known as the growth plate

The region of cartilage between the diaphysis and an epipshysis of a long bone during endochondral ossification is called the _______ -epiphyseal plate -epiphyseal line -articular cartilage -periosteal bone collar

Sex hormones dramatically accelerate bone growth. They increase the rate of both carilage growth and bone formation within the eipihyseal plate. Ironically, the appearance of highlevels of sex hormonse at puberty also signals the beg on f the end for gworth at the epiphyseal plate-- bc the rate of bone formation is occuring faster than cartilage growth, bone eventually replaces all cartilage with bone at epi plates

The role of estrogen and testosterone on maintenance and bone growth is to _________

Sternum (also hip is first I believe)

The second most common site to harvest bone marrow is the: -sternum -anterior superiour iliac spine -iliac crest -sacrum

Calcitriol and parathyroid hormone Blood calcium levels are regulated by a negative feedback mechanism that involves these and various effectos (bone, kidneys, small intestine)

The two primary hormones that regulate blood calcium are: ________ -Calcitriol and parathyroid hormone -Aldosterone and angiotensin -Calcitonin and thryoid hormone

Endochondral

The type of ossification that begins with hyaline cartilage model is ___________

Canaliculi Hold cytoplasmic projections of osteocytes, providing contact and communication between cells

Tiny channels that connect lacunae to other lacunae in an osteon are called:

D Vitamin D3, or cholecalciferol circulates through the blood and is converted in the liver enzymes to calcidiol by adding a hydroxyl group (-OH). Then the calcidiol is converted in the kidney to calcitriol, which is the active form of Vitamin D3. The presence of prathyroid hormon, PTH, increase the final enzymatic step in kidney.

Ultraviolet light converts cholesterol into Vitamin ____

Hip bone

What is an example of an irregular bone

Osteocytes

When osteoblasts become entrapped in the matrix they produce, they become cells called ________ -Osteoclasts -Osteocytes -Osteiods

-the breastbone (sternum) -bones of the roof of the skull -shoulder blades

Which are examples of flat bones? -the breastbone (sternum) -bones of the foot -bones of the wrist -bones of the roof of the skull -shoulder blades

some bones of the foot bones of the wrist

Which are examples of short bones? some bones of the foot bones of the fingers most skull bones bones of the wrist vertebrae

-hydrocholic acid dissolves mineral of bone -lysosomes dissolve the organic parts of bone matrix

Which characterizes the process of bone resorption? (check all that apply) -hydrocholic acid dissolves mineral of bone -calcium ions are added to bone matrix -lysosomes dissolve the organic parts of bone matrix -red blood cells are lysed

Calcitonin

Which hormone promotes calcium deposition in bone and inhibits osteoclast activity? -Calcitonin -Growth hormone -Parathyroid hormone -Thyroid hormone

-They reside in lacunae -They maintain bone matrix

Which statement characterize osteocytes: -They secrete osteoid -They reside in lacunae -They maintain bone matrix -They break down bone matrix

-It is avascular -It contains chondroblasts -it contains osteocytes

Which statements are true of hyaline cartilage? -It contains calcium -It is avascular -It contains chondroblasts -it contains osteocytes

-it contains cells and a matrix -it is found in the head, arms, legs, and trunk of the body -it is more flexible than bone

Which statements are true regarding cartilage? -it contains cells and a matrix -it is stronger than bone -it is found in the head, arms, legs, and trunk of the body -it is an epithelial tissue -it is more flexible than bone

It functions to reduce friction in joints It is composed of hyaline cartilage It covers an epiphysis

Which statements characterize articular cartilage? It covers a diaphysis It functions to reduce friction in joints It is composed of fibrocartilage It is composed of hyaline cartilage It covers an epiphysis

-They are rings of bone tissue -Their numbers vary among osteons -They contain collagen fibers

Which statements characterize concentric lamellae of osteons? -They are rings of bone tissue -Their numbers vary among osteons -they contain blood vessels and nerves they are also called caliculi -They contain collagen fibers

-Ossicification centers appear around the 8th week of development -some osteoproginator cells become osteoblast -osteoid formation is followed by calcifaation

Which statements characterize intramembaranous ossificaiton? -Ossicification centers appear around the 8th week of development -some osteoproginator cells become osteoblast -osteoid formation is followed by calcifaation -some osteoprogenitor cells become osteoclasts -cartilage calcifies to for a bone collar

