Biochem C785 - DNA/RNA and misc questions
Approximate yield of ATP= number of acetyl CoA molecules produced and multiply by ____ .
14 Recall that the number of acetyl CoA molecules is the number of fatty acid carbons divided by two. For beta oxidation of an 18-carbon fatty acid the yield is: 9 X 14 = 126 ATP molecules
Essential fatty acids have an omega-____ and/or an omega-_____ double bond.
3 or 6
What is the coding strand sequence if the non-template strand sequence is 5'-AGC CTT TAA CTA-3'? 3'-ATC AAT TTC CGA-5' 3'-AGC CTT TAA CTA-5' 3'-AGC CTT TAA CTA-5' 5'-TCG GAA ATT GAT-3'
3'-ATC AAT TTC CGA-5' It is important to recognize that he names 'coding' strand and 'non-template' strand refer to the exact same piece of DNA. Therefore, if the non-template strand is 5'-AGC CTT TAA CTA-3', then the coding strand is exactly the same sequence (because it is the same piece of DNA) However, it is written with its 3' end on the left in the possible answers (3'-ATC AAT TTC CGA-5'). We simply reverse the sequence' 5'-AGC CTT TAA CTA-3' 5'-TCG GAA ATT GAT-3' is similar to the complementary sequence 3'-TCG GAA ATT GAT-5' for the original sequence (5'-AGC CTT TAA CTA-3'), but strand is not antiparallel (the 5' end is where the 3' would be for a complementary strand and vice versa). The sequence that is complementary to the non-template, coding strand of DNA is the non-coding, template strand. The question asks for the coding strand.
What is the coding strand sequence if the non-template strand sequence is 5'-AGC CTT TAA CTA-3'? 3'-ATC AAT TTC CGA-5' 3'-AGC CTT TAA CTA-5' 3'-AGC CTT TAA CTA-5' 5'-TCG GAA ATT GAT-3'
3'-ATC AAT TTC CGA-5'. It is important to recognize that he names 'coding' strand and 'non-template' strand refer to the exact same piece of DNA. Therefore, if the non-template strand is 5'-AGC CTT TAA CTA-3', then the coding strand is exactly the same sequence (because it is the same piece of DNA) However, it is written with its 3' end on the left in the possible answers (3'-ATC AAT TTC CGA-5'). We simply reverse the sequence' 5'-AGC CTT TAA CTA-3'
Assuming there is one copy of the target DNA sequence before PCR, how many copies of DNA are thereafter 5 PCR cycles? 256 32 6,65,536 16
32
The following sequence is the coding DNA strand of the collagen gene: 5' ATG GCG TTC GAA 3' What is the sequence of the corresponding mRNA? 5' AUG GCG UUC GAA 3' 5' UTG GCG TTC GUU 3' 5' AUG GCG UUC CUU 3' 3' ATG GCG TTC GAA 5'
5' AUG GCG UUC GAA 3' The coding strand and the mRNA both go in the same direction, but the mRNA contains Us instead of Ts.
The following sequence is the coding DNA strand of the collagen gene: 5' ATG GCG TTC GAA 3' What is the sequence of the corresponding mRNA? 5' AUG GCG UUC GAA 3' 5' UTG GCG TTC GUU 3' 5' AUG GCG UUC CUU 3' 3' ATG GCG TTC GAA 5'
5' AUG GCG UUC GAA 3' The coding strand and the mRNA both go in the same direction, but the mRNA contains Us instead of Ts.
During DNA replication, which of the following sequences can be used as a primer for the following DNA sequence: 3' AGT GGA TCA CTA GGC TCT 5'? (Recall that DNA replication uses RNA primers whereas PCR uses DNA primers). 5' TCA CCT AGT GAT 3' 3' TCA CCT AGT GAT 5' 3' UCA CCU AGU GAU 5' 5' UCA CCU AGU GAU 3'
5' UCA CCU AGU GAU 3' First note that the question asks for an RNA sequence. Since RNA uses U and DNA uses T, we know that any sequence with T in it must be DNA. Therefore, we can eliminate those answers right away. During DNA replication, RNA is used as a primer for the DNA polymerase. Recall that primers are complementary and antiparallel to the strand of DNA that is being copied.
