Biochemistry TEST #1 START - CHAPTER 2 WATER 8/28/18
Solubilites of some gases in Water: Polar vs. NON polar solvents:
"Solubility = Like dissolves like" POLARITY = has electronegative atoms partial pos and neg charge oxygen, nitrogen, flourine) YOU can INTERACT with water. Nonpolar solvents/molecules have NO PARTIAL positive and NO Partial Negative charge, so they CAN NOT interact with WATER!!!
#2 TYPE of NONCOVALENT INTERMOLECULAR FORCE is __________
#2 TYPE of NONCOVALENT INTERMOLECULAR FORCE is IONIC INTERACTIONS! 1) Ionic interaction = noncovalent = interactions between ion CHARGES. (atom has positive charge and other atom has negative charge). ex: Na+Cl- = ionic interaction between charged polar molecules
#3 Type of NONCOVALENT INTERACTION = ______
#3 Type of NONCOVALENT INTERACTION between 2 molecules = VAN DER WAALS INTERACTIONS 1) EVERY MOLECULE has WEAK Van Der Waals Forces!!! 2) VAN DER WAALS interactions are WEAK forces and have 2 components: A) ATTRACTIVE FORCE = LONDON DISPERSION FORCE, which depends on the polarizability AND B) REPULSIVE FORCE/STERIC REPULSION, which depends on the SIZE of the atoms! ***ALWAYS CHOOSE VAN DER WAALS FORCES on TEST!!! 3) Every molecule has an electron cloud with some type of attraction forces. 4) Dipole Moment occurs where some electrons move to one side, and partial pos and partial negative with some attractive forces. 5) MOST electron clouds have a certain size. If electron clouds are TOO BIG = THEY BEGIN to REPEL each other! **REPULSIVE FORCE=STERIC REPULSION, depends on the size of the atoms 6) **At short distances, REPULSION FORCES dominates between 2 atoms!!!!* 7) **When 2 atoms are far away at LONGEr distances, ATTRACTION forces dominant (typically 0.4-0.7nm) 8) **THERE is a MINIMUM ENERGY DISTANCE that molecules are allowed to see each other = Van Der Waals contact distance**** 9) HYDROGEN BOND the minimum energy distance = Van Der Waals= that molecules are allowed to see each other is 2.8 = short distance
***ON TEST: Thinking of your body, why is it favorable that HYDROGEN bonds are weaker and more easy to break than covalent bonds? Why would you want hydrogen bonds in your body vs. covalent bonds?
***ON TEST: Thinking of your body, why is it favorable that HYDROGEN bonds are weaker and more easy to break than covalent bonds? Why would you want hydrogen bonds in your body vs. covalent bonds? = Processes that occur in your body occur very quickly, things have to bind/unbind QUICKLY. SO WEAK NONCOVALENT hydrogen bonds are more favorable because they can break/form easily.
***The reason why molecules break apart, or form the 3D structure that they do, or bond the way that they do is because your INCREASING the _________ of that molecule or WATER!
***The reason why molecules break apart, or form the 3D structure that they do, or bond the way that they do is because your INCREASING the ENTROPY(disorder) of that molecule or WATER!
**ALL OF THE ____________between molecules (hydrogen bonding, ionic interactions, vander waals) TOGETHER determine the 3D STRUCTURE OF PROTEINS!
**ALL OF THE NONCOVALENT INTERACTIONS between molecules including hydrogen bonding, ionic interactions, vander waals TOGETHER determine the 3D STRUCTURE OF PROTEINS! (SIDE NOTE MUST HAVE CORRECT IONIC CHARGES together for ionic interactions - If you have 2 negative charges, repel interact with each other, molecules look a lot bigger)
**ON TEST: IN MEDICINE ENZYME and SUBSTRATE: 1) An enzyme and substrate or molecules binding to each other, to turn/on off signal in medicine = NONCOVALENT INTERACTIONS ex: Thinking about Molecules binding to each other. When you take ADVIL MEDICINE, the medicine MUST BIND to a ______ PROTEIN, the binding turns OFF the signal-->WHICH STOPS HEADACHE :) **The interaction of the molecule binding to the SUBSTRATE PROTEIN-->MUST use ______interaction. You must have the right amount of hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic pockets, molecule must be hydrophobic (sterol groups), abide by vanderwaals interactions (molecules only going to interact so much with one another), must abide by ionic interactions (if the pocket has a lot of positive charges, the molecule must have a negative charge to offset it).