-It is also called secondary bone -It becomes the spongy bone of flat bones -It becomes the compact bone of flat bones

Which statements characterize lamellar bone? -It is also called secondary bone -It becomes the diaphysis of long bones -It becomes the spongy bone of flat bones -It becomes the compact bone of flat bones

--> They are phagocytic --> They have ruffled borders

Which statements characterize osteoclasts? They secrete osteoid They secrete bone matrix They are phagocytic They have ruffled borders

-It covers the outer surface of the diaphysis of a long bone -It is composed of dense irregular connective tissue -It functions to anchor blood vessels to the surface of the bones The inner layer contains osteoprogenitor (osteoblasts) that secrete osteiod for bone matrix and osteoclasts that absorb bone matrix

Which statements characterize periosteum? -It covers the outer surface of the diaphysis of a long bone -It is composed of dense irregular connective tissue -It functions to anchor blood vessels to the surface of the bones -It is directly beneath articular cartilage

Also known as mechanical stress -Exercise increases the production of the hormone calcitonin -exercise promotes bone remodeling -regular weigh=bearing exercise can increase total bone mass

Which statements characterize the effects of exercise on bones? -Exercise increases the production of the hormone calcitonin -exercise promotes bone remodeling -lack of mechanical stress strengthens bone -regular weigh=bearing exercise can increase total bone mass

-It provides a model for the formation of bones -It covers the long ends of bones

Which statements characterize the functions of cartilage: -It is the site of blood cell formation -It provides a model for the formation of bones -It secretes hormones related to bone formation -It covers the long ends of bones

-Nerves of bone accompany the blood vessels of bone -Nerves innervate bone as well as the periosteum, endosteum and marrow cavity

Which statements characterize the innervation of bone? -Nerves of bone accompany the blood vessels of bone -only the marrow cavity of bone is innervated -only the periosteum of bone is innervated -Bone contain no nerves -Nerves innervate bone as well as the periosteum, endosteum and marrow cavity

-It contains no osteons -It contains parallel lamellae Also includes: trabecullae, interstitial lamella, space for bone marrow, canaliculi opening at surface, osteocytes in lacuna, osteoblasts along trabecula of new bone, etc.

Which statements characterize the micropsopic arrangement of spongy bone? -It contains no osteons -It contains concentric lamellae -It contains parallel lamellae -It contains many osteons

-It is not well organized -It is formed during intramembranous ossification -It is replace by lamellar bone also known as primary bone.

Which statements characterize woven (lamellar) bone? -It is not well organized -It is formed during intramembranous ossification -It replaces secondary bone -It is replace by lamellar bone -It is formed during endohondral ossification

-It forms the external walls of long bones -It is solid and relatively dense

Which statements correctly describe compact bone? -In flat bones, its called diploe -It forms the external walls of long bones -It contains trabeculae -It is porous -It is solid and relatively dense

-The tensile strength of bone decreses -Its ability to produce the organic portion of bone matrix decreases

Which statements correctly describe the effects of aging on the skeletal system? -Osteoclast activity declines -The tensile strength of bone decreses -Its ability to produce the organic portion of bone matrix decreases -Most bones remodel to become thicker

-It runs parallel to the diaphysis of a long bone -It is microscopic -it is also called a haversian system -it contains a central canal

Which statements describe an osteon? -It runs perpenduicular to the diaphysis of a long bone -It runs parallel to the diaphysis of a long bone -It is microscopic -it is also called a haversian system -it contains a central canal

-It contains hydroxyapatite crystals -it gives the bone its hardness Unlike most other tissues, bone tissue consists primarily of inorganic components. 2/3 of bone matrix consists of inorganic materials such as hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate and calcium hyrdoxide) hardens the bone matrix and provides its rigidity. Organic portion: Osteoid, composed of collagen protein and ground substance of proteoglycans and glycoproteins. give tensile strength and flexibility

Which statements describe the inorganic components of the matrix of bone? -It includes ground substance -It contains hydroxyapatite crystals -It provides flexibility to theb one -it gives the bone its hardness -it includes collagen fibers

-They contain blood vessels and nerves -They run perpendicular to central canals -They connect multiple central canals Also known as Volkmann contain blood vessels and nerves

