BIOCHEM CH 8
OLEATE unsaturated carbon have 18 carbons: ____ double bonds
1
saturated STEARATE have __ carbon:___ double bonds
18:0
alpha helix has to be ___ amino acids long
20
what is the room temp of fatty acids
20 C
fatty acids may contain up to ______ C atoms
24
what are the components of triacylglycerol?
3 fatty acid chains and a glycerol
Depending on which phospholipase we are dealing with, ____ and _____ can hydrolyze and release fatty acid acyl groups or ____ and ____ cut at different locations to release the polar head groups
A, B, C, D
the ____ groups of the fatty acids connect to the ____ groups of the glycerol
RCO, OH
all of the melting points of saturated fatty acids are _____ room temp
above
how are glycerophospholipids named?
according to their head group
_____ helices with hydrophobic side chains allow for proteins to cross the lipid bilayer
alpha
describe the polarity of glycerophospholipids: they are ____
amphipathic molecules (containing both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions).
exhibits 7 transmembrane helices
bacteriorhodspin
7 membrane beta helices
beta barrel
gives food a "hot" taste, but may also be an irritant to the digestive tract of some animals can be an allergen backbone is made of hydrocarbons (non-polar) so we cannot wash the spicy taste with water
capsaicin
If we attach a fatty acid to the amino component of sphingosine, it makes a lipid called ______
ceramide
an amphipathic molecule that contains a hydrocarbon chain that connects to a series of ring structures (non-polar structure) and is attached to a hydroxyl group which makes it non-polar
cholesterol
key component of membranes and the precursor for the steroid hormones
cholesterol
the most important isoprenoid
cholesterol
this is known as the building block of steroid hormones (testosterone and estrogen)
cholesterol
____ is a membrane buffer keeps lipids from packing too close together at ____ temps holds lipids together at ___ temps
cholesterol, low, high
double bonds in an unsaturated fatty acid are usually in the ______ formation
cis
if we have a unique protein that is required in one location, interactions of the _____will limit where the protein can go
cytoskeleton
____ system of naming: start numbering the C's at the carboxylate C
delta
____ bonds kink the acyl chains in lipids
double
the charged/polar residues are oriented towards the ___ of the helix where the polypeptide leaves the membrane
ends
fatty acids all have an (even/odd) number of carbons
even
is lateral diffusion fast or slow?
fast
a long chain of carboxylic acids (carboxylate group on one end and a long chain of hydrogen and carbons that extend from it)
fatty acids
what are the simplest form of lipids?
fatty acids
in the fluid mosaic model, what do most proteins and lipids do?
float around
the membrane is constantly in motion membrane has fluid properties molecules are distributed within the membrane phospholipids automatically reassemble if damaged proteins can float around
fluid mosaic model
lipids are defined by their lack of ____ _____
functional group
a plant lipid that functions as an attractant is responsible for giving plants their role like smell so they can attract pollinators
geraniol
what makes up a glycerophospholipid?
glycerol backbone + 2 fatty acids and a head group (phosphate derivative)
the major form of lipids in biological membranes
glycerophospholipids
which two lipids have the appropriate geometry to contribute to bilayer?
glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids
_____ are the key feature for cell identity tags
glycolipids
some sphingolipids have large head groups containing 1 or more carbohydrogen ring
glycolipids
the size of the ____ groups affects the packing ability, allowing for lipids to be dynamic
head
saturated fatty acids are found at ____ temperatures, whereas unsaturated fatty acids are found at _____ temperatures
high, low
lipids cannot form ____ bonds to make 3D formation
hydrogen
formation of bilayers is thermodynamically favorable because it allows for _____ bonding which does what
hydrogen, satisfies the bonding between the polar groups and water
proteins that have a portion of their structure buried into the bilayer
integral membrane protein
______ are lipids constructed from 5-carbon units with the same carbon skeleton as isoprene
isoprenoids
are more varied in structure and function than either of the glycolipids or sphingolipids
isoprenoids
due to the diverse organization of _____, this class of lipids can perform a variety of physiological functions
isoprenoids
the more double bonds in a unsaturated fatty acids the more ____ it is
kinked
movement of lipids within one leaflet -- rapid -- lipids can change position with their neighbors 10^-7 times per second
lateral diffusion
gives citrus fruits their characteristic odor an example of one of the more complex variations of the isoprene backbone
limonene
cluster of sphingolipids and cholesterol that act as a solid region of the lipid bilayer
lipid raft
hydrophilic proteins that are anchored to the bilayer through the covalent attachment of a lipid group
lipid-linked protein
most _____ proteins span the entire bilayer so they are non-polar components
membrane
amphipathic molecules may form a sheet instead of a _____
micelle
proteins are linked to fatty acids called _____ in an irreversible binding pattern
myristol
fatty acids tend to exhibit a ____ charge
negative
_____ system of naming: start numbering C's at the last C of the chain
omega
for which system of naming, do you not list every single number a double bond is located?
omega
what are the most common forms of fatty acids?
palmitate, stearate
protein associated with the membrane via interactions of the head groups of nearby lipids
peripheral membrane protein
May act to degrade lipids or so the products can act as signaling molecules to modulate other large cellular functions like gene expression
phospholipases
____ cleave glycerophospholipids at specific sites
phospholipases
can hydrolyze lipids to release different components
phospholipases
covalent linkages are irreversible
prenylation
longer acyl chains tend to be more ____ and less _____
rigid, mobile
does not allow for any double bonds in its hydrocarbon tail -- all have the maximum number of carbon atoms that can bind -- packs really tightly -- always end in number:0
saturated fatty acids
is transverse diffusion fast or slow?
slow
most saturated fatty acids are ______ and most unsaturated fatty acids are _____
solid, liquid
_____ are amphipathic and can vary in their phosphate side chains
sphingolipids
similar to glycerophospholipids, but with a sphingosome backbone instead of a glycerol backbone
sphingolipids
Because we have two primarily hydrocarbon chains and a polar side group, _______ are similar to our first class of glycerophospholipids
sphingomyelins
_______ are derivatives of ceramides that have attached head groups --- Phosphocholine or phosphoethanolamine
sphingomyelins
________ is derived from amino acid serine and the fatty acid palmitate
sphingosine
cholesterol slips in between the fatty acid ___ and limits how they pack together
tails
we cannot synthesize double bonds that are in the ____ form
trans
what are two types of membrane diffusion based on their direction?
transverse and lateral
--"flip flop" -- the movement of lipids from one leaflet to another -- thermodynamically unfavorable -- requires an enzyme -- requires the passage of a polar head group through the hydrophobic core
transverse diffusion
fatty acids are commonly esterified to glycerol to form _____
triacylglycerol
an isoprenoid derivative that is used in the electron transport chain and can act as a protein carrier
ubiquinone
gets reversibly reduced and oxidized in the mitochondrial membrane also known as the coenzyme Q
ubiquinone
the more _____ lipids are, the more mobile the lipids are
unsaturated
fatty acids that contain at least 1 double bond in its hydrocarbon tail -- have a decreased number of hydrogens coming off of the hydrocarbon backbone -- cannot pack super tightly -- humans cannot synthesize past Carbon 9
unsaturated fatty acids
head groups of a glycerophospholipid vary by what?
what is attached to the modified phosphate
ceramide
what is this a picture of?
isoprene
what is this a picture of?
sphingomyelin
what is this a picture of?
sphingosine
what is this a picture of?
triacylglycerol
what is this a picture of?
capsaicin
what molecule is this?
geraniol
what molecule is this?
limonene
what molecule is this?
ubiquinone
what molecule is this?
is cholesterol integrated into the plasma membrane
yes
