Biochemistry Learning Curve Chapter 5.1, 5.2
What is carboxyhemoglobin? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices Hemoglobin whose distal histidine, which normally binds to heme, has a salt bridge to an internal aspartate. A mutant form of hemoglobin that has extra carboxyl groups near the distal histidine, leading to abnormal heme binding. Hemoglobin with bound carbon monoxide. Hemoglobin in which the α subunits have an additional carboxyl group at the C-terminal.
Carboxyhemoglobin in abbreviated COHb. Hemoglobin with bound carbon monoxide.
Theoretically, if all of the antigen-binding sites on an IgM pentamer are occupied, how many antigens would be bound to the structure? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices 2 5 10 20
10
A protein's ligand is ________. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices a protein subunit of a protein with quaternary structure a covalently-linked, non-amino acid part of a protein that that is difficult to remove from the protein a site on the protein that binds other molecules a molecule that is reversibly bound to the protein
A ligand can be any kind of molecule and it interacts with a protein. a molecule that is reversibly bound to the protein
Which of the following statements is false with regard to the concerted and sequential models of cooperative binding? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices In the concerted model, successive binding of ligand molecules to the low-affinity conformation makes a transition to the high-affinity conformation more likely. In the concerted model, the subunits of a cooperatively-binding protein are functionally identical—no protein has individual subunits in different conformations. The sequential model allows for individual subunits to assume different conformations. A protein whose cooperative binding is explained by the sequential model cannot also have its cooperative binding explained by the concerted model.
A protein whose cooperative binding is explained by the sequential model cannot also have its cooperative binding explained by the concerted model.
The process of a protein changing conformation to better bind a ligand is called _________. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices conformational modification complementary adaptation induced fit adaptive binding
A protein will bind a ligand tighter the more complementary their structures are. induced fit
The physiological effects of histamine include _____. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices increased permeability of blood vessels vasodilation increased movement of immune cells to sites of inflammation All of these are effects of histamine. None of these is an effect of histamine.
An increase in permeability and dilation of the blood vessels will allow more rapid movement of immune cells through the body. All of these are effects of histamine.
Immunoglobulin G consists of ____ light chains and _____ heavy chains that are connected by _______. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices 2; 4; ion pairing 2; 2; disulfide bonds 2; 2; ion pairing 4; 2; disulfide bonds
Antibodies have a Y-shaped structure of pairs of chains. 2; 2; disulfide bonds
Immunoglobulin G consists of ____ light chains and _____ heavy chains that are connected by _______. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices 2; 4; ion pairing 2; 2; disulfide bonds 2; 2; ion pairing 4; 2; disulfide bonds
Antibodies have a Y-shaped structure of pairs of chains. 2; 2; disulfide bonds
Which shape applies to a plot of the fraction of binding sites occupied with a ligand (Y) versus the concentration of ligand (L)? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices linear hyperbolic exponential logarithmic
As [L] increases, Y reaches a saturation limit. hyperbolic
If Hb and Mb both had the same P50, but Hb bound O2 with positive cooperativity, what can we say about the two proteins? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices At pO2 above P50, Hb has a higher Y than Mb. At pO2 above P50, Hb has a lower Y than Mb. At pO2 above P50, Hb and Mb have the same Y. At pO2 below P50, Hb has a higher Y than Mb. At pO2 equal to P50, Hb has a higher Y than Mb.
At pO2 above P50, Hb has a higher Y than Mb.
Where in the body are lymphocytes and macrophages produced? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices in the blood in the pancreas in the liver in the pituitary gland in the bone marrow
B lymphocytes are named for their origin. in the bone marrow
Which of the following statements is false regarding the binding of 2,3-BPG to hemoglobin? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices BPG blood levels decrease in individuals shortly after they move from sea level to high altitudes. It reduces the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. It is an example of heterotropic allosteric modulation. BPG binds to hemoglobin in the cavity between the β subunits in the T state.