Whihc statements characterize perforating canals of bone? -They contain blood vessels and nerves -They house osteocytes -They run perpendicular to central canals -They run parallel to central canals -They connect multiple central canals

Ligaments

_____ connect bone to bone -Ligaments -Tendon -Aponeuroses

Bone

_______ connective tissue contains osteosblasts and osteocytes

Calcitonin Calcitonin acts on its effectors to lower calcium to homeostatic levels. (Kidney and ostoblasts)

_______ is produced in the thyroid gland and has the greatest effect on children's blood calcium levels.

Fracture hematoma

A blood clot within a a bone fracture is called ________: -Procallus -Fracture hematoma -Bony callus -Fibrocartilaginous callus

Potts

A fracture at the distal end of the fibula and the malleolous of the tibia is specifically called a(n) _________________ fracture -compound -Colles -single -Potts

Stress

A fracture which is a thin break caused by recent increased physical activity in which the bone experiences repetitive loads is called a ______ fracture

Interstitial growth

A long bone's growth in length is called ________

-stimulate bone growth by influencing the basal metabolic rate of bone cellls

A major role of thyroid hormone in bone remodeling is to: -stimulate the liver to produce somatomedin -stimulate bone growth by influencing the basal metabolic rate of bone cellls -stimulate bone growth by stimulating metabolic rate of osteoclasts -promote closure of epiphyseal plates

-epiphyseal line

A thin line of compact bone in the epiphysis of a mature bone is called the _______ -epiphyseal line -epiphyseal membrane -periosteum -endosteum

Epiphyseal plate long bones strop growing in childhood, while others continue normally. short in stature, but large head. Achondroplastic dwarfism results from a failure of chondrocytes in the second and third zones of the epiphyseal plate to multiply and enlarge....inadequate endochondral ossification.

Achondroplastic dwarfism is caused by the failure of cell division in the ______

Endosteum Layer of tissue found in the internal surface of the medullary cavities and the surfaces of spongy bone Not a complete layer of cells. Contains osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteoprogenitor cells.

An incomplete layer of cells that lines the medullary cavity of a bone is called________

Compact

An osteon is basic functional and structural microscopic unit of mature _________ bone

Long bone

Based on the shape, which type is the most common bone?

Calcium Vitamin D Phosphate

Bone formation requires: -Vitamin B1 -Calcium -Vitamin D -Phosphate

Connective

Bone is a type of ________ tissue: -Nervous -Epithelial -Connective -Muscle

Levers

Bones of the skeleton function as a system of levers that are pulled when skeletal muscles contract.

hydroxyapatite crystals Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2. This is found IN the ground substance of the bone matrix. The Hydroxyapaitite crystals incorporate other sals during calcification, and deposit around the long axis of collagen fiber, hardening the matrix and provide rigidity and strength.

Calcium phosphate and calcium hyroxide interact to form ______ int he matrix of bone

Spongy

Cancellous or trabecular bone is also called _________ bone.

Lacunae

Chondrocytes occupy small spaces called ______

Lacunae

Chondrocytes occupy small spaces called ___________

-Mandible, maxilla, flat bones of the skull

Choose the bones produced through intramembraneous ossification: -mandible -maxilla -vertebrae -flat bones of the skull -upper and lower limbs bones

Growth growth horm is also called somatropin Somatromedin also galled insulin-like growth factor (IGF)

During bone development, the liver releases somatomedin in response to _______ hormone

-protection -mineral storage -blood cell formation (hemopoiesis) -support

Functions of bones include: (choose all that apply) -secretion of insulin -protection -mineral storage -blood cell formation (hemopoiesis) -support

Adrenal cortex They regulate blood glucose levels. High amounts increase bone loss; in children this impairs growth at the epeiphyseal plate.

