Bio220/221 A&P: The Appendicular Skeleton

radius ulna interosseous membrane

forearm diagram...

illium ischium pubis

hip bones diagram...

distal phalange middle phalange proximal phalange

superior view foot diagram...

tibia fibula medial condyle

tibia/fibula diagram....

fibula; muscle attachments

The __________ is the slender bone located on the lateral side of the leg. The fibula does not bear weight. It serves primarily for _____________ ______________________ and thus is largely surrounded by muscles. Only the proximal and distal ends of the fibula can be palpated.

tibia; fibula; femur

The _________ (shin bone) is the medial bone of the leg and is larger than the __________, with which it is paired. The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg and the second longest bone of the body, after the ___________. The medial side of the tibia is located immediately under the skin, allowing it to be easily palpated down the entire length of the medial leg.

femur

def. also known as thigh bone, is the single bone of the thigh region

pelvic girdle

def. formed by a single bone, the hip or coxal bone, and is the attachment point for each lower limb

femur

def. longest and strongest bone of the body

ulna

def. the medial bone of the forearm

humerus

def. the single bone of the upper arm region

greater trochanter linea aspera

femurs diagram...

talus navicular cuboid calcaneus

foot diagram...

acromion glenoid cavity coracoid process spine

scapula diagram...

clavicle scapula glenohumeral joint

shoulder diagram...

childbirth; wider and more shallow

Because the female pelvis is adapted for _______________, it is wider than the male pelvis, as evidenced by the distance between the anterior superior iliac spines. The ischial tuberosities of females are also farther apart, which increases the size of the pelvic outlet. The female sacrum is wider, shorter, and less curved, and the sacral promontory projects less into the pelvic cavity, thus giving the female pelvic inlet (pelvic brim) a more rounded or oval shape compared to males. The lesser pelvic cavity of females is also __________ and ________ ____________ than the narrower, deeper, and tapering lesser pelvis of males.

three; humerus; ulna; radius; carpal; metacarpal; phalanx

The upper limb is divided into _________ regions. These consist of the arm, located between the shoulder and elbow joints; the forearm, which is between the elbow and wrist joints; and the hand, which is located distal to the wrist. There are 30 bones in each upper limb. The ______________ is the single bone of the upper arm, and the _______ (medially) and the ___________ (laterally) are the paired bones of the forearm. The base of the hand contains eight bones, each called a _________ bone, and the palm of the hand is formed by five bones, each called a _________________l bone. The fingers and thumb contain a total of 14 bones, each of which is a _____________ bone of the hand.

carpal

The wrist and base of the hand are formed by a series of eight small ___________ bones. The carpal bones are arranged in two rows, forming a proximal row of four carpal bones and a distal row of four carpal bones.

two; pectoral; pelvic

Your skeleton provides the internal supporting structure of the body. The adult axial skeleton consists of 80 bones that form the head and body trunk. Attached to this are the limbs, whose 126 bones constitute the appendicular skeleton. These bones are divided into _______ groups: the bones that are located within the limbs themselves, and the girdle bones that attach the limbs to the axial skeleton. The bones of the shoulder region form the ______________ girdle, which anchors the upper limb to the thoracic cage of the axial skeleton. The lower limb is attached to the vertebral column by the ___________ girdle.

three; thigh; leg; femur; patella; distal; tibia; medial; fibula; lateral; tarsal; metatarsal; phalanx

Like the upper limb, the lower limb is divided into ___________ regions. The _________ is that portion of the lower limb located between the hip joint and knee joint. The _____ is specifically the region between the knee joint and the ankle joint. Distal to the ankle is the foot. The lower limb contains 30 bones. These are the femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsal bones, metatarsal bones, and phalanges. The __________ is the single bone of the thigh. The _____________ is the kneecap and articulates with the __________ femur. The ________ is the larger, weight-bearing bone located on the _____________ side of the leg, and the ____________ is the thin bone of the __________ leg. The bones of the foot are divided into three groups. The posterior portion of the foot is formed by a group of seven bones, each of which is known as a __________ bone, whereas the mid-foot contains five elongated bones, each of which is a ___________________ bone. The toes contain 14 small bones, each of which is a _____________ bone of the foot.

