Biol 106L Practical 2

Name the clade(s) to which this organism belongs.

Aves, Tetrapoda

What group uses this mode of reproduction?

Scyphozoa

Species diversity

a measurement that weights each species by its abundance, accumulated with greater numbers of species

Name the body-cavity type that this organism exhibits.

acoelom

Choose the answer that properly identifies each body plan in order from A to C.

acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, coelomate

During deuterostome development, the blastopore goes on to form which of the following?

anus

This is a Hydra whole mount. What is taking place on the left?

asexual production of a new polyp

The class Condrichthyes has a skeleton composed of _________ instead of bone.

cartilage

Name the flagellated cells that line the sponge

choanocytes

What is this unique stinging cell called that is possessed by Cnidarians?

choanocytes

What is the external structure indicated by the arrow?

clitellum

When an organism sheds its exoskeleton the process is called _______.

ecdysis

The phylum of all of these organisms is ____________________ [one word].

echinodermata

A fungus cloaks the roots of a conifer, White Spruce (Picea glauca). What kind of relationship is this?

ectomycorrhizal

Squid and octopuses are in Phylum Cephalopoda. What is the derivation of the name "Cephalopoda"?

head; foot

Determinate development is to protostomes as ____________________ development is to deuterostomes.

intermediate

What is the name of the muscular throat rotifers use to grind up food?

mastax

In nematodes, ecdysis refers to...

molting the outer cuticle

Select the group(s) that does(do) not belong in the probably paraphyletic 'crustacea'.

scorpions

A primary characteristic of the phylum of this organism is ...

segmentation; metameres or repeated segments that appear like "little rings"

Why is it important that you have a control group in an experiment?

so that it becomes possible to compare treatment groups to an untreated group, to give a reliable baseline for comparison on how an organisms reacts under "normal" circumstances

What is the function of the siphon?

to expel water quickly allowing the organism to rapidly and forcibly move

Match the functions of the earthworm parts. 3, 4, 6, 7, 9

to hold as yet poorly digested food (crop), to physically grind up food (gizzard), to make sperm (seminal vesicles), to receive sperm (seminal receptacles), to pump blood (hearts)

What is a presumed homology that connects the mollusks to the annelids?

trochophore larvae

This is a Lumbricus in cross section. Complete the following analogy using your knowledge of Annelid anatomy. small intestine: Humans :: __________: Lumbricus

typhlosole

Check two boxes: Identify the organism, and the part that is colored brown.

uterus, Clonorchis

What is dominance to the microevolutionary process?

A rare dominant allele initially spreads faster than a rare recessive allele (for the same selection coefficient in each scenario).

Which of the following are not members of the clade Amniota (the amniotes)?

Actinopterygii, Amphibia

What is(are) the difference(s) between a polychaete and an oligochaete?

An oligochaete lacks parapodia

Identify the two classes shown (octopus and clam).

Cephalopoda, Bivalvia

Name the clade(s) to which this organism belongs.

Chondrichthyes, Deuterostoma, Chordata

Which of the following clades are humans included in?

Chordata, vertebrata, mammalia

What are the names of the stinging cells on organisms that allows it to catch prey called? (they also give the phylum its name)

Cnidocytes

Leeches use an anticoagulant called _________________ to prevent their host's blood from clotting.

Hirudin

What is the primary function of the typhlosole in an earthworm?

Increase surface area for absorption

What is the purpose of including a control group in experiment?

It increases our ability to attribute the results of experimental treatments to the cause we are manipulating as opposed to other effects of our protocol.

This organism is a segmented worm; to which class does it belong?

Polychaeta

What problem(s) might you encounter when keying an insect belonging to the Coleoptera?

The hardened elytra might not be recognized as wings.

What might we say about mosses (Musci) and lichens (the ascomycete kind)?

They have converged to fill similar ecological niches (or in other words, a similar adaptive zone). They are both poikilohydric, and in that way ecologically similar.