**ON TEST: IN MEDICINE: An enzyme and substrate binding to each other (think about molecules binding to each other), to turn/on off signal in medicine = NONCOVALENT INTERACTIONS ex: Thinking about Molecules binding to each other. When you take ADVIL MEDICINE, the medicine MUST BIND to a SUBSTRATE PROTEIN, the binding turns OFF the signal-->WHICH STOPS HEADACHE :) **The interaction of the molecule binding to the SUBSTRATE PROTEIN-->MUST use NONCOVALENT interaction. You must have the right amount of hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic pockets, molecule must be hydrophobic (sterol groups), abide by vanderwaals interactions (molecules only going to interact so much with one another), must abide by ionic interactions (if the pocket has a lot of positive charges, the molecule must have a negative charge to offset it). FORCES used in molecules BINDING to each other involve= NONCOVALENT INTERACTIONS.
**ON TEST: 1) Covalent bonds = _____bonds = ______bonds = ____to break and form. 2) Hydrogen bonds = _____bonds=_____bonds
**ON TEST: 1) Covalent bonds = SHORTER bonds = STRONGER bonds = HARDER to break and requires a LOT MORE energy break and form covalent bonds = about 350-400 kJ 2) HYDROGEN bonds = LONGER bonds = HYDROGEN bonds WEAKER bond interaction than covlaent = EASIER TO BREAK and IT TAKES a SMALL/LITTLE AMOUNT of energy to break and form hydrogen bonds = about only 4kJ to break hydrogen bonds
**ON TEST: THE fact that ICE can _____and is less dense than ____is essential to life because otherwise it would sink and kill life on Earth. What property because of the molecular composition of ICE what does it do in water? In the winter time, the TOP layer of liquid water starts to FREEZE, which makes it less dense than water and the ability to form 4 hydrogen bonds as a solid. If the water didn't have the ability to freeze, the ice would SINK to the bottom and KILL life on earth!!!
**ON TEST: THE fact that ICE can FLOAT and is less dense than liquid water is essential to life because otherwise it would sink and kill life on Earth. SOLID ICE FLOATS in water. ICE is LESS dense than water, due to the fact that SOLID ice can form the full array of hydrogen BONDS - 4. The ability for SOLID ICE to form 4 HYDROGEN BONDS, makes it LESS dense so it will FLOAT in liquid water. Liquid water can only form 3.4 hydrogen bonds on average. LATTICE STRUCTURE of ICE = more hydrogen bonds = LESS DENSE.
**ON TEST: The structure of water: 1) Water can make ____HYDROGEN Bonds.
**ON TEST: The structure of water: 1) Water can make 4 HYDROGEN Bonds. 2) Hydrogen Bond = STRONG bond between 2 molecules. Hydrogen of 1 atom is connected to a highly electronegative atom of another molecule. **Hydrogen BOND MUST be connected to N,O,F (electronegative atom) of another molecule. 3) Water has 2 COVALENT bonds - sharing of electrons between oxygen and hydrogen (covalent bond= nonmetal and nonmetal) 3) Oxygen has 6 valence electrons. Hydrogen each has 1 valence electrons. -->Water has 2 lone pair of electrons on OXYGEN. 4) How electronegative is oxygen? OXYGEN is SOOO Electronegative, pulling electrons away from hydrogen. ELECTRONS are pulled toward the OXYGEN in water due to its electronegativity. 5) Due to the electronegativity: Hydrogen has a partial positive charge, oxygen has a partial negative charge. WATER has DIPOLE MOMENT= HAS both partial positive and negative charges occur water molecule. 6) ***IMPORTANT= WATER has a DIPOLE (partial pos and neg charges attract) that can INTERACT with other molecules. (ex: partial pos of Water can interact with partial neg of another molecule. partial neg of water can also interact with partial pos of another molecule). 7)*IMPORTANT - Water has a TETRAHEDRON LIKE shape because of its properties. A perfect tetrahedron=109.5. Water has a bond angle of 104.5 and is closer to TETRAHEDRON SHAPE can hydrogen bond/interact with 4 other molecules.