Glucocorticoids are released from the : -adrenal cortex -adrenal medulla -bone -kidneys

Appositional (growth in diameter)

Growth along the periphery of cartilage is called ______ growth

Adults have red bone marrow only in the axial skeletal bones: -flat bones of the sull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum and ossa coxae (hip) Adults also have red bone marrowin the proximal eipishyese of each humerus and femur

In adults, red bone marrow is located in ___ check allthat apply: -vertebrae -skull bones -the sternum -the ribs -the diaphysis of the humerus

bony

In bone fracture repair, a fibrocartilagnious callus is replaced with a __________________

secondary

In endochrondral ossification, _____________________ . secondary ossification centers form int he epiphyses of long bones

procallus, fibrocartilaginous callus

In fracture repair, the fracture hematoma becomes a ________, which in turn be becomes a _________

Perforating canal

Label A in the figure of the microscopic bone: Perforating canal Concentric lamelle Circumferential lamellae Central canal Trabeculae Periosteum

Central canal

Label B in the figure of the microscopic bone: Perforating canal Concentric lamelle Circumferential lamellae Central canal Trabeculae Periosteum

Periosteum

Label C in the figure of the microscopic bone: Perforating canal Concentric lamelle Circumferential lamellae Central canal Trabeculae Periosteum

Trabeculae

Label D in the figure of the microscopic bone: Perforating canal Concentric lamelle Circumferential lamellae Central canal Trabeculae Periosteum

Circumferential lamellae

Label E in the figure of the microscopic bone: Perforating canal Concentric lamelle Circumferential lamellae Central canal Trabeculae Periosteum

Concentric lamelle

Label F in the figure of the microscopic bone: Perforating canal Concentric lamelle Circumferential lamellae Central canal Trabeculae Periosteum

interstitial

Leftover parts of osteons that have been partially resorbed are called ______ lamellae

Epiphyseal artery

Letter A int he figure provided represent which blood vessel of bone? -Epiphyseal artery -Nutrient artery -metaphyseal artery

hyaline cartilage

Letter A represents ______

Woven bone and periosteum

Letter A represents the formation of: -Woven bone and periosteum -osteoid calcification -lamellar bone replacing woven bone

bones of the fingers bones of the palm the thigh bone the bones of the toes

Long bones include the: bones of the fingers bones of the palm the thigh bone the bones of the toes most cranial bones

Complete

Name the type of fracture? Bone is broken into two or more pieces

Comminuted

Name the type of fracture? Bone is splintered into several small pieces between the main parts.

Compression

Name the type of fracture? Bone is squashed as in a vertebra during a fall

Avulsion

Name the type of fracture? Complete severing of body part

Oblique

Name the type of fracture? Diagonal fracture is at an angle

Epiphyseal

Name the type of fracture? Epiphysis is separated from the diaphysis at the epiphyseal plate

Spiral

Name the type of fracture? Fractura spirals around axis of long bone, results from twisting stress

Transverse

Name the type of fracture? Fracture is at right angles to the long axis of the bone

Pott

Name the type of fracture? Fracture is at the distal ends of the tibia and fibula

Linear

Name the type of fracture? Fracture is parallel to the long axis of the bone

Colles

Name the type of fracture? Fracture of the distal end of the lateral forearm bone (radius) produces a dinner form deformity

Impacted

Name the type of fracture? One fragment of bone is firmly driven into the other

Incomplete

Name the type of fracture? Partial fracture extends only partway across the bone

Stress

Name the type of fracture? Thin fractures due to repeated stressful impact such as running, often hard to see on xray, must use bone scan

Pathologic

Name the type of fracture? Weaking of a bone caused by diesease process (EG cancer)

Compound (open)

Name the type of fracture? broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin

Depressed

Name the type of fracture? broken part of the bone forma a concavity (as in skull fracture)

Simple (closed)

Name the type of fracture? does NOT break through the skin

Hairline

Name the type of fracture? fine crack in which sections of bone remain aligned common in skull)

Greenstick

Name the type of fracture? partial fracture- one side of bone breaks, the other is bent

Displaced

Name the type of fracture? fractured bone parts are out of anatomic alignment

1. fracture hematoma 2. fibrocatilagnious callus 3. bony callus 4. bone is remodeled

Order the stages of fracture repair -Fibrocatilaganious callus -Fracture hematoma -Bony callus -Bone is remodeled

Paget disease results from a disruption in the balance between osteo BLASTS and CLASTS. excessive bone reosorption (too many CLASTS), osteoclasts are five times larger than normal and may contain 20+ nuclei. Susceptible to deformation and fractures. affect the pelvis, skull, vertebrae, femur and tibia. lower limbs ma bow, skull becomes thicker and enlarged.

Osteitis derformans is also known as ______

Diaphysis

the elongated cylindrical shaft of a long bone is called its _________