During DNA replication, which of the following sequences can be used as a primer for the following DNA sequence: 3' AGT GGA TCA CTA GGC TCT 5'? (Recall that DNA replication uses RNA primers whereas PCR uses DNA primers). 5' TCA CCT AGT GAT 3' 3' TCA CCT AGT GAT 5' 3' UCA CCU AGU GAU 5' 5' UCA CCU AGU GAU 3'
5' UCA CCU AGU GAU 3' First note that the question asks for an RNA sequence. Since RNA uses U and DNA uses T, we know that any sequence with T in it must be DNA. Therefore, we can eliminate those answers right away. During DNA replication, RNA is used as a primer for the DNA polymerase. Recall that primers are complementary and antiparallel to the strand of DNA that is being copied. The complementary RNA sequence for 3' AGT GGA TCA CTA GGC TCT 5'? is 5' UCA CCU AGU GAU CCG AGA 3'. Thus 5' UCA CCU AGU GAU 3', which is contained within the sequence above (beginning at the 5' end), could serve as a complementary primer for DNA synthesis.
Which of the following is the correct tRNA anticodon for the mRNA codon 5' GCA 3'? 5' CGT 3' 5' UGC 3' 5' CGU 3' 5' TGC 3'
5' UGC 3' First note that the question asks for an RNA sequence. Since RNA uses U and DNA uses T, we know that any sequence with T in it must be DNA. Therefore, we can eliminate those answers right away.
Which of the following is the correct tRNA anticodon for the mRNA codon 5' GCA 3'? 5' CGT 3' 5' UGC 3' 5' CGU 3' 5' TGC 3'
5' UGC 3' First note that the question asks for an RNA sequence. Since RNA uses U and DNA uses T, we know that any sequence with T in it must be DNA. Therefore, we can eliminate those answers right away. mRNA binding to tRNA is also complementary and antiparallel. Thus, the complementary sequence to 5' GCA 3' is 3' CGU 5'. Because the answers are presented with the 5' end on the left, we 'flip' the sequence to get 5' UGC 3'.
DNA polymerase can synthesize new DNA strands in which direction? N-terminus to C-terminus 3' to 5' 5' to 3' any direction
5' to 3' DNA needs a free 3' end to bind to and initiate synthesis of a DNA. It synthesizes in a 5' to 3' direction.
What would be the resulting mRNA sequence from a template strand with this sequence: 5'-CAG CTC GTC-3'? 5'-GAC GAG CUG-3' 5'-GUC GAG CAG-3' 3'-GUG GAG GAG-5' 3'-GAC GAG CUG-5'
5'-GAC GAG CUG-3'
What would be the resulting mRNA sequence from a template strand with this sequence: 5'-CAG CTC GTC-3'? 5'-GAC GAG CUG-3' 5'-GUC GAG CAG-3' 3'-GUG GAG GAG-5' 3'-GAC GAG CUG-5'
5'-GAC GAG CUG-3'. Recall that sequences that bind each other (are complementary) must also be antiparallel (running in opposite directions). The sequence that is complementary to 5'-CAG CTC GTC-3' is 3'-GUC GAG CAG-5'. Since the possible answers in the list to choose from are presented with their 5' ends on the left, we simply 'flip' the sequence to get 5'-GAC GAG CUG-3'. 3'-GAC GAG CUG-5' is the same sequence as 5'-GUC GAG CAG-3', but written with the 5' end on the right rather than on the left. What matters is 5'-to-3'. Putting the 5' end on the left when we write the sequences is the standard way to do it in the scientific literature but it does not affect the sequence itself. If two sequences read the same 5'-to-3', they are the same sequence, regardless of whether they are written left-to-right or right-to-left.
