BIOL 102 Chapter 23: Evolution of Populations
In peas, a gene controls flower color such that R1 = purple and R2 = white. The purple allele is dominant to the white allele. In an isolated pea patch, there are 36 purple-flowering plants and 64 white-flowering plants. Assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what is the value of q for this population?
.80
In a Hardy-Weinberg population with two alleles A1 and A2 that are in equilibrium, the frequency of the allele A2 is 0.3. What is the frequency of individuals that are homozygous for this allele?
0.09
In a Hardy-Weinberg population with two alleles A1 and A2 that are in equilibrium, the frequency of allele A2 is 0.2. What is the frequency of individuals that are heterozygous for this allele?
0.32
A fruit fly population has a gene with two alleles, A1A1 and A2A2. Tests show that 70%% of the gametes produced in the population contain the A1A1 allele. If the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what proportion of the flies carry both A1A1 and A2A2?
0.42
A scientist samples a population of butterflies and finds that 56% are heterozygous at a particular locus. If the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what should be the frequency of the homozygous individuals in this population?
0.44
Researchers studying a small milkweed population note that some plants produce a toxin and other plants do not. They identify the gene responsible for toxin production. One allele (T1) codes for an enzyme that makes the toxin, and another allele (T2) codes for a nonfunctional enzyme that cannot produce the toxin. Heterozygotes produce an intermediate amount of toxin. The allele frequency of T1 is determined to be 0.6 and the allele frequency of T2 is 0.4. What is the expected frequency of heterozygotes if the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
0.48
Suppose 64% of the individuals in a remote mountain village can taste phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) and must, therefore, have at least one copy of the dominant PTC taster allele. If this population conforms to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for this gene, what percent of the population must be heterozygous for this trait?
48%
True or false? Heterozygote advantage refers to the tendency for heterozygous individuals to have better fitness than homozygous individuals. This higher fitness results in less genetic variation in the population.
False
Which of the following are basic components of the Hardy-Weinberg model?
Frequencies of two alleles in a gene pool before and after many random matings
Allele frequencies in a gene pool may shift randomly and by chance. What is this random shift called?
Genetic drift
One population of a species has 25 individuals, all with genotype AAAA; a second population of this species has 40 individuals, all with genotype aaaa. Assume that these populations live far apart but in similar environmental conditions. Based on this information, the observed genetic variation most likely resulted from
Genetic drift
Which of the following statements about genetic variation is accurate?
Genetic variation must be present in a population before natural selection can act upon the population.
Which of the following statements best explains the need for the "2" in the 2pq term in the Hardy-Weinberg equation?
Heterozygotes can come about in two ways. Submit
Small Aristelliger lizards have difficulty defending territories, but large lizards are more likely to be preyed upon by owls. Which kind of selection acts on the adult body size of these lizards?
Stabilizing selection
Women often have complications during labor while giving birth to very large babies, whereas very small babies tend to be underdeveloped. Which kind of selection is most likely at work regarding the birth weight of babies?
Stabilizing selection
Lactose intolerance in infants is more common in the population today than it was a hundred years ago. Why?
Today there are alternatives to breast milk, such as lactose-free formula and soy milk, so lactose intolerant infants can survive.
True or false? The Hardy-Weinberg model makes the following assumptions: no selection at the gene in question; no genetic drift; no gene flow; no mutation; random mating.
True
An earthquake decimates a ground-squirrel population, killing 98% of the squirrels. The surviving population has broader stripes, on average, than the initial population. If broadness of stripes is genetically determined, which of the following processes most likely caused the change?
a bottleneck effect
Suppose that a mutation for lactase-persistence occurred in each of the populations described below. In which populations would the mutation be more likely to increase in frequency over time because of natural selection?
a population that raises wheat and sheep
In evolutionary terms, an organism's relative fitness is measured by its __________.
contribution to the gene pool of the next generation
A researcher has maintained a small population of fruit flies in the laboratory by transferring the flies to a new culture bottle after each generation. After several generations, the viability of the flies decreased greatly. Recognizing that small population size is likely to be linked to decreased viability, which of the following approaches would be the best way to reverse this trend of decreased viability?
cross the flies with flies from another lab
Which of the following results is the most likely outcome of increased gene flow between two populations?
decreased genetic difference between the two populations
Blue poppies native to China were grown at a plant-breeding center in California. The plants with the thickest leaves were most likely to survive and reproduce in the drier climate. After several generations, the percentage of thick-leaved plants had increased by 42%. This adaptation of the poppies to their new environment is due to __________.