BPG blood levels decrease in individuals shortly after they move from sea level to high altitudes.
Oxygen can be considered an _________________ modulator of hemoglobin. activating homotropic inhibiting heterotropic inhibiting homotropic activating heterotropic
Binding of one molecule of oxygen to hemoglobin enhances the binding of more oxygen. activating homotropic
The effect of pH on the binding of O2 to hemoglobin is called the ___________. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices proton effect carbonic anhydrase effect BPG effect Bohr effect
Bohr effect
Which of the following statements regarding the effect of pH on oxygen binding to hemoglobin is true? Oxygen and H+ are bound at the same sites in hemoglobin. Both O2 and H+ are bound by hemoglobin, but with inverse affinity. When the oxygen concentration is high, H+ is bound and O2 is released. When the oxygen concentration is low, hemoglobin binds O2 and releases H+.
Both O2 and H+ are bound by hemoglobin, but with inverse affinity.
In the IgG structure, the constant domains are found in the _________ portion(s) and the variable domains are found in the __________ portion(s). Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices Fab only; Fc only Fab and Fc; Fab only Fc only; Fab only Fc only; Fab and Fc
Both heavy and light chains contain both constant and variable domains. Fab and Fc; Fab only
Cooperativity refers to _____. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices an allosteric modulator that is identical to the normal ligand the characteristic of a protein in which binding of the first molecule of a ligand changes the affinity for the second molecule the ability of molecules like hemoglobin to bind to multiple molecules, like H+ and CO2, in addition to binding oxygen an allosteric modulator that is distinct from the normal ligand
Consider hemoglobin's sigmoidal binding curve for oxygen. the characteristic of a protein in which binding of the first molecule of a ligand changes the affinity for the second molecule
Which of the following statements about myoglobin and hemoglobin is true? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices Hemoglobin facilitates oxygen delivery in muscle tissue, whereas myoglobin transports oxygen in the bloodstream. Myoglobin has quaternary structure, whereas hemoglobin has tertiary structure. Cooperativity in oxygen binding is seen in hemoglobin but not myoglobin. Myoglobin has a sigmoidal oxygen-binding curve, whereas hemoglobin has a hyperbolic oxygen-binding curve.
Cooperativity in oxygen binding is seen in hemoglobin but not myoglobin.
Which globin is mismatched with its function? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices Cytoglobin regulates nitric oxide levels. Myoglobin stores oxygen in muscle tissue. Hemoglobin carries oxygen in the blood. Neuroglobin senses carbon dioxide levels in the brain.
Globins are most often involved in maintaining/sensing the level of oxygen, carbon monoxide, or nitric oxide. Neuroglobin senses carbon dioxide levels in the brain.
What is the goal of the ELISA technique? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices to screen and quantify antigen in a sample to detect antigen-antibody complexes in gel electrophoresis to produce monoclonal antibodies to use in other assays to specifically bind proteins in a chromatography column
ELISA stands for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. to screen and quantify antigen in a sample
Which of the following correctly indicates the order of the steps in the western blot procedure? 1. A nitrocellulose membrane is blocked with a nonspecific protein. 2. Electrophoresis is used to separate protein samples of interest. 3. The nitrocellulose membrane is incubated with antibodies. 4. Proteins are transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices 2, 4, 1, 3 2, 1, 4, 3 4, 1, 3, 2 4, 2, 1, 3
Gel electrophoresis is the first step.
What is the approximate order of magnitude of the number of possible different antibodies with unique antigen-recognition properties that can be produced by humans? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices 10^3 10^6 10^8 10^15
Genetic recombination processes randomly assemble immunoglobulin gene segments to produce a myriad of different antibodies. 10^8
Which statement is false about globins? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices Humans have only two types of globins. They occur in both eukaryotes and bacteria. They often are oxygen carriers. Some play a role in sensing carbon monoxide or nitric oxide.
