BIO1510 EXAM #1 REVIEW
Endoplasmic reticulum and chloroplasts are organelles. A duck is a bird. A carp is a type of fish. Which of the following statements about relative size is true? a) A heart is bigger than a chloroplast. b) Endoplasmic reticulum is bigger than a carp. c) Oxygen is bigger than DNA. d) Glucose is bigger than a duck. e) Carbon is bigger than the heart.
A
Given that the electronegativity of hydrogen (H) is 2.1, of carbon (C) is 2.5, of nitrogen (N) is 3.0, of oxygen (O) is 3.5, and of sulfur (S) is 2.5, which of the following bonds would be the MOST polar? a) H to O b) C to O c) S to O d) H to N e) C to H
A
If the shape of a molecule changes, then it is most likely that a) the function of the molecule will also change. b) the function of the molecule will stay the same. c) the number of atoms in the molecule will change. d) the atoms in the molecule will lose or gain protons. e) the atoms in the molecule will lose or gain neutrons.
A
If you start with a protein with all hydrophilic amino acids, and change half of them to hydrophobic amino acids, you would predict that this would a) change the shape and function of the protein. b) not change the shape or function of the protein, but it would change where the protein would be in the cell. c) change the shape, but not the function of the protein. d) not change the shape or function of the protein. e) change the function, but not the shape of the protein
A
If you start with a protein with all hydrophilic amino acids, and change half of them to hydrophobic amino acids, you would predict that this would a) change the shape and function of the protein. b) not change the shape or function of the protein, but it would change where the protein would be in the cell. c) not change the shape or function of the protein. d) change the function, but not the shape of the protein. e) change the shape, but not the function of the protein.
A
In an atom a) electrons are negatively charged and are outside of the nucleus. b) protons are shared by two nuclei to make a covalent bond. c) electrons are positively charged. d) protons are positively charged and are outside of the nucleus. e) neutrons are negatively charged and are part of the nucleus.
A
Insulin receptors are proteins in the membranes of cells. When insulin binds to the receptor it changes the shape of the receptor. The shape change activates a response in the cell. You are studying a new protein that no one has studied before. You find out your protein has the same shape as the insulin receptor. Based on this information, you would predict that your new protein has a) a similar function to the known insulin receptors. b) no function because it is denatured. c) a similar function to proteins with very different shapes. d) a similar function to hydrophilic proteins found inside the cells.
A
Living organisms share most of the characteristics below. Which one characteristic is not shared by all living organisms? a) Living organisms respond to the information in their DNA, not to their environment. b) Living organisms obtain and use energy to maintain ordered complexity. c) Living organisms obtain and use energy to maintain an internal balance. d) Living organisms are composed of one or more cells. e) Living organisms can grow, develop, and reproduce.
A
Pasteur ran experiments testing the germ hypothesis that preexisting organisms in the air contaminate sterile broth and the spontaneous generation hypothesis that living organism spontaneously generate from nonliving organic molecules. In class we discussed the experiments and the conclusion that the germ hypothesis was correct and the spontaneous generation hypothesis was false. What result would have supported the spontaneous generation hypothesis? a) contamination of the sterilized broth with the flask neck intact b) the absence of contamination in unsterilized broth c) contamination in unsterilized broth in a flask with a broken neck d) contamination in unsterilized broth in a flask with a curved neck e) the absence of contamination in sterilized broth after the flask neck was broken
A
Pasteur studied germ hypothesis when the spontaneous generation hypothesis was still popular. He sterilized broth in a swan neck flask, and then waited to see if living organisms grew. With the swan neck intact, he observed that when he waited he saw a) no growth of bacteria, which supported the germ hypothesis. b) no growth of bacteria, which supported the spontaneous generation hypothesis. c) growth of bacteria, which supported the spontaneous generation hypothesis. d) growth of bacteria, which supported the germ hypothesis.
A
Proteins are polymers of amino acids. Proteins a) have primary, secondary and tertiary structures that are important for function. b) are all hydrophilic. c) are synthesized by peptide bonds, which are hydrolysis reactions. d) can be denatured by heat, but not pH. e) are all hydrophobic.