patella; sesamoid; does not

The ____________ (kneecap) is largest ______________ bone of the body. A sesamoid bone is a bone that is incorporated into the tendon of a muscle where that tendon crosses a joint. The patella is found in the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle, the large muscle of the anterior thigh that passes across the anterior knee to attach to the tibia. The patella articulates with the patellar surface of the femur and thus prevents rubbing of the muscle tendon against the distal femur. The patella also lifts the tendon away from the knee joint, which increases the leverage power of the quadriceps femoris muscle as it acts across the knee. The patella (does/does not) articulate with the tibia.

pelvic; coxal; sacrum; vertebral column; coccyx

The ____________ girdle (hip girdle) is formed by a single bone, the hip bone or __________ bone (hip), which serves as the attachment point for each lower limb. Each hip bone, in turn, is firmly joined to the axial skeleton via its attachment to the ____________ of the _______________ ______________. The bony pelvis is the entire structure formed by the two hip bones, the sacrum, and, attached inferiorly to the sacrum, the _______________. Unlike the bones of the pectoral girdle, which are highly mobile to enhance the range of upper limb movements, the bones of the pelvis are strongly united to each other to form a largely immobile, weight-bearing structure. This is important for stability. Thus, the immobility of the pelvis provides a strong foundation for the upper body as it rests on top of the mobile lower limbs.

scapula and clavicle; clavicle; medial

The appendicular skeleton includes all of the limb bones, plus the bones that unite each limb with the axial skeleton. The bones that attach each upper limb to the axial skeleton form the pectoral girdle (shoulder girdle). This consists of two bones, the ____________ and ______________. The _____________ (collarbone) is an S-shaped bone located on the anterior side of the shoulder. It is attached on its ___________ end to the sternum of the thoracic cage, which is part of the axial skeleton. The lateral end of the clavicle articulates (joins) with the scapula just above the shoulder joint. You can easily palpate, or feel with your fingers, the entire length of your clavicle.

thicker and heavier

The differences between the adult female and male pelvis relate to function and body size. In general, the bones of the male pelvis are ___________ and ____________, adapted for support of the male's heavier physical build and stronger muscles. The greater sciatic notch of the male hip bone is narrower and deeper than the broader notch of females.

metacarpal; carpometacarpal; metacarpophalangeal; knuckles; phalanx

The palm of the hand contains five elongated ____________________ bones. These bones lie between the carpal bones of the wrist and the bones of the fingers and thumb. The proximal end of each metacarpal bone articulates with one of the distal carpal bones. Each of these articulations is a ____________________________ joint. The expanded distal end of each metacarpal bone articulates at the _________________________________ joint with the proximal phalanx bone of the thumb or one of the fingers. The distal end also forms the _______________ of the hand, at the base of the fingers. The metacarpal bones are numbered 1-5, beginning at the thumb. The fingers and thumb contain 14 bones, each of which is called a _______________ bone (plural = phalanges). The thumb (pollex) is digit number 1 and has two phalanges, a proximal phalanx, and a distal phalanx bone. Digits 2 (index finger) through 5 (little finger) have three phalanges each, called the proximal, middle, and distal phalanx bones.

sacrum; coccyx; anteriorly

The pelvis consists of four bones: the right and left hip bones, the ____________, and the _____________. The pelvis has several important functions. Its primary role is to support the weight of the upper body when sitting and to transfer this weight to the lower limbs when standing. It serves as an attachment point for trunk and lower limb muscles, and also protects the internal pelvic organs. When standing in the anatomical position, the pelvis is tilted ________________. In this position, the anterior superior iliac spines and the pubic tubercles lie in the same vertical plane, and the anterior (internal) surface of the sacrum faces forward and downward.

talus; ankle

The posterior half of the foot is formed by seven tarsal bones. The most superior bone is the _________. This has a relatively square-shaped, upper surface that articulates with the tibia and fibula to form the _________ joint. The anterior half of the foot is formed by the five metatarsal bones, which are located between the tarsal bones of the posterior foot and the phalanges of the toes. These elongated bones are numbered 1-5, starting with the medial side of the foot.

interphalangeal

The toes contain a total of 14 phalanx bones (phalanges), arranged in a similar manner as the phalanges of the fingers. The toes are numbered 1-5, starting with the big toe (hallux). The big toe has two phalanx bones, the proximal and distal phalanges. The remaining toes all have proximal, middle, and distal phalanges. A joint between adjacent phalanx bones is called an __________________________ joint.