If one strand of chromosome 2 has a DNA sequence that consists of this: 5'AAG CGG TAC GTA 3' What will be the composition of the complementary DNA strand? A) 5' TTC GCC ATG CAT 3' B) 5' TAC GTA CCG CTT 3' C) 3' AAG CGG TAC GTA 5' D) 3' TTC GCC ATG CAT 5' B and D B only A only A and C
B and D All complementary base pairing must be antiparallel. The strand that is complementary to 5' AAG CGG TAC GTA 3' is 3' TTC GCC ATG CAT 5'. If we simply read the sequence backwards, from right to left, we get 5' TAC GTA CCG CTT 3'. Thus, both of these are the correct answers
If one strand of chromosome 2 has a DNA sequence that consists of this: 5'AAG CGG TAC GTA 3' What will be the composition of the complementary DNA strand? A) 5' TTC GCC ATG CAT 3' B) 5' TAC GTA CCG CTT 3' C) 3' AAG CGG TAC GTA 5' D) 3' TTC GCC ATG CAT 5' B and D B only A only A and C
B and D All complementary base pairing must be antiparallel. The strand that is complementary to 5' AAG CGG TAC GTA 3' is 3' TTC GCC ATG CAT 5'. If we simply read the sequence backwards, from right to left, we get 5' TAC GTA CCG CTT 3'. Thus, both of these are the correct answers
The LEP gene codes for an anorexigenic hormone. Interestingly, breastfeeding has been shown to alter methylation of the promoter of this gene, leading to increased LEP expression. What is likely happening in response to breastfeeding: *Breastfeeding increases the methylation of the promoter of the LEP gene, and the tight packing of the DNA alters binding of RNA polymerase. *Breastfeeding increases the methylation of the promoter of the LEP gene, decreasing the spacing between nucleosomes. *Breastfeeding decreases the methylation of the promoter of the LEP gene, increasing the spacing between nucleosomes. *Breastfeeding decreases the methylation of the promoter of the LEP gene, decreasing the spacing between nucleosomes.
Breastfeeding decreases the methylation of the promoter of the LEP gene, increasing the spacing between nucleosomes.
Hydrogens around the double bond are both pointed up. They are on the same side of the double bond. The structure bends at the double bond. This is called a ___________ __________
CIS unsaturated
Which of the following is required for DNA polymerase to replicate template DNA in PCR? *RNA primers *DNA primers *tRNA *RNA polymerase
DNA Primers
The following are steps involved in the polymerase chain reaction. Which is the correct order: *Denaturation, annealing, and elongation *Elongation, denaturation, and annealing *Annealing, elongation, and denaturation *Elongation, annealing, and denaturation
Denaturation, annealing, and elongation
When the wrong nucleotide is added to a newly forming DNA strand during DNA replication: *The cell dies *Distortion of the double helix structure occurs because of uncomplimentary pairing of the nucleotides *Thymine dimers occur *The DNA can not be repaired
Distortion of the double helix structure occurs because of uncomplimentary pairing of the nucleotides
A patient has received a large dose of ionizing radiation at his place of employment. Which scenario is accurate? *Ligase removes a single damaged base and replaces it with a new nucleotide. *A string of damaged nucleotides is removed and replaced by a new nucleotide sequence in the base excision repair pathway. *The homologous recombination pathway is upregulated and is facilitating the removal of mismatched bases. *Double-stranded DNA breaks are being repaired by nonhomologous end joining, without the use of a homologous template.
Double-stranded DNA breaks are being repaired by nonhomologous end joining, without the use of a homologous template. Base excision repair can only fix one damaged base at a time on one strand of DNA. The ionizing radiation caused double-stranded DNA breaks in the patient's cells. Due to the large dose of ionizing radiation, the patient has many double-strand DNA breaks, and undamaged homologous DNA is in short supply. The correct answer is "Double-stranded DNA breaks are being repaired by nonhomologous end joining, without the use of a homologous template."
Which of the following statements about epigenetics is false? *The DNA sequence is permanently altered. *Gene expression is influenced by chemical modifications of the DNA and/or histone proteins. *Environmental stimuli control gene expression. *Access to the promoter gene by transcription factors is affected.
Environmental stimuli control gene expression.