A
The atomic mass of the most abundant form of carbon is 12, and it has the typical number of protons, neutrons and electrons. There is a radioactive isotope of carbon with an atomic mass of 14 called carbon-14. Carbon-14 has a) 8 neutrons b) 8 electrons c) 7 protons d) 8 protons e) 7 neutrons
A
The germ hypothesis has been supported by strong evidence, such as the absence of the growth of bacteria in sterilized broth, so that it is now an accepted theory. The germ theory is that a) living organisms only come from previously existing living organisms. b) multicellular organisms contain germs. c) living organisms use energy found in nutrients to maintain their complexity. d) bacteria need nutrients to survive. e) the basic unit of life is the cell.
A
The membranes that surround cells are made of many a) phospholipids. b) triglycerides. c) nucleic acids. d) starches. e) micelles.
A
There is unity and diversity to life. All lifeforms are unified by all of the following except a) having the exact same sequences of nucleotides in their DNA. b) evolution. c) being composed of one or more cells as the basic functional unit. d) the four major types of macromolecules. e) the requirement for energy and similarities in energy pathways.
A
What determines the primary structure of proteins? a) the sequence of the DNA that indirectly assembles the amino acids in order b) hydrogen bonds between amino acids in beta pleated sheets c) the various lengths of the fatty acids used in the synthesis of proteins. d) the sequence of the sugars in carbohydrates e) the sequence of DNA that assembles the nucleic acids of proteins in order
A
When two atoms join by a covalent bond, they are sharing a) electrons. b) ions. c) neutrons. d) their nuclei. e) protons
A
Which of the following has a positive charge? a) a proton b) an isotope c) an electron d) a neutron e) an anion
A
Which of the following is a characteristic of both living organisms and non-living materials? a) They can contain carbon. b) They obtain and use energy. c) They respond to the environment d) They are composed of a cell or cells. e) They have mechanisms that allow for evolutionary adaptation.
A
Which of the following is a purine? a) guanine (G) b) cytosine (C) c) thymine (T) d) uracil (U) e) terpene (T)
A
Which of the following unifying themes of biology is NOT matched correctly with an example of that theme? a) cell theory - cells process environmental information b) nonequilibrium state - energy is constantly required to maintain the complexity of life c) information processing - DNA directs synthesis of cellular components d) diversity of life arises by evolution - all organisms use the same DNA code e) structure and function - the shape of a protein affects its function in a cell
A
A biological system can be described at many scales, but there are often properties that emerge that are greater than the sum of the parts. This is called a) a hierarchy. b) an emergent property. c) a population. d) an interdisciplinary science. e) an ecosystem.
B
All multicellular animals are part of the domain a) archaea b) eukarya c) protista d) fungi e) bacteria
B
Atoms and molecules can become charged when they gain or lose an electron. Which of the following is the term for an atom or molecule that has a charge? a) isotope b) ion c) radioactive isotope d) trace element e) polar atom or molecule
B
Endoplasmic reticulum and chloroplasts are organelles. A duck is a bird. A carp is a type of fish. Which of the following statements about relative size is true? a) Carbon is bigger than the heart. b) A heart is bigger than a chloroplast. c) Glucose is bigger than a duck. d) Oxygen is bigger than DNA. e) Endoplasmic reticulum is bigger than a carp.
B
Good science proceeds by a) using data from experiments without controls. b) making hypotheses that make predictions. c) accepting a hypothesis when experiments produce results that are inconsistent with the hypothesis. d) doing experiments that do not have to be repeated. e) making conclusions then making up data that supports those conclusions.
B
If there are fewer hydrogen ions in solution A than in solution B, then a) solution A has a lower pH than solution B. b) solution A is more basic than solution B. c) solution A has a pH of 10. d) solutions A and B are isotopes of each other. e) solution A has a pH of 7.
B
Imagine you are a scientist with a hypothesis that chemical C kills alfalfa plants. You do an experiment and show that in the presence of chemical C your alfalfa plants die. An important control experiment would be to show that a) your alfalfa plants grow in the presence of chemical D. b) your alfalfa plants grow in the absence of chemical C. c) your alfalfa plants fail to grow in the presence of chemical D. d) your alfalfa plants grow with chemicals C and D. e) your alfalfa plants fail to grow in the absence of chemical C.
B
In DNA the nitrogenous bases are bound to the a) 3' carbon. b) 1' carbon. c) 4' carbon. d) 5' carbon. e) 2' carbon.
B
Life is unified by all living organisms a) each emerging by individual spontaneous generation events. b) having similar macromolecules. c) being part of the same species. d) individual living organism having different alleles from each other. e) being multicellular.
B
Nucleic acids and proteins are both a) made of monomers joined to each other by hydrolysis reactions. b) made of monomers held together with covalent bonds. c) made of monomers held together with phosphodiester bonds. d) made of monomers held together with peptide bonds.