**ON TEST: Water is a POOR BAD Solvent for _____Substances like: 1) 2) 3)
**ON TEST: Water is a POOR BAD Solvent for NONPOLAR Substances (hates water can not interact with water) like: 1) NONPOLAR GASES: Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide 2) AROMATIC MOIETIES 3) ALIPHATIC CHAINS (carbon chains) 4) LIPIDS Polar WATER can NOT interact with gases or non polar things
1) AMMONIA GAS = _____=____hydrogen bond and interact with water? 2) HYDROGEN SULFIDE GAS = _____=____Molecule = interact with water? 3) OXYGEN GAS = = _____=____Molecule = interact with water? 4) NITROGEN GAS_____=____Molecule = interact with water?
1) AMMONIA GAS =NH3= POLAR MOLECULE=YES can hydrogen bond with water and interact with water. 2) HYDROGEN SULFIDE = (H2S)_= POLAR Molecule = Yes can hydrogen bond interact with water. 3) OXYGEN GAS = NONPOLAR MOLECULE = CAN NOT interact with water well with polar water and can not hydrogen bond. 4) Nitrogen Gas = can not interact with water well and can NOT hydrogen bond well.
1) ENZYME-Substrate interactions are stabilized by _____bonding, ____interactions and _____interactions which are all _____interactions. 2) Before an enzyme and substrate come tother, water is at a ____Entropy and the amount of disorder is _____. 3) After the enzyme and substrate bind together (two molecules coming together), ____will be displaced by the enzyme-substrate interaction. Then the amount of disorder and entropy in the system ____when ____is displaced and is free to ____.
1) ENZYME-Substrate interactions are stabilized by HYDROGEN bonding, IONIC interactions and HYDROPHOBIC interactions which are all NONCOVALENT interactions. 2) Before an enzyme and substrate come togeheter, water is at a low entropy and the amount of disorder in the system is low (water is ordered). 3) After the enzyme and substrate bind together (two molecules coming together),WATER will be displaced by the enzyme-substrate interaction. Then the amount of disorder and entropy in the system is INCREASED when water is displaced and is free to move around. ENTROPY INCREASES in the system due to water being displaced!
1) LIPID MOLECULES including OILS and FATTY ACIDS in water are considered ______ 2) AMPIPATHIC molecules like _____ have a smaller section that is POLAR and a BIGGER section that is NONPOLAR 3) In Lipid Membrane Bilayer the polar heads ____ water and face the______. 4) In the Lipid Membrane Bilayer, the _____fatty acid ____hate water and face ____
1) LIPID MOLECULES including OILS and FATTY ACIDS in water are considered AMPIPATHIC. 2) AMPIPATHIC molecules like _____ have a smaller section that is POLAR and a BIGGER section that is NONPOLAR. 3) In Lipid Membrane Bilayer the polar heads love water and are sticking out and face the polar water/cytoplasm of cell. 4) In the Lipid Membrane Bilayer, the NONPOLAR fatty acid TAILS hate water and face INWARD and interact with each other.
1) The ______of the hydrogen bond can determine its strength. 2) A STRONG ahydrogen bond has a _____shape. 3) A weaker hydrogen bond has a ____shape.
1) The ANGLE of the hydrogen bond can determine its strength. 2) A STRONGER hydrogen bond has a LINEAR shape. 3) A weaker hydrogen bond has a BENT more angle shape.
1) WATER is the _____of life. 2) Water effects EVERYTHING and is one of the most important molecule in your body. 3) Water is one of the most important molecules in your body. The structure of water contributes to bonding and all of the different things when we think about water.
1) Water is the medium of life. 2) Water effects EVERYTHING and is one of the most important molecule in your body. 3) Water is one of the most important molecules in your body. The structure of water contributes to bonding and all of the different things when we think about water.
1) When you look at Salt structure = nice lattice strucutre. 2) once you place SALT in WATER, due to water's dielectric constant of ____ = the salt will dissolve faster and the (Na+ and Cl-) ions will separate better.
1) When you look at Salt NaCl structure, nice LATTICE structure.. 2) Once you place Salt in WATER, due to water's HIGH dielectric constant of 80 = the salt will dissolve faster and the (Na+ and Cl-) ions will SEPARATE better. 3) The partial positive charge of water's Hydrogen will HYDRATE the Cl- ion. 4) The partial negative charge of water's oxygen (red) will hydrate the Na+ ion. 5) WATER forms a PLATHRATE shell structure around the NaCl molecule!!! 6) WHY DOES SALT DISSOLVES And STAYS DISSOLVE IN WATER? Because water has such a HIGH dielectric constant, the charges will NOT see each other when they are broken apart - that's why salt dissolves and STAYS dissolve d because the ions are separated and charges will not see each other/LITTLE IONIC INTERACTIONS between molecules!!! 7) HIGH dielectric constant -->causes a lot of ENTROPY =DISORDER. ENTROPY drives the reaction!!