Some changes to the DNA do not modify the coding sequence of the DNA but do affect its winding and unwinding from nucleosomes. These changes can increase or decrease the availability of DNA and hence, the transcription of a gene. These are called ____________ changes. Hypogenetic Genetic Epidermal Epigenetic
Epigenetic
Which of the following changes can NOT be detected using PCR? Differences in the DNA sequence Epigenetic changes Deletions Insertions
Epigenetic changes Epigenitc changes do not affect the sequence of the DNA. PCR is used to look at the DNA sequence.
Which of the following components are involved in the process of actively transcribing a gene? *Epigenetic modifications to nucleosomes, promoters, RNA polymerase, transcription factors *Epigenetic modifications to nucleosomes, DNA Ligase, DNA polymerase *DNA ligase, promoters, RNA polymerase, transcription factors *Promoters, ribosomes, RNA polymerase, transcription factors
Epigenetic modifications to nucleosomes, promoters, RNA polymerase, transcription factors
The polymerase chain reaction is a tool used to study protein structure. True False
False This statement is FALSE. PCR is a tool used to amplify a specific segment of DNA.
Mismatch repair: *Fixes mistakes made by DNA polymerase during DNA replication *Fixes single damaged nucleotides *Repairs a broken chromosome using genetic information from same chromosome inherited from other parent. *Fixes multiple damaged nucleotides
Fixes mistakes made by DNA polymerase during DNA replication
Nucleotide excision repair: *Fixes mistakes made by DNA polymerase during DNA replication *Fixes single damaged nucleotides *Repairs a broken chromosome using genetic information from same chromosome inherited from other parent. *Fixes multiple damaged nucleotides
Fixes multiple damaged nucleotides
Base excision repair: *Repairs a broken chromosome using genetic information from same chromosome inherited from other parent. *Fixes single damaged nucleotides *Fixes multiple damaged nucleotides *Fixes mistakes made by DNA polymerase during DNA replication
Fixes single damaged nucleotides
A portion of the HLA gene and its associated amino acid sequence are shown below. If cytosine is deleted from codon 101, what will be the resulting amino acid sequence? 100 101 102 103 Amino Acid Number Glu His Ala Asp Amino Acid Sequence 5' - GAG CAT GCT GAT - 3' DNA Sequence *Glu Pro Cys *Glu Met Leu *Glu His Ala Asp *Ser Tyr Glu
Glu Met Leu
A portion of the HLA gene and its associated amino acid sequence are shown below. If cytosine is deleted from codon 101, what will be the resulting amino acid sequence? See Genetic code table Glu Pro Cys Glu Met Leu Glu His Ala Asp Ser Tyr Glu
Glu Met Leu Deletion of cytosine (C) from codon 101 leads to the DNA sequence 5'-GAG ATG CTG AT-3', which corresponds to the amino acid sequence Glu Met Leu.
What would the amino acid sequence be from this coding strand sequence: 5'-GGA AGG CCC-3'? Val Ala Pro Lys Pro Ser Pro Gly Arg Gly Arg Pro
Gly Arg Pro The mRNA transcribed from the template strand is complementary and antiparallel to it. The coding strand of DNA (also called the non-template strand) is also complementary and antiparallel to the template strand. Thus, translating 5'-GGA AGG CCC-3' gives us Gly Arg Pro. The other peptide sequence do not relate to this template. For example, translating the template strand (3'-CCU UCC GGG-5', which is complementary and antiparallel to the coding strand) ard reading that 5'-to-3', (5'-GGG CCU UCC-3') would yield Gly Pro Arg.
What would the amino acid sequence be from this coding strand sequence: 5'-GGA AGG CCC-3'? Gly Arg Pro Lys Pro Ser Val Ala Pro Pro Gly Arg
Gly Arg Pro. The mRNA transcribed from the template strand is complementary and antiparallel to it. The coding strand of DNA (also called the non-template strand) is also complementary and antiparallel to the template strand. Thus, translating 5'-GGA AGG CCC-3' gives us Gly Arg Pro. The other peptide sequence do not relate to this template. For example, translating the template strand (3'-CCU UCC GGG-5', which is complementary and antiparallel to the coding strand) ard reading that 5'-to-3', (5'-GGG CCU UCC-3') would yield Gly Pro Arg.