How come tunicates and lancelets are classified as chordates even though they have no backbone?

a notochord was present during their larval stage

This bird likes to sally for insects in the air. What's its common name?

black Phoebe

Identify structure 2 (yes, all of those labeled 2, collectively)

book gills

In triplobastic animals, the three cell layers of the gastrula are called the ______________ ____________ and ____________; list them from outer-most layer to inner-most (without the word "and"—just as three words).

ectoderm mesoderm endoderm

What is the name of this developmental stage after the sessile stage in some cnidarians?

ephyra

What is/are function(s) of the structure indicated by the arrow?

feeding

This structure is specialized for ______________ and is called a _________________.

feeding; hydranth

Here is the ventral view of a member of class Malacostraca. Is this specimen male or female?

female

Referring to the figure below, is the frog more closely related to the _________.

frog

A(n)_________ is an undirected change in the genetic material (DNA) of an organism.

mutation

Which of the following are typically included in the causes of microevolution?

mutation, drift, selection

Water flow is an important aspect of any sponge's life. The water flows in through the ____________, and out through the ____________.

ostia; osculum

Check synapomorphy(ies) that mark(s) the Chordata (and not some larger or smaller clade)?

pharyngeal slits (in some derived to be pouches), dorsal hollow nerve cord, notochord, post-anal tail

(T of F) A nematode is a segmented worm.

False

(T of F) A polychaete is a pseudocoelomate.

False

(T of F) Earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris) are hermaphroditic selfers. They never (or almost never) mate with another individual.

False

(T of F) No living cephalopods have an external shell.

False

(T or F) Arthropods have a closed circulatory system.

False

(T or F) The body plan of cnidarians is composed of two cell layers, the epidermis (from ectoderm) and the gastrodermis (from endoderm). Therefore, these simple animals are triploblastic and have well developed organ systems.

False

Select the groups below that either are, or include, snails.

Gastropoda, Helix, Mollusca

These images represent a group of fungi that are endosymbiotic with plants. What is the phylum?

Glomeromycota

___________ is the process allows the body of the gastropod to rotate 180 degrees so that the anus is near the anterior end of the organism.

Torsion

Which of these taxa is characteristically (almost entirely) parasitic? Turbellaria, e.g., planarians, Trematoda, Platyhelminthes, Scyphozoa, Anthozoa

Trematoda

(T or F) Cnidarians are composed of tissues, but the tissues are not organized into discrete organs; therefore they exhibit a tissue level of organization. However, some Cnidarians, like the Portuguese Man O' War, have become colonial, with zooids specializing in various functions.

True

(T or F) Sea stars feed by everting their stomach through their mouth subsequently digesting the food outside of their body before consumption.

True

(T or F) The fungus pictured belongs to the one fungal phylum (Chytridiomycota) that has flagellated cells in its life cycle. The character state should be considered primitive since flagella are also found in more distantly related organisms such as animals. Thus, other fungi presumably belong to one or a few lineages that have lost the flagellum.

True

Which of the following are locations where fungi are found?

Water, your skin, plant matter, and detritus

The upside down Daphnia (water flea) has been ingested by the hydra. What is the name of the cavity the Daphnia is in?

gasrtrovascular

This is a close up, internal photo of the cardiac stomach of a crayfish. What are the three sets of 'teeth' inside called?

gastric mill

What organism(s) make up a typical lichen?

green alga (Chlorophyta) and ascomycota

What are the sharp structures that make up this whole mount of Leucoselenia (Phylum Porifera)?

spicules

The grasshopper abdomen here shows valved openings called ________________, which are part of the respiratory system.

spiracles

What is the Greek/Latin derivation of the name gastropod?

stomach; foot

Many Actionperygii use a _________________ [two words] for regulating buoyancy.

swim bladder

Lichens are constituted by a _________ relationship between a fungus and an alga.

symbiotic

What is the structure indicated by the arrow? These animals often orient so that water flows from left to right; given their shape, water flow pushes them down against the substrate rather than lifting them up, when they have this orientation.

telson

What would it mean if C. elegans has a similar neurophysiological response to caffeine and alcohol as humans do?

that the neurophysiology those drugs affect has been conserved since the common ancestor of protostomes and deuterostomes

Species richness

the count of the number of different species present in an area

What does cephalization mean?

the development of sense organs and nervous system control at the body's leading head.

Species evens

the relative abundance of the different species in an area

Why do amphibians tend to be largely restricted to moist places?

thin skin makes them vulnerable to rapid water loss

Sponges (Porifera) are said to have which level of organization?

tissue

Choose the main parts uniting the various groups of mollusks.

visceral mass, muscular foot, head, mantle

This is a polyp of an Anthozoan. Which organism gives it this internal color?

zooxanthellae (Symbiodinium sp.)