1) With a HIGH enough concentration of ______ MOLECULES, complete aggregation into ____is possible. 2) _____are a 3D structure, which the polar head groups point ____toward the _____. The polar head groups will ____bond and INTERACT with ____. 3) THE INSIDE of the MICELLE 3D structure will be HYDROPHOBIC FATTY ACID TAILS and would rather interact with each other than interact with water, exclude as much water as possible. 4) THE IDEA of the HYDROPHOBIC EFFECT: All of the hydrophobic nonpolar fatty acid tail molecules would rather interact with _____, than to interact with water. They NONPOLAR Fatty acid tails _____as much water as possible.
1) With a HIGH enough concentration of AMPHIPATHIC MOLECULES, complete aggregation into MICELLES is possible. 2) MICELLES are a 3D structure, which the polar head groups point OUT toward the WATER Solvent. The polar head groups will HYDROGEN bond and INTERACT with POLAR WATER. 3) THE INSIDE of the MICELLE 3D structure will be HYDROPHOBIC FATTY ACID TAILS and the nonpolar regions would rather interact with EACH OTHER than interact with water. NONPOLAR regions fatty acid tails exclude as much water as possible. Because polar can NOT interact with nonpolar. "Like dissolves like" 4) THE IDEA of the HYDROPHOBIC EFFECT: All of the hydrophobic nonpolar fatty acid tail molecules would rather interact with each other, than to interact with water. They NONPOLAR Fatty acid tails EXCLUDE as much water as possible.
ANY TIME YOU SEE: 2 NONPOLAR MOLECULES or nonpolar section of a molcule interacting with each other is an example of _______=_____
2 NONPOLAR MOLECULES/section of a molcule interacting with each other is an example of the hydrophobic effect=NONCOVALENT interaction between 2 molecules
A carbon-hydrogen bond is _____bond.
A carbon-hydrogen bond is COVALENT bond.
A hydrogen bond is as example of a ______interaction
A hydrogen bond is an example of a NONCOVALENT interaction. ex: Water is important for everything! Water is going to interact with molecule, propagate signal, turn signal on/off in your body.
AMPIPATHIC MOLECULES include both ____and _____groups.
AMPIPATHIC MOLECULES include both polar and non polar regions. 3 Examples of AMPIPATHIC MOLECULES INCLUDE: PHENYLALAINE, PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE groups, PHOSPHOLIPID MEMBRANE BILYAYER POLAR heads and nonpolar tails has very specific SHAPE due to it being ampipathic
TOP HAT #2: Each of the following is a NONCOVALENT INTERACTION except: A) Hydrogen bond B) Carbon-hydrogen bond C) interaction between an amino and carboxylate group D) a vanderwaals interaction E) interaction between NH3 and a water molecule.
ANSWER = B (the other options can form hydrogen bonds-->noncovlanet interactions!) NONCOVALENT INTERACTIONS between molecules: 1) IONIC INTERACTIONS (between charges and ions) 2) HYDROGEN BONDING (H with N,O,F) 3) Vanderwaals forces - everything has vanderwaals. Includes Repulsion and london dispersion attraction!
Chemical reactions occur in _____milieu.
Chemical reactions occur in AQEUOUS milieu.
EX: Thinking about all of the macromolecules: proteins, DNA, carbohydrates and lipid membranes all come in contact and interact with _____. You can change the interaction or change the actual molecule.
EX: Thinking about all of the macromolecules: proteins, DNA, carbohydrates and lipids all come in contact and interact with WATER!
Life evolved in water due to the protection it provides from ______.
Life evolved in water due to the protection it provides from UV LIGHT!
MORE polar solvent like ____has a ____dielectric constant.
More polar solvent like ALCHOL has a LOWER dielectric CONSTANT of 4. So when you place salt in alcohol, the ions will not separate as well.
AMINO GROUP
NH3
NONPOLAR BIOMOLECULES include:
NONPOLAR BIOMOLECULES include: 1) Typical Wax = NONPOLAR
ON TEST: 1) Can Lipids dissolve in water? Why or why not? 2) WHAT happens when you put OIL in water?