Proteins that promote coiling of DNA and help prevent DNA strands from "tangling" are called? Chaperones Histones Enzymes Polymerase
Histones
Double strand breaks in the DNA
Homologous recombination Non-homologous end joining
Immediately following transcription, mRNA must be processed before it is transported to the cytoplasm to undergo translation. Which statement correctly describes mRNA processing? *mRNA is folded into beta-pleated sheets and alpha helices to produce a mature mRNA sequence. *Exons are removed and introns are inserted into the mature mRNA sequence. *Alternative combinations of introns can be linked together to produce closely related gene products. *Introns are spliced out and exons are connected to produce a mature mRNA sequence.
Introns are spliced out and exons are connected to produce a mature mRNA sequence. Beta-pleated sheets and alpha helices are secondary structural elements found in proteins, not mRNA. The correct answer is "Introns are spliced out and exons are connected together to produce a mature mRNA sequence."
What changes can occur to the DNA and to the histones that will impact gene expression? Chromosome replication Annealing Methylation Splicing
Methylation
_________________ are a single layer of phospholipids that form a sphere. •They transport •fatty acids •vitamins •cholesterol
Micelles
Which statement is true with respect to mismatch repair and nucleotide excision repair (NER)? *Mismatch repair fixes thymine dimers caused by exposure to UV light, while NER fixes errors in DNA replication. *None of the above are true. *Mismatch repair follows the same steps as NER. *Mismatch repair uses genetic information on the opposite strand of the DNA double helix while NER uses information on the homologous chromosome.
Mismatch repair follows the same steps as NER.
___________________________ one double bond in the hydrocarbon chain.
Monounsaturated
Legumain is an enzyme that is overexpressed in neurons in response to traumatic brain injury (TBI). How does TBI trigger an increase in the expression of the gene that codes for legumain? *Nucleosomes become tightly packed together, preventing the binding of transcription factors to the promoter region of the legumain gene. *DNA polymerase is able to bind to the legumain gene. *Methyltransferases are upregulated and add methyl groups to the DNA bases in the legumain gene. *Nucleosomes are more widely spaced, exposing the legumain gene.
Nucleosomes are more widely spaced, exposing the legumain gene. Correct! increased nucleosome spacing leads to increased transcription and translation (i.e. gene expression) of the Legumain gene.
Several components of cigarette smoke, including benzopyrene, insert themselves (intercalate) into the DNA between nucleotides and lead to several types of mutations such as frameshift mutations, including both insertions and deletions. Which of the following repair pathways would be used to repair this type of damage? *Nucleotide Excision Repair *Mismatch Repair *Homologous Recombination *Base excision repair
Nucleotide Excision Repair
Damage from UV causes adjacent nucleotides to fuse together
Nucleotide excision repair
Inheriting mutations in the BRCA-1 or BRCA-2 gene can increase an individual's likelihood of developing breast cancer or ovarian cancer. How can PCR be used to assess an individual's susceptibility to developing these cancers? *The PCR process will provide an exponential increase in the amino acid sequence of the gene products. Then the amino acid can be sequenced to look for mutations. *PCR can be used to produce the mRNA for the BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 genes, which can then be sequenced to look for mutations. *PCR primers can be engineered to sequence the BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 genes and determine whether mutations are present. *PCR primers can be engineered to flank the mutation of interest in the BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 genes, and the PCR product can be sequenced to look for mutations.
PCR primers can be engineered to flank the mutation of interest in the BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 genes, and the PCR product can be sequenced to look for mutations.
Which of the following components is NOT used in PCR? RNA polymerase DNA template Primers DNA nucleotides
RNA polymerase is not used in PCR. PCR makes a DNA copy, so DNA polymerase is used.
What is the proper order of the steps involved in excision repair? *Recognize the damage, remove the damage, resynthesize the sequence, ligate the DNA backbone. *Recognize the damage, ligate the DNA backbone, remove the damage, resynthesize the sequence. *Recognize the damage, resynthesize the sequence, remove the damage, ligate the DNA backbone.