Globins are a widespread family of proteins and many organisms have many types of globins. Humans have only two types of globins
ELISA is a very useful technique for quantifying specific proteins in a complex mixture. One of the components used in ELISA is a secondary antibody attached to the enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP). What is the purpose of the HRP in this assay? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices HRP is a colored enzyme, so when it binds you can see it. HRP is the antigen to which the primary and secondary antibodies bind. HRP is an enzyme that can convert certain colorless substrates into colored products. HRP protects the complex against hydrogen peroxide-mediated degradation. None of the above accurately describes the function of HRP.
HRP is an oxidative enzyme that has very high activity and broad substrate specificity. HRP is an enzyme that can convert certain colorless substrates into colored products.
The process stimulated by helper T cells that selectively stimulates the proliferation of cytotoxic T cells and B cells that can bind to a particular antigen is called ________. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices mediated immune response the antigen cascade T-B activation clonal selection
Helper T cells interact with macrophages to increase the response to specific antigens. clonal selection
What contributes to CO being responsible for more than half of yearly deaths due to poisoning? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices It is present in the atmosphere at dangerously high levels. It has approximately 1000x greater affinity for hemoglobin than oxygen. Hemoglobin bound to CO does not efficiently release O2 in the tissues. all of the above
Hemoglobin bound to CO does not efficiently release O2 in the tissues.
Which statement about P50 for myoglobin is not true? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices It is numerically equal to the equilibrium constant for the oxygen dissociation. It is defined as the partial pressure of O2 at which half of the oxygen binding sites are occupied. It is a measure of the affinity of myoglobin for oxygen. If Y > P50, then myoglobin is less than 50% saturated with oxygen. All of these statements are true.
If Y > P50, then myoglobin is less than 50% saturated with oxygen.
Which statement is false about IgG? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices It binds to receptors on basophils, which results in histamine secretion. It is the major antibody of the secondary immune response. It has two sites for binding antigen. Its fold motif is all β.
IgG is the most abundant immunoglobulin in the blood. It binds to receptors on basophils, which results in histamine secretion.
In working tissues where a great deal of metabolism is occurring, which statement applies to the oxygen binding curve of hemoglobin? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices The CO2 produced by the tissue's metabolism will decrease the sigmoidal shape of the binding curve and make it more hyperbolic. The binding curve will still be sigmoidal, but the maximum value of Y (fraction of sites with ligand bound) is decreased by about 20%. The P50 is raised and the T state of Hb is stabilized. all of the above
In working tissue, there is a greater demand for O2 to be released from hemoglobin. The P50 is raised and the T state of Hb is stabilized.
In working tissues where a great deal of metabolism is occurring, which statement applies to the oxygen binding curve of hemoglobin? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices The CO2 produced by the tissue's metabolism will decrease the sigmoidal shape of the binding curve and make it more hyperbolic. The binding curve will still be sigmoidal, but the maximum value of Y (fraction of sites with ligand bound) is decreased by about 20%. The P50 is raised and the T state of Hb is stabilized. all of the above
In working tissue, there is a greater demand for O2 to be released from hemoglobin. The P50 is raised and the T state of Hb is stabilized.
Which statement is true about the binding of the heme iron to its protein? It binds through a coordinate bond to nitrogen on the side-chain of a highly conserved histidine. The nitrogens of histidine, arginine or glutamine coordinate to the iron. Since the iron is a cation, either of the anionic amino acids (aspartate or glutamate) bind to the iron. The iron ion has no direct coordinate bonds to its protein; the porphyrin ring links to the protein.
It binds through a coordinate bond to nitrogen on the side-chain of a highly conserved histidine.
Which is false about myoglobin? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices It has four sites to bind oxygen. Its abbreviation is Mb. It consists of a single polypeptide chain. Most of its amino acids are in alpha helices.
It has four sites to bind oxygen.