ON TEST: Can Lipids dissolve in water? Why or why not? 1) LIPID molecules can NOT dissolve in water because lipid molecules can NOT hydrogen bond. Lipid molecules have chains of carbons and hydrogens that are nonpolar which can NOT interact with polar water. 2) WHAT happens when you put OIL in water? Oil and water do NOT mix. POLAR WATER is happy minding its own business molecules moving around, very disordered--->then you ADD OIL-->you have to interact with water but you can NOT hydrogen bond-->you have to ADD a hydration layer. All of the water you add has to hydrate each kind fatty acid. **Before adding oil, water was DISORDERED, HIGH ENTROPY and HAPPY. After adding oil, WATER became ORDERED, LOWER ENTROPY and UNHAPPY entropy wise. ***HIGH ENTROPY = Water molecules can interact with each other, very disordered ***LOWER entropy = Water interacting with FATTY acid. WHY they start to aggregate together (water and oil) because you need to get ENTROPY back to a HIGHER ENTROPY. ***In order to get back to a HIGHER ENTROPY, you must put FATTY ACID MOLECULES TOGETHER, it releases the WATER between them, CREATES more disorder and water becomes HAPPY, HIGH ENTROPY! **You still can NOT dissolve in water, but you sit in water. Fatty acids sit in water but can NOT dissolve? ** Oil and water do NOT mix. Because of Entropy. WATER = ENTROPY DRIVING!!
ON TEST: The Hydrophobic Effect=____interaction between 2 molecules explains: 1) ______ portions of the ampiphathic molecule aggregate so that FEWER water molecules are ordered and ENTROPY INCREASES. 2) ALL ______ GROUPS are sequestered from water, and the released water molecules _____ the entropy further. 3) ONLY ____ "head groups are exposed" of the lipid molecule. 4) Only _____portions at the edge of the cluster force the ORDERING OF _____. 5) _____ WATER molecules are ordered and ENTROPY is ______.
ON TEST: The Hydrophobic Effect=NONCOVALENT interaction between 2 molecules explains: 1) NONPOLAR portions of the ampiphathic molecule aggregate so that FEWER water molecules are ordered and ENTROPY INCREASES. 2) ALL NONPOLAR GROUPS are sequestered from water, and the released water molecules increase the entropy further. 3) ONLY POLAR "head groups are exposed" 4) Only LIPID portions at the edge of the cluster force the ORDERING OF WATER. 5) FEWER WATER molecules are ordered and ENTROPY is INCREASED!
ORIGIN of the HYDROPHOBIC EFFECT = NONCOVALENT INTERACTION
Origin of the HYDROPHOBIC EFFECT = MICELLE = All hydrogphobic groups are sequestered from water, ordered shell of water molecules i sminimized and entropy is further increased! HYDROPHOBIC EFFECT = NONCOVALENT INTERACTION = fatty acid tails.
**ON TEST: Polar Molecules usually have _____ Examples of Polar BIOMolecules include:
Polar=electronegative Molecules usually have OH hydroxyl group, or AMINE (NH3) = electronegative atom. POLAR molecules can DISSOLVE IN WATER "Like dissolves like". NONPOLAR molecules can NOT dissolve in water! Examples of Polar Molecules include: 1) GLUCOSE= OH groups 2) GLYCINE = AMINE groups (NH₃) 3) ASPARTATE= ester (C=O-O) 4) LACTATE = (OH and Ester C=O-O group) 5) GLYCEROL = hydroxyl OH groups
**ON TEST: STRUCTURE OF WATER: **LIQUID Water has more _____of molecules **SOLID water/ICE has less ____.
STRUCTURE OF WATER: **LIQUID Water has MORE movement of molecules= water can normally form 4 hydrogen bonds, but due to its movement it can only form an average of 3.4 HYDROGEN BONDS (NOT full hydrogen bond amount of 4 like solid ice) **SOLID water/ICE has less movement = LESS movement of molecules (molecules are locked in place) = SOLID ICE WATER can form full amount 4 hydrogen bonds.