Recognize the damage, remove the damage, resynthesize the sequence, ligate the DNA backbone.
Homologous recombination: *Repairs a broken chromosome using genetic information from same chromosome inherited from other parent. *Fixes multiple damaged nucleotides *Fixes mistakes made by DNA polymerase during DNA replication *Fixes single damaged nucleotides
Repairs a broken chromosome using genetic information from same chromosome inherited from other parent.
No double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon chain. • Long chain (13-36 carbons) saturated fatty acids are mostly solids at room temperature. • Many are from animal products.
Saturated fatty acids
Which of the following is NOT a step in base excision repair? Synthesis of an RNA primer Recognition of the damage Removal of the damage by excising part of one strand to leave a gap Ligation to restore continuity of the DNA backbone
Synthesis of an RNA primer
Polymerace that is stable at high temperatures
TAQ polymerace
A thermocycler is a machine used for PCR that varies the temperature of a sample. True False
TRUE. The thermocycler is the machine that is used to vary the temperature of the samples.
What is the mRNA sequence that would result from this coding DNA sequence: 5' - CAG TTA GAT TCA - 3'? 5' - UGA AUC UAA CUG - 3' 5' - ACU UAG AUU GAC - 3' 5' - CUG TTU GUT TCU - 3' 5' - CAG UUA GAU UCA - 3'
The correct answer is 5'-CAG UUA GAU UCA-3'. The coding DNA and mRNA sequences in transcription will be identical, except for any T in the coding DNA sequence having a corresponding to U in the mRNA sequence.
Which template DNA sequence would result in the amino acid proline (Pro)? See Genetic code table 5' - CCC - 3' 5' - TGG - 3' 5' - GGT - 3' 5' - TGA - 3'
The correct answer is 5'-TGG-3'. The corresponding mRNA for 5'-TGG-3' is 3'-ACC-5', which reversed is 5'-CCA-3', a codon for the amino acid Pro. The corresponding mRNA to the selected answer 5'-CCC-3' is 3'-GGG-5', which reversed is 5'-GGG-3', a codon for the amino acid Gly.
A point mutation has altered the amino acid sequence of a neuronal tau protein, causing serine (Ser) at position 202 to be mutated to proline (Pro). Which set of codons below corresponds to this mutation? See genetic code table TCT to CCT AGA to GGA AGG to CCC CGA to AGG
The correct answer is TCT to CCT. AGG is a codon for Arg, and CCC is a codon for Pro. AGG to CCC is a mutation that changes Arg to Pro. Also, a point mutation only allows for one nucleotide to be changed, whereas AGG to CCC requires a change in all three nucleotides. The correct answer is TCT to CCT.
A patient with xeroderma pigmentosum is prone to developing multiple skin cancers starting in childhood. This occurs because of a mutation in a gene that codes for enzymes that help repair DNA damage through the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathways. How does NER differ from other repair mechanisms? In NER: *The entire homologous chromosome is used to repair the double stranded DNA error *The error in one strand of DNA is removed as well as several nucleotides on either side of the error. The gap that was removed is filled in by DNA polymerase *Only one nucleotide is removed and DNA polymerase replaces the one abnormality *The affected DNA strand and its complementary strand are discarded and a new double stranded DNA is created
The error in one strand of DNA is removed as well as several nucleotides on either side of the error. The gap that was removed is filled in by DNA polymerase
When comparing a normal and mutant gene sequence, how do you identify a frameshift mutation? *The number of nucleotides between the normal and mutant gene sequences is different and the amino acid sequence is different. *The number of nucleotides between the normal and mutant gene sequences is identical and the amino acid sequence is different. *The number of nucleotides between the normal and mutant gene sequences is different and the amino acid sequence is identical. *The number of nucleotides between the normal and mutant gene sequences is identical and the amino acid sequence is identical.
The number of nucleotides between the normal and mutant gene sequences is different and the amino acid sequence is different.