Which of the following classes of immunoglobulins is the first to be made by B lymphocytes and the major antibody to be produced in the early stages of a primary immune response? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices IgG IgE IgA IgM
It occurs either in a monomeric, membrane-bound form or in a secreted form that is a cross-linked pentamer. IgM
Mast cells are responsible for the production of _____. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices haptens immunoglobulins insulin antibodies histamine
Mast cells bind to IgE and stimulate secretion of a compound that produces symptoms commonly associated with allergies. histamine
Monoclonal antibodies bind to only one protein. Monoclonal antibodies are produced in cultured B cells. Polyclonal antibodies all bind to the same antigen site of a protein. Polyclonal antibodies are produced from identical B lymphocytes. Only the first two answers are correct.
Monoclonal antibodies are produced in "cloned" B-cells and bind a common epitope. Monoclonal antibodies are produced in cultured B cells.
In the structure designations of myoglobin, what does CD represent? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices The motif classification of myoglobin. Two beta strands that form a beta sheet in myoglobin. The amino acid residues that stabilize the porphyrin ring of the heme. The non-helical region connecting the third and fourth helices from the N-terminal.
Myoglobin contains eight helices, labeled A-H. The non-helical region connecting the third and fourth helices from the N-terminal.
If artificial red blood cells that contained myoglobin instead of hemoglobin were made, could they be used effectively in blood transfusions? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices No, because it is not possible for myoglobin to exhibit the cooperative binding of oxygen. No, because myoglobin could not bind oxygen as efficiently in the lungs. Yes, because the structures of myoglobin and hemoglobin are similar and bind oxygen similarly. Yes, but patients would also need to be infused with extra BPG to regulate O2 binding.
No, because it is not possible for myoglobin to exhibit the cooperative binding of oxygen.
Why is arterial blood bright red and venous blood dark purple? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices The binding of O2 converts the iron to Fe0. The binding of O2 changes the conjugation of double bonds in the porphyrin rings. The binding of O2 oxidizes the iron ion from 2+ to 3+. The binding of O2 changes the electronic properties (but not the oxidation state) of the ferrous ion in the heme.
Only Fe2+ effectively binds O2 in heme. The binding of O2 changes the electronic properties (but not the oxidation state) of the ferrous ion in the heme.
Why do humans have hemoglobin as an oxygen carrier? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices Hemoglobin binds oxygen easily, preventing it from binding to other blood proteins. Delivery of oxygen by diffusion overloads most tissues with oxygen. Oxygen quickly forms free radicals in blood plasma in the absence of hemoglobin. Oxygen has a low solubility in blood plasma.
Oxygen has a low solubility in blood plasma.
What characterizes polyclonal antibodies? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices Polyclonal antibodies have more than two Fab portions and thus can bind to more than two antigens at a time. Polyclonal antibodies recognize different epitopes on the same antigen. A single polyclonal antibody can simultaneously bind two or more different epitopes on the same antigen. Polyclonal antibodies recognize a set of similar antigens.
Polyclonal antibodies are produced by many different B lymphocytes. Polyclonal antibodies recognize different epitopes on the same antigen.
Which statement is false about red blood cells (RBCs)? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices In the human body they survive about 120 days. Their shape is a small biconcave disk. The RBC cytosol is about one-third hemoglobin by weight. They contain more mitochondria than most other cell types.
RBCs are vestigial cells with no organelles. They contain more mitochondria than most other cell types.
Which statement is true about a Hill plot? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices The value of [L] at half the maximum is equal to the binding association constant. If the slope is greater than 1, ligand binding is cooperative. The inverse of the y-intercept equals the dissociation constant for ligand binding. The plot's asymptote gives the saturation limit of the ligand binding.
The Hill coefficient, nH, equals 1 for myoglobin. If the slope is greater than 1, ligand binding is cooperative.