directional selection
In a very large population, a measurable trait has the distribution pattern shown in the diagram. Assume the trait is genetically determined. If there is no gene flow and the curve shifts to the left or to the right, which of the following processes is most likely occurring? (Bell shaped curve)
directional selection
Part complete In those parts of equatorial Africa where the malaria parasite is most common, the sickle-cell allele constitutes 20% of the β hemoglobin alleles in the human gene pool.In the United States, the parasite that causes malaria is not present, but the sickle cell allele is present in many African-Americans whose ancestors were from equatorial Africa. Which of the following processes are most likely acting on the sickle-cell allele in the United States, and in equatorial Africa?
directional selection in the United States; stabilizing selection in equatorial Africa
A biologist doing a long-term study on a wild spider population observes increased variation in silk thickness. Which of the following processes is the most likely to be affecting the spider population?
disruptive selection
Three-spined stickleback fish (Gasterosteus aculeatus) show substantial genetic variation in gill-raker length related to differences in their diets. Longer gill rakers appear to function better for capturing open-water prey, while shorter gill rakers function better for capturing shallow-water prey. Which of the following types of selection is most likely to be found in a large lake (open water in the middle and shallow water around the sides) with a high density of these fish?
disruptive selection
Which of the following processes best describes the cause of a bottleneck effect?
drastic decrease in the size of the population
Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder in humans where the person has two homozygous recessive alleles for the gene. If the disease is left untreated, it causes severe health problems in the individual. If 9 in 10,000 newborn babies have the disease, what are the expected frequencies of the dominant (A1) and recessive (A2) alleles according to the Hardy-Weinberg equation?
f(A1) = 0.9700, f(A2) = 0.0300
What situation most likely explains the occasional high frequency of certain inherited disorders among human populations established by a small population? See Concept 23.3 (Page)
founder effect
In which country would you most likely find a higher incidence of lactase persistence?
in a Scandinavian country where people historically raised dairy cattle and made cheese
Over time, humans have steadily increased their movements across the continents of the Earth. Which of the following results has most likely been derived from these movements?
increased gene flow
Which of the following is true of microevolution?
it is the kind of evolution that can change the relative abundance of a particular allele in a gene pool over the course of generations
According to the Hardy-Weinberg theorem, the frequencies of alleles in a population will remain constant if __________ is the only process acting on the gene pool.
random mating
Adult male humans generally have deeper voices than do adult female humans. Which of the following processes was most likely occurring given that the fossil records of apes and humans alike show a trend toward decreasing larynx size in adult females and increasing larynx size in adult males?
sexual dimorphism was evolving over time in these species
Which one of the following conditions would most likely cause allele frequencies to change by chance?
small populations
Most Swiss starlings (birds) produce four to five eggs in each clutch. Starlings producing more or less eggs have reduced fitness. Which of the following terms best describes this situation?
stabilizing selection
The Hawaiian Islands are the tops of undersea volcanoes in the Pacific Ocean. The oldest islands are the northwest-most islands. The islands get progressively younger to the southeast. Hawaii, the "big island," arose from the ocean less than one million years ago. Which of the following processes likely most strongly influenced the evolution of life on the big island when organisms first arrived?
the founder effect
The evolutionary effects of genetic drift are greatest when __________.
the population size is small
No two people are genetically identical, except for identical twins. The main source of genetic variation among humans is
the reshuffling of alleles in sexual reproduction
Which of the following evolutionary forces could create new genetic information in a population?
Mutation
A large population of laboratory animals has been allowed to breed randomly for a number of generations. After several generations, 25% of the animals display a recessive trait (A2A2), the same percentage as at the beginning of the breeding program. The rest of the animals show the dominant phenotype, with heterozygotes indistinguishable from the homozygous dominants.What is the estimated frequency of allele A1 in the gene pool?
0.50
In a Hardy-Weinberg population with two alleles A1 and A2 that are in equilibrium, the frequency of allele A2 is 0.1. What is the frequency of individuals with A1A1 genotype?
0.81
Suppose a BB female mouse mates with a Bb male mouse. Which of the following represents the probabilities of each genotype occurring among their offspring?
1/2 BB, 1/2 Bb
One out of 10,000 babies born in North America is affected by cystic fibrosis, a recessive condition. Assuming that the North American human population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for this trait, what percentage of the population is heterozygous for this trait? (Remember the equation for a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium: p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1.)