When comparing a normal and mutant gene sequence, how do you identify a frameshift mutation? *The number of nucleotides between the normal and mutant gene sequences is different and the amino acid sequence is different. *The number of nucleotides between the normal and mutant gene sequences is identical and the amino acid sequence is different. *The number of nucleotides between the normal and mutant gene sequences is different and the amino acid sequence is identical. *The number of nucleotides between the normal and mutant gene sequences is identical and the amino acid sequence is identical.
The number of nucleotides between the normal and mutant gene sequences is different and the amino acid sequence is different.
The LCT gene codes for Lactase, which is responsible for the breakdown of lactose. Which of the following statements could explain how Lactase activity is increased in the presence of lactose? *The presence of lactose causes nucleosomes to pack together tightly, exposing the LCT gene. *Lactose blocks RNA polymerase from binding the promoter sequence, facilitating transcription of the LCT gene. *Lactose prevents binding of transcription factors at the transcription start site of the LCT gene. *The presence of lactose causes nucleosomes to separate, exposing the LCT gene.
The presence of lactose causes nucleosomes to separate, exposing the LCT gene.
Which of the following mRNA sequences can be translated into a peptide sequence containing two amino acids? See Genetic code table 5' - GAU CGA UAG UGG - 3' 5' - GAU CGA UGG UAG - 3' 5' - GAC CAU GCG GGG - 3' 5' - UGG UAC CAG UGA - 3'
The sequence 5' - GAU CGA UAG UGG - 3' contains a stop codon in the 3rd position, therefore, this sequence would produce a peptide sequence with two amino acids.
Which of the following could be a potential ramification of a defective nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway? *Thymine dimers would persist, decreasing the probability of developing skin cancer. *Thymine dimers, caused by UV light, would be repaired, decreasing the probability of developing skin cancer. *Thymine dimers would accumulate and increase the probability of developing skin cancer. *Thymine dimers would be fixed by DNA polymerase, increasing the probability of developing skin cancer.
Thymine dimers would accumulate and increase the probability of developing skin cancer. A defective nucleotide excision repair pathway would not be able to repair thymine dimers. The accumulation of thymine dimers would increase the probability of developing skin cancer.
Hydrogens around the double bond are on opposite sides. This represents the trans configuration. This structure is straight, like the saturated structure. This is a called a _________________ ________________.
Trans Unsaturated
What would be the amino acid sequence that would result from this template sequence: 5'-TGC AAG CCA-3'? Thr Phe Gly Pro Leu Trp Trp Leu Ala Gly Phe Thr
Trp Leu Ala The RNA polymerase enzyme makes mRNA by antiparallel and complementary base-pairing with the template strand of DNA. Therefore, the mRNA transcribed from this template would be 3'—ACG UUC GGU-5'. mRNA codons are read 5' --> 3' on the genetic code table. 'Flipping the sequence gives us 5'-UGG CUU GCA-3'. Using the genetic code table, we see that UGG encodes Trp; CUU encodes Leu; and GCA encodes Ala: Trp Leu Ala.
DNA polymerase is used in DNA replication and in PCR. True False
True This statement is TRUE. Both PCR and DNA replication require DNA polymerase to make new copies of DNA.
dNTPs are DNA nucleotides used in PCR. True False
True This statement is TRUE. dNTPs stands for deoxynucleotide triphosphates, which are the nucleotides used in DNA synthesis.
One or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon chain. • Mostly liquids at room temperature. • Many are from plant products
Unsaturated fatty acids
Damage to bases from harmful molecules
base excision repair
Point mutations: *change a single nucleotide in a mutant gene compared to the normal gene. Examples are missense, nonsense, and silent mutations. *change the number of nucleotides in a mutant gene compared to the normal gene. Examples are missense, nonsense, and silent mutations. *change the number of nucleotides in a mutant gene compared to the normal gene. Examples are insertion and deletion mutations. *change a single nucleotide in a mutant gene compared to the normal gene. Examples are insertion and deletion mutations
change a single nucleotide in a mutant gene compared to the normal gene. Examples are missense, nonsense, and silent mutations
Point mutations: *change a single nucleotide in a mutant gene compared to the normal gene. Examples are missense, nonsense, and silent mutations. *change the number of nucleotides in a mutant gene compared to the normal gene. Examples are missense, nonsense, and silent mutations. *change the number of nucleotides in a mutant gene compared to the normal gene. Examples are insertion and deletion mutations. *change a single nucleotide in a mutant gene compared to the normal gene. Examples are insertion and deletion mutations
change a single nucleotide in a mutant gene compared to the normal gene. Examples are missense, nonsense, and silent mutations.