Which statement is true about antibody-antigen binding? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices The binding involves many non-covalent weak interactions between the antigen and antibody, so the Kd for this process is very low. The binding involves formation of a covalent bond between the antigen and antibody, so the Kd for this process is very high. The binding involves many non-covalent weak interactions between the antigen and antibody, so the Kd for this process is very high. The binding involves formation of a covalent bond between the antigen and antibody, so the Kd for this process is very low.
The antibody and antigen form a complementary and tightly-bound complex. The binding involves many non-covalent weak interactions between the antigen and antibody, so the Kd for this process is very low.
Which would be considered a typical value (in the average range) for the dissociation constant (Kd) of a protein-ligand system? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices 10-2 M 10-20 M 10+2 M 10-9 M
The avidin-biotin Kd is about 10-15 M, which is lower than average. 10-9 M
What effect does the binding of CO2 and H+ to hemoglobin in the peripheral tissues have in the body? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices The tense form of hemoglobin is stabilized by the binding of CO2 and H+. Binding of H+ to hemoglobin serves as a buffer to regulate the pH of peripheral tissues. It facilitates the release of O2 in the peripheral tissues. all of the above
The binding of H+ and CO2 to hemoglobin is inversely related to the binding of oxygen. all of the above
The protein avidin binds its cofactor biotin with a Kd of about 10-15 M. Which statement applies? This is in the typical range for protein ligand binding. This Kd is much lower than most and indicates strong binding. This Kd is much lower than most and indicates weak binding. This Kd is much higher than most and indicates strong binding.
The binding of avidin to biotin can be considered irreversible. This Kd is much lower than most and indicates strong binding.
The protein avidin binds its cofactor biotin with a Kd of about 10-15 M. Which statement applies? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices This is in the typical range for protein ligand binding. This Kd is much lower than most and indicates strong binding. This Kd is much lower than most and indicates weak binding. This Kd is much higher than most and indicates strong binding.
The binding of avidin to biotin can be considered irreversible. This Kd is much lower than most and indicates strong binding.
Why is iron bound to a heme used to transport O2 in blood, instead of simply using free iron (not bound to heme)? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices Iron not bound to heme is insoluble in blood plasma. Free iron can bind up to six O2 molecules and would increase the concentration of oxygen to unacceptably high levels. The fast diffusion of free iron inhibits its binding effectively to oxygen. Free iron promotes the formation of reactive and damaging hydroxyl radicals from O2 .
The binding of iron in the heme changes its reactivity. Free iron promotes the formation of reactive and damaging hydroxyl radicals from O2 .
Which amino acid would most likely be found in the binding site of protein whose ligand is a cation? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices aspartate lysine cysteine alanine
The binding site is complementary to the ligand. aspartate
What is the central feature of the concerted model for cooperative ligand-binding? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices All subunits simultaneously change from one conformation to another. Multiple ligands bind one at a time in a particular order. Two ligands bind simultaneously to the same site on the protein. The protein subunits have different functions that affect the ligand binding.
The concerted model may be considered a limiting case of the sequential model. All subunits simultaneously change from one conformation to another.
Which is the correct combination of coordinate bonds to the central iron ion of hemoglobin? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices 3 to nitrogens in the porphyrin ring; 1 to histidine; 2 to O2 4 to nitrogens in the porphyrin ring; 1 to histidine; 1 to O2 2 to nitrogens in the porphyrin ring; 2 to histidines; 2 to O2 4 to nitrogens in the porphyrin ring; 1 to histidine; 2 to O2
The coordination number for the iron ion is six. 4 to nitrogens in the porphyrin ring; 1 to histidine; 1 to O2
Which statement is true about the binding of O2 or CO to free heme in comparison to the binding to heme associated with myoglobin? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices The heme in myoglobin has enhanced binding of O2 as compared to free heme. The heme in myoglobin has enhanced binding of CO as compared to free heme. Both O2 and CO bind to heme with about the same affinity whether or not the heme is associated with myoglobin. The heme in Mb binds both O2 and CO more strongly than free heme.