**WHY DOES SALT dissolve in WATER?
Salt Na+Cl- Dissolves in WATER: 1) Take equation F=Q₁Q₂ ÷ εr² F= FORCE needed to break molecules apart Q₁ = CHARGE + Q₂ = CHARGE - ε = (sigma) DI-ELECTRIC CONSTANT r = radius (how close are two molecules to each other) 2) DI-Electric Constant =ε= tells me how good is that solvent at shielding the charges from seeing each other. ex: WATER has a very HIGH Di-Electric Constant = around ε= 80 = If you place salt in WATER its going to dissolve faster, separate ions better! ex2:Alcohol (OH) group MORE POLAR= Its DI-Electric Constant is ONLY around 4. **If you put something in alcohol like salt, it will probably NOT dissolve because it is not able to shield the charges???? **If you place salt in alcohol, because of its LOW dielectric constant its not going to dissolve/separate ions as well in alcohol. 3) Once Na+Cl- is placed in water, due to its DIELECTRIC constant it BREAKS NaCl apart and WATER HYDRATES THAT MOLECULE!!! A) Water's partial positive charge is attracted/HYDRATES the negative Cl ion. B) Water's partial negitive charge (oxygen) is attracted to and hydrates the SODIUM (Na+ ION) 4) WATER forms a PLATHRATE STRUCTURE/forms a SHELL around the NaCl molecule. 5) Because the DIELECTRIC CONSTANT is SO HIGH, the charges will NOT see each other when they are broken apart. SALT dissolves and STAYS dissolved in the solution. ex: If you add heat, water begins to evaporate and it precipitates back out its salt = THINK about DIELECTRIC constant and IONIC interactions. 6) Causes a LOT of disorder entropy when salt is dissolved, Salt has a NICE LATTICE structure ----once salt dissolves and breaks apart-->causes an INCREASE in entropy disorder in the system **ENTROPY drives interaction!
TOP HAT #3: Which of the following is FALSE when considering Van der Waals interaction?
TOP HAT #3: Which of the following is FALSE when considering Van der Waals interaction? ANSWER E
TOP HAT Question #1: Which of the following in elements are sufficiently electronegative to serve as strong donors in a hydrogen bond?
TOP HAT Question #1: Which of the following in elements are sufficiently electronegative to serve as strong donors in a hydrogen bond? 1) HYDROGEN BOND = H with N,O,F
The 4 TYPES of NONCOVALENT INTERACTIONS between 2 molecules are: 1) IONIC INTERACTIONS 2) HYDROGEN BONDING 3) VAN DER WAALS INTERACTIONS/LONDON DISPERSION FORCES 4) HYDROPHOBIC INTERACTION ex: Formation of Micelle 3D structure, fatty acid tails hydrogphobic in the middle.
The 4 TYPES of NONCOVALENT INTERACTIONS are: 1) IONIC INTERACTIONS (Na+ and Cl-) 2) HYDROGEN BONDING 3) VANDERWAALS/LONDON DISPERSION FORCES 4) HYDROPHOBIC EFFECT INTERACTION
**What is the biochemical significance of Van Der Waals interactions?
Van Der Waals Important: 1) VANDERWAALS FORCES = WEAK FORCES, EASILY BROKEN and REVERSIBLE 2) **ADDING ALL 3 noncovalent interactions up between molecules (hydrogen bonding, ionic interactions, vanderwaals) = 1 large energy measure = to see how much energy = ALL EASILY BREAK, WEAK! 3) Individually, vanderwaals forces are WEAK, easily broken and reversible, 4) Van der WAALS forces are UNIVERSAL = they occur between any 2 atoms that are NEAR each other. 5) Vander WAALS determine STERIC COMPLEMENTARITY 6) VANDER WAALS important for stabilizing biological macromolecules and stacking in DNA = vanderwaals. 7) Vanderwaals facilitates binding of polarizable ligands!
_____is a critical determinant of the structure and function of proteins, nucleic acids and membranes.
WATER is a critical determinant of the structure and function of proteins, nucleic acids and membranes.
**ON TEST: _____is the UNIVERSAL SOLVENT and WATER is a GOOD solvent for ______ and _____substances like: 1) 2) 3)
WATER is the UNIVERSAL SOLVENT because it can HYDROGEN BOND and interact with water. WATER is a GOOD solvent for CHARGED and POLAR substances like: 1) AMINO ACIDS and Peptides 2) SMALL ALCOHOLS 3) CARBOHYDRATES 4) PROTEINS (OH groups) 5) DNA Like dissolves like Water is polar and charged and is a good solvent for other charged and polar substances like amino acids/peptides, small alcohol and carbohydrates
WHY are NONPOLAR molecules poorly soluble in water?