B
Of the following, a region of a protein that has many polar amino acids is most likely to a) be found touching the fatty acid tails of phospholipids in a bilayer. b) interact well with water. c) be found in the center of a micelle. d) interact with a region of the protein that has non-polar amino acids because opposites attract. e) create a hydrophobic water exclusion zone.
B
The experiments done on sterilized broth with the swan-neck flasks were important because they lead to the a) process of carbon-dating, which provided evidence for evolution via radioisotopes. b) process of pasteurization, which reduces bacterial growth in food. c) process of artificial DNA replication, which allows scientists to clone humans. d) process of homogenization, which makes the texture of milk more uniform. e) process of cell division, which leads to more useful bacteria in the gut
B
The three major parts of a nucleotide are a a) glucose, amino acid, and a starch. b) a phosphate, a sugar and a nitrogenous base. c) fatty acid, a sugar and an amino group. d) DNA, RNA and a protein. e) a carboxyl, a phosphate, and a glycerol.
B
There are two electrons in the lowest energy level, and eight electrons in each of the next two energy levels. Which of the following would be most likely to donate an electron in a chemical reaction? a) oxygen with 8 electrons. b) sodium with 11 electrons. c) carbon with 6 electrons. d) nitrogen with 7 electrons. e) chlorine with 17 electrons.
B
What distinguishes a scientific theory from a hypothesis? a) Scientific theories have been proven false, whereas hypotheses have been proven true. b) A scientific theory is a logical explanation with extensive supporting data, whereas a hypothesis has much less supporting data. c) Hypotheses have been proven false, whereas scientific theories have been proven true. d) Scientific theories are logical explanations of a phenomenon, whereas hypotheses have supporting data but are not logical. e) Hypotheses are logical explanations of a phenomenon, whereas scientific theories have supporting data but are not logical.
B
Which functional group consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms? a) carbonyl b) amino c) hydroxyl d) carboxyl e) phosphate
B
Which of the following is a characteristic of both living organisms and non-living materials? a) They can have mechanisms that allow for evolutionary adaptation. b) They can contain oxygen and hydrogen. c) They can respond to the environment. d) They can be composed of a cell or cells. e) They can pass information from one generation to the next.
B
Which of the following is the highest level of the hierarchy of biological organization on the list below? a) Molecules b) Ecosystem c) Community d) Cells e) Population
B
Which of the following supports the hypothesis that compound B is a pH buffer? a) When you add compound B to water, the pH becomes more acidic. b) When you add an acid to a solution containing compound B the pH changes less than when compound B is not present. c) When you add base to a solution containing compound B, the pH decreases. d) When you add a base to a solution containing compound B, the pH changes more than when compound B is not present. e) When you add acid to a solution containing compound B, the pH increases.
B
Which of the following type of bond requires an electron to move completely from one atom to another? a) a polar covalent bond b) an ionic bond c) a hydrogen bond d) a single covalent bond e) a double covalent bond
B
Which of the following unifying themes of biology is NOT matched correctly with an example of that theme? a) diversity of life arises by evolution - all organisms use the same DNA code b) cell theory - cells process environmental information c) structure and function - the shape of a protein affects its function in a cell d) information processing - DNA directs synthesis of cellular components e) nonequilibrium state - energy is constantly required to maintain the complexity of life
B
Which of the following unifying themes of biology is NOT matched correctly with an example of that theme? a) nonequilibrium state - energy is constantly required to maintain the complexity of life b) diversity of life arises by evolution - cells process environmental information c) structure and function - the shape of a protein affects its function in a cell d) cell theory - living organisms are made or one or more cells e) information processing - DNA directs synthesis of cellular components
B
A hypothesis is a) tested in laboratories, or sometimes out in nature for biology, but making hypotheses is NOT part of daily life. b) usually tested only one way before becoming a theory. c) a testable possible explanation of observations. d) final and completely describes a part of science.
C
An aqueous solution is a solution of solutes dissolved in water as the solvent. The pH of an aqueous solution tells you a) how strong each hydrogen bond is in the solution. b) how much salt (NaCl) is dissolved in the solution. c) the concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution. d) the surface tension of the water. e) how much buffer you have in the solution.