The distal histidine of myoglobin affects the binding of O2 at the heme. The heme in myoglobin has enhanced binding of O2 as compared to free heme.
The heme group contains __________ , which binds oxygen. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices Fe0 Fe1+ Fe2+ Fe3+
The ferric ion does not bind oxygen. Fe2+
Which statement is false about hemoglobin?
The four subunits of hemoglobin are about 80% identical in sequence.
Calculate the fraction of binding sites occupied by a ligand if the equilibrium concentrations of protein-ligand complex and free protein are 8 mM and 12 mM, respectively. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices 0.667 0.400 0.600 It cannot be calculated without knowing the concentration of ligand.
The fraction is a ratio of occupied binding sites to total binding sites. 0.400
Which statement applies to the binding of H+ to hemoglobin? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices H+ binds at the O2 site in the heme and stabilizes the T state of Hb. H+ does not bind to hemoglobin. H+ protonates the carboxy termini of the Hb subunits and enhances the binding of O2 at the heme. H+ binds several amino acids, including a His in the β subunits.
The iron ion of the heme, where O2 binds, is positively charged. H+ helps Hb release O2 . H+ binds several amino acids, including a His in the β subunits.
Suppose a hypothetical Hb protein had a Hill coefficient of 4.5. What could we say about this protein? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices The O2 affinity would be higher than for the corresponding Mb. The Hb could carry a maximum of four oxygen molecules. The Hb must contain more than four subunits. The O2 binding curve would be hyperbolic in shape. The Hb binds O2 noncooperatively.
The maximum value of the Hill coefficient is the number of binding sites. The Hb must contain more than four subunits.
If Hb and Mb both had the same P50, but Hb bound O2 with positive cooperativity, what can we say about the two proteins? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices At pO2 above P50, Hb has a higher Y than Mb. At pO2 above P50, Hb has a lower Y than Mb. At pO2 above P50, Hb and Mb have the same Y. At pO2 below P50, Hb has a higher Y than Mb. At pO2 equal to P50, Hb has a higher Y than Mb.
The sigmoidal behavior characteristic of cooperativity increases the slope of the O2 binding curve for Hb near the P50. At pO2 above P50, Hb has a higher Y than Mb.
Challenge this Question What does the "T" in T cells mean/indicate? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices They have an outer shape resembling a "T." Their latter stages of development occur in the thymus. It indicates that they are triggered to elicit an immune response. A physiologist, Roger Thompson, discovered them.
Their latter stages of development occur in the thymus.
Which is mismatched? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices IgH; interacts with basophils in the allergic response IgM; major antibody in the early stages of primary immune response IgG; most abundant immunoglobulin in the blood IgA; found principally in saliva, tears and milk
There are five classes of immunoglobulins. IgH; interacts with basophils in the allergic response
Which is mismatched? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices IgH; interacts with basophils in the allergic response IgM; major antibody in the early stages of primary immune response IgG; most abundant immunoglobulin in the blood IgA; found principally in saliva, tears and milk
There are five classes of immunoglobulins. IgH; interacts with basophils in the allergic response
Which proteins are antibodies produced by B lymphocytes that bind bacteria, viruses and large molecules identified as foreign? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices haptens macrophages immunoglobulins cytokines
These are soluble proteins that are part of the humoral immune system and complete their development in the bone marrow.
