Biol 1202: Ch. 30

The 2 groups of angiosperms

monocots and eudicots

One difference between gymnosperms and angiosperms is that ___.

only angiosperms produce fruits

Gymnosperms and angiosperms have the following traits in common except ___. seeds pollen vascular tissue ovaries ovules

ovaries

Almost all seeded plants are

angiosperms, which makes them the most successful species

Angiosperms

are flowering plants so they have "covered seeds"

Describe Flowers

are specialized for sexual reproduction. it attracts things by its smell, taste or mostly look. characterizes angiosperms. so anything witha flower is an angiosperm

The 3 key features of the gymnosperm's life cycle allows it to

be able to adapt on land

Which of the following is not a conifer? pine fir cedar ginkgo

ginkgo

What makes up the majority of conifephytes

pine trees

Pollen

plant sperm

In seed bearing plants, microspores develop into ___.

pollen grain

Gymnosperms bear

"naked" seeds, typically on cones

Steps in double fertilization

1.two sperm leave pollen tube 2. The 1st sperm fertilizes the egg and forms a diploid zygote 3. The 2nd sperm combines itself with the 2 nuclei in the ♀ gametophyte forming a cell that develops into the endosperm

Angiosperms are the most widespread and diverse of all plants. How many species are there? What percentage of plant species do they make up?

250,000 species 90% of all plant species

Most recent common ancestor for all living angiosperms

Amborella

The 8 medicines derived from seeded plants (as discussed in class), an example of the plant it can come from, and one of its uses

Atropine: Belladonna plant, dilates pupil Digitalin: Foxglove, heart medicine Menthol: Eucalyptus tree, ingredient in cough med. Morphine: Opium poppy, pain reliever Quinine: Cinchona tree, malaria preventive Taxol: pacific yes, ovarian cancer drug Turbocurarine: curare tree, muscle relaxant Vinblastine: periwinkle, leukemia drug

How are fruits dispersed?

Can be carried by wind, water, or animals, enhancing dispersal

Gymnosperms include ___. 1. Ginkgo biloba, convers, and flowering plants 2. Pine trees, apple trees, and rose bushes 3. conifers, cycads, and magnolia 4. cycads, conifers, ginkgo biloba, and gnetophytes

Cycads, conifers, Ginkgo biloba, and gnetophytes

A Seed

Develops from the whole ovule and includes the sporophyte embryo, food supply, protective coat

3 Key features of the gymnosperm life cycle include

Dominance of the sporophyte generation The role of pollen in transferring sperm to ovules #NoWaterRequired The development of seeds from fertilized ovules

Pine Life Cycle

Each tree has ovulate (megasporangia) and pollen (microsporangia) cones Microsporocyte (2n)- divide by meiosis to produce pollen grains (male) Megasporocyte (2n) - divide by meiosis to produce megaspore (female) -megaspore contains archegonia (produces egg) Female gametophyte develops within the megaspore Sperm fertilizes egg Ovule becomes a seed - consists of an embryo, food supply, and seed coat

In what 3 ways do humans depend on seed plants

Food (bc fruit) Wood (bc it comes from angiosperms) Many medicines

If a pollen grain germinates

It gives rise to a pollen tube that discharges sperm into the ♀ gametophyte within the ovule

Describe Pollen

Microspores develop into pollen grains this Contains ♂ (male) gametophyte. The inside of the grain contains cytoplasm, the tube cell which will later become the pollen tube, and the generative cell which releases the sperm cells.

Are seeded plants dependent on water for fertilization? What structure indicates water is needed for reproduction

No flagella

4 Phylums Gymnosperms include

Phylum Cycadophyta - sago palms Phylum Gingkophyta Phylum Gnetophyta Phylum Coniferophyta

4 plants in Phylum Coniferophyta

Pines Firs (Christmas trees) Junipers Sequoias

Describe the process of pollen fertilizing the female gametophyte in seeded plants

Pollen grain attatches to an openeing in the ovule. It releases the pollen tube which goes through the megasporangium and latches to the female gametophyte . The sperm travels from the pollen through the pollen tube and into female gametophyte. The discharged sperm nucleus combines with the female nucleus and from here the process differs between gymnosoerms and angiosperms. so ignore last pic on diagram