C
Due to the difference in the electronegativity of oxygen and hydrogen, in one molecule of water a) there are more electrons than protons. b) there is an equal sharing of the electrons between the hydrogen and the oxygen. c) there is a partial negative charge on the oxygen and a partial positive charge on hydrogen. d) there are more protons than electrons. e) non-polar covalent bonds form between the hydrogen and the oxygen.
C
Good science proceeds by a) using data from experiments without controls. b) making hypotheses that make predictions. c) accepting a hypothesis when experiments produce results that are inconsistent with the hypothesis. d) doing experiments that do not have to be repeated. e) making conclusions then making up data that supports those conclusions.
C
Hydrogen bonds are important for life as we know it. Hydrogen bonds a) reduce the surface tension of water. b) require nonpolar covalent bonds. c) hold separate water molecules together. d) make temperatures more moderate inland compared to near Lake St. Clair. e) are stronger than covalent bonds.
C
If carbon makes only single covalent bonds, it will make a) eight single covalent bonds. b) six single covalent bonds. c) four single covalent bonds. d) two single covalent bonds. e) five single covalent bonds.
C
Imagine you are an alien from a world without flashlights. You make some observations on Earth and develop a hypothesis that flashlights require batteries to work. You do an experiment where you show that twenty flashlights without batteries do not work. An important control experiment is to show a) the flashlights do not work without connecting the bulb to the batteries. b) the flashlights do not work without bulbs. c) that the flashlights do work with batteries. d) the flashlights do not work without batteries or bulbs.
C
Nitrogen has five valence electrons in its outer electron shell. To follow the octet rule it would form ________ single covalent bonds. a) five b) two c) three d) eight e) four
C
Pasteur ran experiments testing the germ hypothesis that preexisting organisms in the air contaminate sterile broth and the spontaneous generation hypothesis that living organism spontaneously generate from nonliving organic molecules. In class we discussed the experiments and the conclusion that the germ hypothesis was correct and the spontaneous generation hypothesis was false. What result would have supported the spontaneous generation hypothesis? a) microorganisms in unsterilized broth in a flask with a curved neck. b) the absence of microorganisms in unsterilized broth c) microorganisms in the sterilized broth with the flask neck intact. d) the absence of microorganisms in sterilized broth after the flask neck was broken e) microorganisms in unsterilized broth in a flask with a broken neck
C
Polymers are made shorter by a) ionic reactions. b) dehydration reactions. c) hydrolysis reactions. d) condensation reactions. e) breaking hydrogen bonds.
C
The backbone of DNA is NOT made with a) a dehydration reaction. b) bonds between a phosphate group and a sugar group. c) hydrogen bonds. d) phosphodiester bonds. e) covalent bonds.
C
The backbone of RNA is made by a) nucleic bonds between the deoxyribose and the phosphate group b) ionic bonds between the phosphate groups c) covalent bonds between sugar and phosphate groups. d) covalent bonds between the amino acids e) peptide bonds between the nucleic acids
C
The functional group that is made of one carbon atom bonded to a hydroxyl group and to an oxygen atom is called a) methyl. b) amino. c) carboxyl. d) phosphate. e) carbonyl.
C
The germ hypothesis has been supported by strong evidence, such as the absence of the growth of bacteria in sterilized broth, so that it is now an accepted theory. The germ theory is that a) living organisms use energy found in nutrients to maintain their complexity. b) the basic unit of life is the cell. c) living organisms only come from previously existing living organisms. d) bacteria need nutrients to survive. e) multicellular organisms contain germs.
C
The germ hypothesis has been supported by strong evidence, such as the absence of the growth of bacteria in sterilized broth, so that it is now an accepted theory. The germ theory is that a) the basic unit of life is the cell. b) bacteria need nutrients to survive. c) living organisms only come from previously existing living organisms. d) living organisms use energy found in nutrients to maintain their complexity. e) multicellular organisms contain germs.
C
The germ theory is that living organisms can only come from other living organisms under current conditions on Earth. What is one positive outcome of understanding this biological principle? a) We better understand what causes diabetes and how to prevent it. b) We understand how DNA carries the code that is used to assemble the amino acids of proteins in the correct order. c) We have better food safety by killing the microorganisms in food and controlling contamination with more microorganisms. d) We know more of the types of microorganisms that live in our digestive systems, and which ones are helpful and which are harmful. e) We understand how the bonds in water interact with the bonds in the macromolecules of life.