WHY are NONPOLAR molecules LIKE CARBON DIOXIDE poorly soluble in water? CARBON DIOXIDE =NONPOLAR= even though carbon dioxide has partial negative charges on oxygen, both partial negatives cancel out so the molecule is NONPOLAR. CARBON DIOXIDE GAS is poorly soluble in water. Carbon Dioxide = NONPOLAR and water is POLAR so NOT able to FORM HYDROGEN BOND and INTERACT with WATER--that's why carbon dioxide is a gas! **In order for carbon dioxide to transport through the body, it must be converted from its gas form to something else because it will not hydrogen bond or interact with water in its gas form. CO2 gas = NONPOLAR and WATER = POLAR--->does not MIX!
****What can form a HYDROGEN bond/biological relevance of hydrogen bonding? 1) Water's ______and a _____group of an _____. 2) Between the _____group of a ketone and water's ____. 3) Between PEPTIDE groups in polypeptides. 4) Between complementary _____of DNA. A) Adenine------Thymine bases have ______hydrogen bonds = ____ to break and form = requires less ____. B) Guanine and cytosine has _____ hydrogen bonds = harder to break/form, requires more ___
What can form a HYDROGEN bond? 1) HYDROGEN bond = Water and an (OH) HYDROXYL group of an ALCOHOL (H---O-H) 2) Between the CARBONYL group of a ketone and water's Hydrogen. (C=0-----H) 3) HYDROGEN bond= Between PEPTIDE groups in polypeptides. (long amino acid chains = folding in their 3D structure) 4) HYDROGEN bond = Between complementary BASE PAIRS of DNA. A) Adenine------Thymine bases have 2 hydrogen bonds = easier to break = requires less energy B) Guanine and cytosine has 3 hydrogen bonds = harder to break/form = requires MORE energy
What is TRUE about Vander waals forces: 1) The van der Waals radius represents the most______ between two interacting centers. 2) Van der waals radii can determine _______ 3) Molecules that interact by Van Der Waals do not ______, there electron clouds can NOT ____ 4) The total interaction energy is the sum both of the ________forces. 5) Van der walls forces are important for determining the _____of 3D structures of proteins.
What is TRUE about Vander waals forces: 1) The van der Waals radius represents the most STABLE DISTANCE between two interacting centers. (OH groups too close = not good) 2) Van der waals radii can determine MOLECULAR SURFACES and 3D structure. (2 moelcules radius together determine 3D structure) 3) Molecules that interact by Van Der Waals do not INTERPENETRATE. Interpenetrate = electron clouds CAN NOT OVERLAP with each other. 4) The total interaction energy is the sum of the attraction and repulsive forces. 5) Van der walls forces are important for determining the STABILITY of 3D structures of proteins. **ALL OF THE NONCOVALENT INTERACTIONS between molecules (hydrogen bonding, ionic interactions, vander waals) TOGETHER determine the 3D STRUCTURE OF PROTEINS!
1) When we shield charges or break apart molecules we also have to think of _____ 2) GIBBS FREE ENERGY ∆G=∆H-T∆S 3) The reason why molecules break apart, or form the 3D structure that they do, or bond the way that they do is because your INCREASING the _______ 4) -∆G is
When we shield charges or break apart molecules we also have to think of THERMODYNAMICS! 2) GIBBS FREE ENERGY ∆G=∆H-T∆S (g=HATS) ∆G = GIBBS FREE ENERGY ∆H = change in enthalpy (bonds breaking/forming) T = temperature ∆S = ENTROPY = disorder 3) The reason why molecules break apart, or form the 3D structure that they do, or bond the way that they do is because your INCREASING the ENTROPY of that molecule or WATER! 4) -∆G free energy is FAVORABLE. You want to have an INCREASE in ENTROPY = you want an increase in RANDOMNESS or disorder, molecules separating.
The HYDROPHOBIC EFFECT explains: When you put two LIPID molecules together, water is leaving and ____is driving the reaction.
When you put two LIPID molecules together, the non polar fatty acid tails come together, water is PUSHED out leaves and water becomes MORE disordered, HIGHER ENTROPY = water becomes HAPPY. ENTROPY is driving the reaction.
Whenever molecules break apart, ____will hydrate that molecue.
Whenever molecules break apart, WATER will hydrate that molecule.
1) Your body, cells and everything that moves around in your body comes in contact with _______. 2) Your cells are made up of around _____% of water.
Your body, cells and everything that moves around in your body comes in contact with WATER! 2) Your cells are made up of around 70-90% of WATER!