What is a hapten? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices a region on a virus coat protein to which immunoglobulins bind a small molecule linked to a protein that can be used in the laboratory to elicit an immune response an activator of T helper cells that starts a cascade of humoral immune responses an enzyme catalyst that produces cytokines
These can be useful for producing antibodies for certain analytical tests. a small molecule linked to a protein that can be used in the laboratory to elicit an immune response
Which of the following does not play a role in stabilizing the interaction between an antibody and its antigen? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices ionic interactions hydrogen bonds covalent bonds van der Waals interactions
They are bonds that involve the sharing of electron pairs. covalent bonds
BPG _________________________. is a heterotropic modulator of hemoglobin carries a negative charge at biological pH and binds in the central cavity between the hemoglobin subunits is present in relatively high concentrations in erythrocytes and stabilizes the T state of hemoglobin all of the above
This equilibrium applies: HbBPG + O2 ⇄ HbO2 + BPG all of the above
A ligand binds to a protein and enhances the binding of another ligand at a different binding site in the protein. The protein is classified as a/an ________ protein. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices modulator cooperative allosteric heterotropic
This term refers to the Greek words for other shape. allosteric
IgG can bind to viruses that invade an organism. What happens next? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices The Fc region of IgG binds to a macrophage, which destroys the virus. The IgG coats the viral surface and blocks its entry into cells until the virus naturally degrades. IgG has enzymatic activity in the Fab region that degrades the viral protein coat. All of the above.
Viruses can be destroyed by phagocytosis. The Fc region of IgG binds to a macrophage, which destroys the virus.
Like ELISA, a Western blot can detect the presence of antigens. Unlike ELISA, Western blot can also provide information about a protein antigen's ______. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices sequence isoelectric point folding motif molecular weight
Western blot involves gel electrophoresis followed by transfer to a nitrocellulose membrane. molecular weight
When half of the binding sites are occupied by ligand, the concentration of ligand equals ______. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices 0.5 Kd [P] none of the above
When Y= 0.5, [L] = 1/Ka Kd
Which can coordinate to heme with a greater affinity than O2? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices carbon monoxide nitric oxide both carbon monoxide and nitric oxide No molecule binds to heme with a greater affinity than O2.
both carbon monoxide and nitric oxide
The ________ immune system destroys host cells infected by viruses and also destroys some parasites and foreign tissues and relies on ________ for the immune response. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices cellular, B lymphocytes humoral; T lymphocytes cellular; T lymphocytes humoral; B lymphocytes
cellular; T lymphocytes
The particular chemical group or groups in a macromolecule to which a given antibody binds is best defined as the _____. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices hapten epitope receptor antigen
epitope
Sometimes, the body elicits an immune response against allergens like pollen that it would normally reserve for pathogens. Which of the immunoglobulins is known for its role in the allergic response? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices IgG IgA IgD IgE
igE
Individuals with sickle-cell anemia _____. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices will live to adulthood without medical intervention need to inherit two copies of the mutated globin gene to express the full disorder have a single amino acid substitution in their α-globin chain have an increased proportion of sickle-shaped erythrocytes when blood is in the oxygenated state compared to the deoxygenated state
need to inherit two copies of the mutated globin gene to express the full disorder
A scientist injects a viral protein coat (non-pathogenic) into a rabbit. The rabbit's immune system will likely _____________. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices produce polyclonal antibodies specific to the virus produce a monoclonal antibody specific to the virus have an allergic response producing histamine not respond since it is non-pathogenic
produce polyclonal antibodies specific to the virus
The function of helper T cells is to _____. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices produce signaling proteins called cytokines kill infected cells by apoptosis ingest large particles and cells by phagocytosis produce immunoglobulins
produce signaling proteins called cytokines
A protein found on the outer surface of a cell that recognizes and binds specific ligands which then triggers changes inside the cell is called a/an ___________. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices IgG receptor monoclonal antibody hapten
receptor
A reactant for an enzyme-catalyzed reaction is called a _____________ and it binds to the enzyme at the ________ site. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices modulator; regulatory precursor; reactive-center catalyte; effective substrate; active
substrate; active
A single heavy chain of an immunoglobulin molecule has ________, whereas a single light chain of an immunoglobulin molecule has _______. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices one constant domain and one variable domain; three constant domains and one variable domain three constant domains and one variable domain; one constant domain and one variable domain six constant domains and two variable domains; two constant domains and two variable domains two constant domains and one variable domain; one constant domain and two variable domains
three constant domains and one variable domain; one constant domain and one variable domain