C
The two strands of the DNA double helix are held together by a) peptide bonds between the nucleic acids b) ionic bonds between the phosphate groups c) hydrogen bonds between base pairs d) covalent bonds between the amino acids e) nucleic bonds between the deoxyribose and the phosphate group
C
Think about the germ theory and spontaneous generation hypothesis that we studied in class with broth in a flask. Which of the following results was the strongest support for the germ theory? a) microorganisms in the sterilized flask after one week with the swan neck broken so that objects could fall into the flask b) microorganisms in the flask after one week with without sterilization, but with the swan neck intact c) no microorganisms in the sterilized flask with the intact neck after a week d) no microorganisms in the sterilized flask after one week with the swan neck broken so that objects could fall into the flask e) microorganisms in the sterilized flask with the intact neck after a week
C
To scientifically study a system you would a) use deductive, but not inductive reasoning because inductive reasoning generates hypotheses that might be proven false. b) only think about the whole system at once because you will never find the emergent properties with a reductionist approach. c) combine inductive and deductive reasoning, and combine a reductionist and systems approach to get the most complete understanding. d) use inductive, but not deductive reasoning because deductive reasoning does not generate new hypotheses. e) reduce the system to its parts because there is no value in studying the system as a whole.
C
What is common to the breakdown of polysaccharides to disaccharides, proteins to amino acids and DNA to deoxynucleotides? a) They all break ionic bonds. b) They all decrease the concentration of monomers. c) They are all hydrolysis reactions. d) They all are dehydration reactions. e) They all involve the generation of peptide bonds.
C
What was Pasteur's hypothesis? a) Microorganisms grew in the flask when the neck was broken. b) There were no microorganisms in the broth when the neck was intact. c) Life only comes from existing life forms. d) Broth provides nutrients for living organisms to survive on. e) Heating the broth killed all of the microorganisms in the broth.
C
When six H2O molecules interact with six CO2 molecules, the result is six C6H12O6 molecules and six O2 molecules. In this reaction the products are. a) O2 and H2O. b) O2 and CO2. c) C6H12O6 and O2. d) CO2 and C6H12O6. e) CO2 and H2O
C
Which of the following does NOT describe all living organisms? a) They can grow, develop and reproduce. b) They are complex and ordered. c) They use inductive and deductive reasoning. d) They maintain an internal balance (homeostasis). e) They respond to their environments.
C
Which of the following is NOT a unifying theory of biology? a) Information is passed from one generation to the next. b) Cells are the basic units of life. c) The basis for inheritance is carbohydrates. d) Energy is required to maintain complexity. e) The shapes of structures affects their functions.
C
Which of the following is a characteristic of both living organisms and non-living materials? a) They respond to the environment b) They have mechanisms that allow for evolutionary adaptation. c) They can contain carbon. d) They are composed of a cell or cells. e) They obtain and use energy.
C
Which of the following is a polymer? a) an amino acid b) water c) a DNA molecule d) a nucleotide molecule e) a glucose molecule
C
Which of the following is the hierarchical organization of living organisms from the smallest size to the largest? a) cells, communities, ecosystems, organs, organisms, atoms, molecules b) organs, organisms, atoms, molecules, cells, communities, ecosystems c) atoms, molecules, cells, organs, organisms, communities, ecosystems d) atoms, molecules, communities, ecosystems, cells, organs, organisms e) cells, organs, organisms, atoms, molecules, communities, ecosystems
C
Which of the following levels of biological organization is the one that is one level larger than a macromolecule? a) a cell b) a tissue c) an organelle d) a molecule e) an atom
C
Which of the following levels of biological organization is the one that is one level lower than (just smaller than) a cell? a) an atom b) a macromolecule c) an organelle d) a tissue e) a molecule
C
Which of the following was evidence on which Darwin based his hypothesis of natural selection (now the theory of natural selection)? a) The fossil record that shows that there are no intermediate species (transitional forms) from ancient to modern forms. b) All individuals of a species survive to produce offspring. c) The variation in beak structure of finches matched species' food sources. d) Genetic information is passed to offspring with DNA. e) The Earth is about 4.5 billion years old.
C
Why are the discoveries of Pasteur and other scientists about the germ theory important today? a) We have vaccinations for diseases, like measles and mumps. b) We know how the organelles in cells work together to support life. c) We increase the safety and shelf life of food by heating and sealing it. d) We know that DNA passes information from one generation to the next. e) We know the difference between a theory and a hypothesis.