Frameshift mutations: *change the number of nucleotides in a mutant gene compared to the normal gene. Examples are insertion and deletion mutations. *change a single nucleotide in a mutant gene compared to the normal gene. Examples are missense, nonsense, and silent mutations. *change a single nucleotide in a mutant gene compared to the normal gene. Examples are insertion and deletion mutations *change the number of nucleotides in a mutant gene compared to the normal gene. Examples are missense, nonsense, and silent mutations.
change the number of nucleotides in a mutant gene compared to the normal gene
Frameshift mutations: *change the number of nucleotides in a mutant gene compared to the normal gene. Examples are insertion and deletion mutations. *change a single nucleotide in a mutant gene compared to the normal gene. Examples are missense, nonsense, and silent mutations. *change a single nucleotide in a mutant gene compared to the normal gene. Examples are insertion and deletion mutations *change the number of nucleotides in a mutant gene compared to the normal gene. Examples are missense, nonsense, and silent mutations.
change the number of nucleotides in a mutant gene compared to the normal gene. Examples are insertion and deletion mutations.
A nonsense mutation: *causes a double-stranded break in a chromosome *has no effect on an amino acid sequence *changes a codon to introduce a premature stop codon *inserts or deletes nucleotides in a mutant gene compared to a normal gene
changes a codon to introduce a premature stop codon
A missense mutation: *causes a double-stranded break in a chromosome. *inserts or deletes nucleotides in a mutant gene compared to a normal gene. *has no effect on an amino acid sequence. *changes a single amino acid in a protein.
changes a single amino acid in a protein.
A missense mutation: *causes a double-stranded break in a chromosome. *inserts or deletes nucleotides in a mutant gene compared to a normal gene. *has no effect on an amino acid sequence. *changes a single amino acid in a protein.
changes a single amino acid in a protein.
Enzyme that separates the DNA double helix to allow replication to begin
helicase
In the organization of DNA into chromosomes, DNA is wrapped around ______ to form nucleosomes. Nucleosomes are organized further to form ________. RNA; triple helix promoters; histones histones; nucleus histones; chromatin
histones; chromatin
Enzyme that seals the gaps in the backbone during Polymerace chain reaction PCR
ligase
Base mismatches due to errors in replication
mismatch repair
Histone proteins can be chemically modified by the addition of a methyl group. If this causes nucleosomes to pack _______, the process of _______ is decreased at those DNA sites. more loosely; translation more tightly, translation more loosely; transcription more tightly; transcription
more tightly; transcription
A mutation in the DNA that changes the sequence of a codon but does NOT change the amino acid sequence of the protein describes a ____________. silent mutation missense mutation frameshift mutation nonsense mutation
silent mutation
A mutation in the DNA that changes the sequence of a codon but does NOT change the amino acid sequence of the protein describes a ____________. silent mutation missense mutation frameshift mutation nonsense mutation
silent mutation A silent mutation is caused when a point mutation (single nucleotide change) occurs it changes the mRNA codon (triplet sequence that codes for amino acid), however, it doesn't affect the amino acid it codes for. For example, if a point mutation caused UUU (codes for Phe) to change to UUC- this is a silent mutation as both codons (UUU and UUC) code for Phe. A missense mutation is caused by a single nucleotide change in the DNA (point mutation ) that changes a codon in the mRNA such that it codes for a different amino acid, changes one amino acid in the amino acid sequence of a protein.
Which lipid contains fatty acids? Select all that apply. ❑Cholesterol ❑Phospholipids ❑Amino Acids ❑Triglycerides
❑Phospholipids ❑Triglycerides