2%
How does the term "lactase persistent" relate to the term "lactose tolerant"?
A lactase-persistent person is lactose tolerant.
You read about soapberry bugs and select the correct statement describing relative fitness in these individuals.
A soapberry bug with high relative fitness has a relatively high number of offspring that survive to reproductive age.
Why should we not view lactose intolerance as a disease in adult humans?
Adult humans did not consume dairy products until fairly recently in our evolutionary history.
Which of the following statements is accurate with regard to a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
Allele frequencies should not change from one generation to the next. Submit
Which of the following situations leads to microevolution?
Alleles move between populations that differ in allele frequencies.
Suppose that a gene for coat color in mice has two alleles, B and b, where B is completely dominant and encodes a black coat color, and b is recessive and encodes a brown coat color. A mouse that is heterozygous has genotype _____, and its phenotype is _____.
Bb; black
Long necks make it easier for giraffes to reach leaves high on trees, while also making them better fighters in "neck wrestling" contests. In both cases, which kind of selection appears to have made giraffes the long-necked creatures they are today?
Directional selection
Black-bellied seedcrackers have either small beaks (better for eating soft seeds) or large beaks (better for hard seeds). There are no seeds of intermediate hardness; therefore, which kind of selection acts on beak size in seedcrackers?
Disruptive selection
Which type of selection tends to increase genetic variation?
Disruptive selection
The original source of all genetic variation is __________.
Mutation
Which statement about the beak size of finches on the island of Daphne Major during prolonged drought is accurate?
Each bird's survival was strongly influenced by the depth and strength of its beak as the drought persisted.
Pigs are vulnerable to infection by bird flu virus and human flu virus, both of which can be present in an individual pig at the same time. When both viruses infect a pig simultaneously, it is possible for genes from bird flu virus and human flu virus to be combined. If the human flu virus contributes a gene for Tamiflu resistance (Tamiflu is an antiviral drug) to the bird flu virus, and if this new virus is introduced to an environment lacking Tamiflu, then which of the following scenarios is most likely to occur?
If the Tamiflu-resistance gene involves a cost, it will experience directional selection leading to reduction in its frequency.
Natural selection changes allele frequencies because some ____________ survive and reproduce better than others
Individuals
In some populations, 1 in 500 people have sickle cell disease. What reason does the film give for why a potentially deadly, inherited disease is found at such high frequencies?
Individuals with one sickle cell allele are protected from malaria and do not have sickle cell disease, thus keeping the allele in the population. Submit
How does diploidy help to preserve genetic variation? See Concept 23.4 (Page)
It allows recessive alleles that may not be favored in the current environment to be preserved in the gene pool by propagation in heterozygotes.
Why is the enzyme lactase necessary to digest dairy products?
Lactase breaks down lactose into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the cells that line the small intestine.
In some jacana (a bird) species, males take care of the eggs and young, and females compete with each other for territories that contain one to several males. Female jacanas are significantly larger than males. Which of these statements is likely NOT an accurate description of this bird species?
Males and females have equal variation in reproductive success.
Restriction enzymes in bacteria protect the bacteria from successful attack by bacteriophages, whose genomes can be degraded by the restriction enzymes. The bacterial genomes are not vulnerable to these restriction enzymes because bacterial DNA is methylated. This situation selects for bacteriophages whose genomes are also methylated. As new strains of resistant bacteriophages become more prevalent, they in turn select for bacteria whose genomes are not methylated and whose restriction enzymes instead degrade methylated DNA. Which of the following outcomes is most likely to occur over the course of evolutionary time?
Methylated and nonmethylated strains should be maintained among both bacteria and bacteriophages, with ratios that vary over time. Submit
In 1986, a nuclear power accident in Chernobyl, USSR (now Ukraine), led to high radiation levels for miles surrounding the plant. The high levels of radiation caused elevated mutation rates in the surviving organisms, and evolutionary biologists have been studying rodent populations in the Chernobyl area ever since. Which of the following events most likely occurred in the rodent populations following the accident?
Mutation led to increased genetic variation.
A proficient engineer can easily design skeletal structures that are more functional than those currently found in the forelimbs of such diverse mammals as horses, whales, and bats. Which of the following statements best explains why the actual forelimbs of these mammals do not seem to be optimally arranged?
Natural selection is generally limited to modifying structures that were present in previous generations and in previous species.
Which of the following evolutionary forces consistently results in adaptive changes in allele frequencies?
Selection
Compare sickle cell disease and malaria.