C
Why do we need to address questions with both reductionist and systems approaches? a) We do not need both. Either approach alone can explain a scientific phenomenon. b) We need systems biology to study large things, and reductionism to study small things. c) We need reductionism to understand the parts, and systems biology to understand the emergent properties when the parts work together. d) We need systems biology to understand the parts, and reductionism to understand the emergent properties when the parts work together. e) We need reductionism to study large things, and systems biology to study small things.
C
ou add the same amount of acid to two solutions, Solution A and B. The solutions are identical except Solution A has a pH buffer, and Solution B does not have a buffer. You would predict that after adding the acid to each solution, Solution B would have a) a lower concentration of free hydrogen ions ([H+]) than Solution A. b) the same concentration of free hydrogen ions ([H+]) than Solution A. c) a lower pH than Solution A. d) a higher pH than Solution A. e) the same pH as Solution A.
C
A proton a) has a negative charge, and orbits the nucleus. b) has a positive charge, and orbits the nucleus. c) has a negative charge, and is found in the nucleus. d) has a positive charge, and is found in the nucleus. e) is neutral, and orbits the nucleus.
D
A scientific theory a) is a body of interconnected concepts. b) is one of the ideas of which we are most certain. c) is supported by scientific reasoning. d) All of the other answers are correct. e) is supported by many types of experimental evidence.
D
Carbon has four electrons in its outer electron shell. Oxygen has six electrons in its outer shell. As a result a) carbon makes polar bonds. b) oxygen makes polar bonds. c) some carbon is carbon-14. d) carbon can make double covalent bonds with two oxygen molecules. e) carbon typically makes two single covalent bonds.
D
DNA, RNA, proteins and complex carbohydrates are all made from their monomers by a) hydrophilic reactions. b) hydrolysis reactions. c) hydrogen bond reactions. d) dehydration reactions. e) hydrophobic reactions.
D
Hydrogen bonds are important for life as we know it. Hydrogen bonds a) require nonpolar covalent bonds. b) reduce the surface tension of water. c) make temperatures more moderate inland compared to near Lake St. Clair. d) hold separate water molecules together. e) are stronger than covalent bonds.
D
If there are more hydrogen ions in solution A than in solution B, then a) solution A has a pH of 10. b) solution A is more basic. c) solutions A and B are isotopes of each other. d) solution A has a lower pH than solution B. e) solution A has a pH of 7.
D
If you observe that energy is required to maintain the complex organization of a cell, it is evidence supporting which of the following unifying themes of biology? a) cell theory b) information processing c) structure is related to function d) organisms are in non-equilibrium e) molecular inheritance
D
In a redox (reduction-oxidation) reaction it is always true that a) a double covalent bond is broken and a single covalent bond is formed. b) a single covalent bond is broken and a double covalent bond is formed. c) one atom loses a hydrogen atom and another gains a hydrogen atom. d) one atom loses an electron and another atom gains an electron. e) one atom loses an oxygen atom and another gains the oxygen atom.
D
In a redox (reduction-oxidation) reaction it is always true that a) one atom loses an oxygen atom and another gains the oxygen atom. b) one atom loses a hydrogen atom and another gains a hydrogen atom. c) a single covalent bond is broken and a double covalent bond is formed. d) one atom loses an electron and another atom gains an electron. e) a double covalent bond is broken and a single covalent bond is formed.
D
In chemical reactions, the gain of an electron is called a) polymerization. b) ionization. c) covalent bonding. d) reduction. e) oxidation.
D
In phospholipid bilayers the _________ are on the outer sides touching the water. a) hydrophobic phosphate heads b) hydrophobic fatty acids c) hydrophilic fatty acids d) hydrophilic phosphate heads e) hydrophobic steroids
D
Pasteur studied germ hypothesis when the spontaneous generation hypothesis was still popular. He sterilized broth in a swan neck flask, and then waited to see if living organisms grew. With the swan neck intact, he observed that when he waited he saw a) growth of bacteria, which supported the germ hypothesis. b) growth of bacteria, which supported the spontaneous generation hypothesis. c) no growth of bacteria, which supported the spontaneous generation hypothesis. d) no growth of bacteria, which supported the germ hypothesis.
D
The backbone of RNA is made by a) ionic bonds between the phosphate groups b) peptide bonds between the nucleic acids c) covalent bonds between the amino acids d) covalent phosphodiester bonds between sugar and phosphate groups. e) nucleic bonds between the deoxyribose and the phosphate group
D
The experiments done on sterilized broth with the swan-neck flasks were important because they lead to the a) process of cell division, which leads to more useful bacteria in the gut. b) process of artificial DNA replication, which allows scientists to clone humans. c) process of carbon-dating, which provided evidence for evolution via radioisotopes. d) process of pasteurization, which reduces bacterial growth in food. e) process of homogenization, which makes the texture of milk more uniform.