Describe the process of fertilization in a gymnosperm

Produce naked seeds - not enclosed in ovaries (fruit) Sporophylls - modified leaves that have seeds. Usually form cones called Strabili Heterosporous - produce 2 different types of spores Megasporangium (2n) - megaspore (n) Megasporangium , megaspore, and integument make up an ovule (unfertilized egg) Microspore (n) develops into pollen grain, which contains the male gametophyte Megaspore - develops into female gametophyte Micropyle - opening of ovule that allows entry of a pollen grain Pollen tube - discharges the sperm Fertilization - ovule becomes a seed, which consists of a sporophyte embryo, a food supply, and protective coat derived from the integument.

5 Characteristics common to all seed plants

Seeds Reduced gametophytes Heterospory Ovules Pollen

key adaptations for life on land for plants

Seeds and pollen grains

4 Structures of a flower's specialized shoot with modified leaves and what they do.

Sepals: enclose the flower Petals: brightly colored, attract pollinators Stamens: include the anther and filament. produce pollen(carries sperm) Carpels: include the stigma, style, and ovary. produce ovules(egg)

Which does not apply to gymnosperms or angiosperms? Vascular tissues Diploid dominance Single spore type Cuticle with stomata

Single spore type

Structure of a flower

Specialized shoot with modified leaves

Pollen can be dispersed by? What does this do?

air or animals it eliminates the need for water in fertilization

The seed of a gymnosperm

The seed coat is derived from the integument The food supply is female gametophyte tissue The embryo is a new sporophyte (2n)

monocots

When a monocot seed is opened, the stored food of the seed (the part we eat) is found as one unit, thus the "mono". Think of a corn kernel or any other type of grain. leaves that have parallel veins. This means that all the veins start at the base of the leaf and move parallel to one another toward the end. have fibrous roots lacking one central root

Double fertilization occurs when

a pollen tube discharges 2 sperm into the ♀ gametophyte within an ovule

Life cycle of angiosperm

double fertilization Microsporangium on anther contains microsporocytes. Undergo meiosis to produce microspores which develop into pollen grain that contains male gametophyte that produces sperm cell and tube cell. Megasporangium in the ovule contains megasporocytes that undergo meiosis to produce megaspores (n). Becomes the female gametophyte. Female gametophyte has a central cell with 2 nuclei, in addition to the egg cell (n) 2 sperm cells discharged into the ovule 1 sperm fertilizes the egg 1 sperm fertilizes the central cell, forming the endosperm (3n) -serves as a food source for the embryo Zygote - develops into the embryo that is packaged with food into a seed . Fruit tissue surrounds the seed.

Three of the four answers below are seed producers. Select the exception. ferns conifers eudicots ginkgos

ferns

Seed plants include two groups

gymnosperms and angiosperms

Eudicots

have the food source broken into two parts - "di". Specifically, when the seed germinates, the Eudicot will form two seed leaves and ends up one shoot that splits into two parts. have leaves with net veins. These leaves have one main vein in the center of the leaf (mid rid or central vein). All other veins branch off of this central vein forming a net pattern. have a main taproot with small roots branching off of it

Describe Fruits

is a mature ovary (Ovary matures after fertilization of ovules) if it has a seed inside of it, it is a fruit

What are the largest of the conifephytes

junipers

Endosperm is

just a food source aka tissue that the plant eats

Heterospory

male and female spores

An ovule consists of

megasporangium(diploid tissue) megaspore(haploid) spore wall protective integuments

In seed bearing plants, microspores develop into ___.

pollen grains remember microspores then pollen

The purpose of the protective integuments

prevents ovule from being harmed.

This group is the most important to human survival

seeded plants

Derived traits/Adaptations are

the reproductive structures called flowers and fruits(used for dispersal)

In seeded plants, which generation is dominant

the sporophyte, so gametophyte gen is smaller unfertilized ovule

Ovule

the structure that gives rise to and contains the female reproductive cells

Pollen is_____ It is Not_____

the vehicle for sperm that will fertilize the egg the actual sperm

In class example of the protective coat at work

when animal eats the seed and goes through digestive system seed comes out and embryo still develops

Gametophytes of seed plants develop

within the walls of spores (connected to sporophytes) retained within tissues of the parent sporophyte