Sickle cell disease and malaria are both potentially lethal diseases.
The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has an allele that confers resistance to DDT and similar insecticides. Laboratory strains of D. melanogaster have been established from flies collected in the wild in the 1930s (before the widespread use of insecticides) and the 1960s (after 20 years of DDT use). Lab strains established in the 1930s have no alleles for DDT resistance. In lab strains established in the 1960s, the frequency of the DDT-resistance allele is 37%. Which statement is correct?
The evolutionary fitness associated with the heritable trait of DDT resistance changed once DDT use became widespread. Submit
What genotype frequencies are expected under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for a population with allele frequencies of p = 0.8 and q = 0.2 for a particular gene?
The expected genotype frequencies are 0.64, 0.32, and 0.04 for A1A1, A1A2 , and A2A2 , respectively.
If a person has two normal copies of the hemoglobin allele, which statements are true?
The person is homozygous at the hemoglobin locus. The person is susceptible to malaria.
Predict what will happen to the frequency of the sickle cell allele in areas where malaria has been eradicated.
The sickle cell allele will decrease in frequency.
How do lactase supplements help people who are lactose intolerant?
The supplements provide the enzyme that breaks down the lactose in dairy products.
A large population of laboratory animals has been allowed to breed randomly for a number of generations. After several generations, 25% of the animals display a recessive trait (A2A2), the same percentage as at the beginning of the breeding program. The rest of the animals show the dominant phenotype, with heterozygotes indistinguishable from the homozygous dominants. What is the most reasonable conclusion that can be drawn from the fact that the frequency of the recessive trait (A2A2) has not changed over time?
The two phenotypes are about equally adaptive under laboratory conditions.
Which statement correctly describes the role of chance in evolution?
The ultimate source of new alleles is mutation, random changes in the nucleotide sequences of an organism's DNA. Submit
In a bell-shaped curve, the x-axis (horizontal direction) of the graph represents which of the following?
The value of a particular characteristic; characteristics of an organism can include such traits as size and color.
When should a lactase supplement be taken in order to be most effective, and why?
at the same time the dairy product is consumed, so that the lactase will be in contact with the lactose
Which of the following comparisons illustrates differences in phenotypes caused by the environment?
bodies of "body builders" versus "couch potatoes"
Which of the following is the best definition of evolution on the smallest scale?
change in allele frequencies in a population over time
The Dunkers are a religious group that moved from Germany to Pennsylvania in the mid-1700s. They do not marry with members outside their own immediate community. Today, the Dunkers are genetically unique and differ in allele frequencies at many loci from all other populations, including those in their original homeland. Which of the following mechanisms most likely explains the genetic uniqueness of this population?
founder effect and genetic drift
Restriction enzymes in bacteria protect the bacteria from successful attack by bacteriophages, whose genomes can be degraded by the restriction enzymes. The bacterial genomes are not vulnerable to these restriction enzymes because bacterial DNA is methylated. This situation selects for bacteriophages whose genomes are also methylated. As new strains of resistant bacteriophages become more prevalent, they in turn select for bacteria whose genomes are not methylated and whose restriction enzymes instead degrade methylated DNA. Which of the following factors is most likely to cause the changes?
frequency-dependent selection
When a species deviates from a 50:50 sex ratio (male to female), the members of the minority sex often receive a greater proportion of care and resources from parents than do the offspring of the majority sex. Which of the following processes most likely causes this pattern?
frequency-dependent selection
The enzyme lactase breaks the sugar lactose into which compound(s)?
galactose glucose
Studies of Neanderthal DNA revealed that there are more similarities to non-African DNA than reference sequences from West Africans. Additionally, scientists found that Neanderthal DNA is as closely related to East Asians as to Europeans. These patterns indicate that interbreeding occurred before human migration further east. Which evolutionary force most likely generated these results?
gene flow
If the nucleotide variability of a locus equals 0%%, what is the gene variability and number of alleles at that locus?
gene variability =0%=0%; number of alleles =1
The effect of which Hardy-Weinberg condition is affected by population size?
genetic drift
Generation-to-generation change in the allele frequencies in a population is _____.
microevolution
Which of the following are causes of evolutionary change?
mutation natural selection gene flow genetic drift
What is the only evolutionary mechanism that consistently leads to adaptive evolution?
natural selection
If individuals tend to mate within a subset of the population, there is ________.
no random mating
The higher the proportion of loci that are "fixed" in a population, the lower is that population's ________.
nucleotide variability and average heterozygosity