D
The experiments done on sterilized broth with the swan-neck flasks were important because they lead to the a) process of homogenization, which makes the texture of milk more uniform. b) process of artificial DNA replication, which allows scientists to clone humans. c) process of carbon-dating, which provided evidence for evolution via radioisotopes. d) process of pasteurization, which reduces bacterial growth in food. e) process of cell division, which leads to more useful bacteria in the gut.
D
The four major macromolecules have similarities and differences. Which of the following is true? a) Carbohydrates and lipids store information to pass on to the next generation. b) Nucleic acids and lipids are the major macromolecules for long-term energy storage. c) All four major macromolecules contain phosphorous. d) Nucleic acids, polysaccharides and proteins are made from monomers by dehydration reactions. e) Carbohydrates and lipids are made from monomers by hydrolysis reactions.
D
The polarity of water is important because the polarity a) allows water to make covalent bonds. b) arises from the difference in electronegativity between oxygen and hydrogen. c) makes water magnetic. d) allows water to make hydrogen bonds. e) means that the protons are more often found by the oxygen, not the hydrogen.
D
There is unity and diversity to life. All lifeforms are unified by all of the following except a) being composed of one or more cells as the basic functional unit. b) evolution. c) the four major types of macromolecules. d) having the exact same sequences of nucleotides in their DNA. e) the requirement for energy and similarities in energy pathways.
D
Water is a bad solvent for a) polar amino acids. b) anions. c) cations. d) nonpolar fatty acids. e) acids.
D
What distinguishes a scientific theory from a hypothesis? a) Hypotheses are logical explanations of a phenomenon, whereas scientific theories have supporting data but are not logical. b) Scientific theories have been proven false, whereas hypotheses have been proven true. c) Scientific theories are logical explanations of a phenomenon, whereas hypotheses have supporting data but are not logical. d) A scientific theory is a logical explanation with extensive supporting data, whereas a hypothesis has much less supporting data. e) Hypotheses have been proven false, whereas scientific theories have been proven true.
D
What distinguishes a scientific theory from a hypothesis? a) Scientific theories have been proven false, whereas hypotheses have been proven true. b) Hypotheses have been proven false, whereas scientific theories have been proven true. c) Scientific theories are logical explanations of a phenomenon, whereas hypotheses have supporting data but are not logical. d) A scientific theory is a logical explanation with extensive supporting data, whereas a hypothesis has much less supporting data. e) Hypotheses are logical explanations of a phenomenon, whereas scientific theories have supporting data but are not logical.
D
What is common to the synthesis of polysaccharides and proteins, and the addition of fatty acids to glycerol? a) They all increase the concentration of monomers. b) They all involve the generation of peptide bonds between a carboxyl and amino groups. c) They all use the formation of ionic bonds. d) They all are dehydration reactions. e) They are all hydrolysis reactions.
D
Which of the following is LEAST commonly found in organic molecules? a) Carbon b) Oxygen c) Nitrogen d) Phosphorous e) Hydrogen
D
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of all living organisms? a) They are composed of a cell or cells. b) They have mechanisms that allow for evolutionary adaptation. c) They obtain and use energy. d) They make carbohydrates from carbon dioxide. e) They are complex and ordered.
D
Which of the following is a characteristic of both living organisms and non-living materials? a) They are composed of a cell or cells. b) They respond to the environment c) They have mechanisms that allow for evolutionary adaptation. d) They can contain carbon. e) They obtain and use energy.
D
Which of the following would take the LEAST energy to break per bond? a) a peptide bond b) a phosphodiester bond c) an ionic bond d) a hydrogen bond e) a single covalent bond
D
You add the same amount of acid to two solutions, Solution A and B. The solutions are identical except Solution A has a pH buffer, and Solution B does not have a buffer. You would predict that after adding the acid to each solution, Solution B would have a) a higher pH than Solution A. b) a lower concentration of free hydrogen ions ([H+]) than Solution A. c) the same concentration of free hydrogen ions ([H+]) than Solution A. d) a lower pH than Solution A. e) the same pH as Solution A.
D
A scientific theory a) is a body of interconnected concepts. b) is supported by many types of experimental evidence. c) is one of the ideas of which we are most certain. d) is supported by scientific reasoning. e) All of the other answers are correct.
E
Beta glucose is used to make which of the following that is a long unbranched polymer that is important for the structure of the cell walls of plants? a) starch b) amylopectin c) glycogen d) sucrose e) cellulose
E
Both proteins and nucleic acids are made from their monomers by a) making phosphodiester bonds. b) making peptide bonds. c) making hydrogen bonds. d) hydrolysis reactions. e) dehydration reactions.
E
Depending on the type and isomer of monosaccharides used to make a polysaccharide, the result will be a) the same. The result will be cellulose. b) the same. The result will be glycogen. c) the same. The result will be a starch. d) the same. The result will be a molecule that is predominantly used for energy storage. e) different. The result may be one of many polysaccharides, like cellulose, glycogen or a starch.
E
Hydrocarbons a) dissolve well in water. b) are polar. c) have a central carbon atom that makes two double covalent bonds to two atoms, and two more single covalent bonds to a different two atoms. d) have one element with high electronegativity and a second element with relatively low electronegativity. e) contain carbon and hydrogen.
E
If you observe that energy is required to maintain the complex organization of a cell, it is evidence supporting which of the following unifying themes of biology? a) structure is related to function b) cell theory c) information processing d) molecular inheritance e) organisms are in non-equilibrium
E
Saturated fatty acids a) are more likely to come from plants than unsaturated fatty acids are. b) each have at least one double bond. c) are more liquid than unsaturated fatty acids are. d) are longer than unsaturated fatty acids are. e) pack more tightly than unsaturated fatty acids do.
E
The germ hypothesis has been supported by strong evidence, such as the absence of the growth of bacteria in sterilized broth, so that it is now an accepted theory. The germ theory is that a) living organisms use energy found in nutrients to maintain their complexity. b) bacteria need nutrients to survive. c) multicellular organisms contain germs. d) the basic unit of life is the cell. e) living organisms only come from previously existing living organisms.
E
The monomers of a carbohydrate a) are hydrophobic. b) are cellulose. c) are made into polysaccharides by hydrolysis reactions. d) are hydrocarbons. e) have the formula C6H12O6.
E
The three major parts of a nucleotide are a a) a carboxyl, a phosphate, and a glycerol. b) fatty acid, a sugar and an amino group. c) DNA, RNA and a protein. d) glucose, amino acid, and a starch. e) a phosphate, a sugar and a nitrogenous base.
E
Which of the following do you predict you would find the LEAST of in a tree? a) nitrogen b) oxygen c) hydrogen d) carbon e) calcium
E
Which of the following has the MOST energy per bond? a) a single non-polar covalent bond b) a single polar covalent bond c) an ionic bond d) a hydrogen bond e) a double covalent bond
E
Which of the following ideas was NOT supported by evidence? a) the germ hypothesis b) the octet rule c) the cell theory d) the theory of evolution e) the spontaneous generation hypothesis
E
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of ALL living organisms? a) They allow for evolutionary adaptation. b) They obtain and use energy. c) They respond to their environment. d) They are composed of a cell or cells. e) They use chloroplasts to convert energy.
E
Which of the following is NOT part of how we study the nature of science? a) inductive reasoning from specific observations to general conclusions. b) deductive reasoning from general principles to specific predictions. c) iterative refinement of hypotheses. d) drawing logical conclusions from experiments. e) describing a scientific theory based on one experiment.
E
Which of the following is the hierarchical organization of living organisms from the smallest size to the largest? a) cells, organs, organisms, atoms, molecules, communities, ecosystems b) organs, organisms, atoms, molecules, cells, communities, ecosystems c) atoms, molecules, communities, ecosystems, cells, organs, organisms d) cells, communities, ecosystems, organs, organisms, atoms, molecules e) atoms, molecules, cells, organs, organisms, communities, ecosystems
E
Which of the following is the smallest level of the hierarchy of biological organization on the list below? a) Communities b) Ecosystems c) Cells d) Organelles e) Molecules
E
Which of the following pairs are both found in all twenty amino acids? a) a ribose and a phosphate b) sulfhydryl and an amino group c) a sugar and a fatty acid d) a nitrogenous base and a phosphate e) a carboxyl group and an amino group
E
Which type of bond holds two different water molecules to each other, or the two halves of a DNA double helix together? a) single covalent bonds b) polar covalent bonds c) double covalent bonds d) non-polar covalent bonds e) hydrogen bonds
E