BIOL 1406 Final Exam Study Guide
Nucelic acids are compromised of the following elements
C,H,O,N,P
What is an example of a second messenger?
Calcium Ions
Metabolic pathways
Can be either catabolic or anabolic
Which term includes all others on the list?
Carbohydrates
How many grams of the molecule glucose C6H12)6 would be required to make 1 : of a 0.5 M solution of the molecule?
Carbon = 12, Oxygen = 16, Hydrogen = 1 90
The reactants in the process of photosynthesis are
Carbon dioxide and water
What is the order of the separate plant pigments in above image, starting with the pigment that moved the most (top) to the pigment that moved the lease (bottom)?
Carotene, xanthophyll, chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b
In the absence of ATP synthase, animal cells would not be able to
Carry out oxidative phosphorylation
A ____________ pathway is a downhill reaction releasing energy and breaking complex molecules into simpler compounds. In contrast, ____________ pathways are uphill, consuming energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones.
Catabolic;anabolic
To study organelles of eukaryotic cells, a _____ ___________ is a useful technique.
Cell Fractionation
Which of the following is NOT a true statement about equilibrium?
Cells are at equilibrium
What does the term insoluble fiber refer to on food packages?
Cellulose
Sister chromatids are held together closely at the "waist" region called:
Centromere
Which organelle or structure is absent in plant cells?
Centrosomes
In what way do the various membranes of a cell differ?
Certain proteins are unique to each membrane
What is the term used for a protein molecule that assists in the proper folding of the other proteins?
Chaperonin
Scientist responsible for discovering that in any species there were equal numbers of A and T bases and G and C bases.
Chargaff
A point in the cell cycle where signals regulate the cycle
Checkpoint
Photosynthesis is the process by which light energy is converted to __________________ _______________.
Chemical energy
If chlorophyll extract, in a tube, is exposed to light in a laboratory, which of the following will happen?
Chlorophyll will fluoresce
These structures are double membrane and are the site of photosynthesis
Chloroplast
Which of the following is a uniquely plant cell characteristic?
Chloroplasts
What is the entire complex of DNA, proteins, and chromosomes?
Chromatin
What molecule is responsible for carrying the acetyl group from pyruvate into the citric acid cycle?
CoA
A stop codon
Codes for no amino acid
Blood type is an example of what kind of genetic inheritance?
Codominance
A chemical binding to the active site of the enzyme and blocking the substrate binding is called
Competitive inhibition
GCCCAAG is a molecule of
Could be RNA or DNA
In water, the bond between the oxygen and the two hydrogen is a _________ bond.
Covalent
What bond is the strongest?
Covalent
A chemical bond in which electrons are shared between 2 atoms.
Covalent bond
Regulatory proteins involved in controlling the cell cycle include:
Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases
Where does glycolysis occur?
Cytoplasm
Which of the following are nitrogeneous bases of the pyrimidine type?
Cytosine and Uracil
Looking at the following groups. Which molecule functions to transfer energy between organic molecules?
D (P)
(Picture) Site of light dependent reactions? Site of light-independent reactions?
D;E
Enzymes that catalyze the elongation of new DNA at the replication fork are
DNA polymerases
What is the role of tRNA?
Delivers a specific kind of amino acid to the ribosome that matches the codon of mRNA
The function of each protein is a consequence of its specific shape. What is the term used for a change in a protein's three-dimensional shape or conformation due to disruption of hydrogen bonds, disulfide bridges, or ionic bonds?
Denaturation
Which of the following characteristics would you find in DNA?
Deoxyribose and thymine
Which makes one amino acid different from another?
Different side chains (R groups) attached to an alpha (a) carbon
Which of the following is NOT a form of energy?
Diffusion
A zygote is
Diploid, genetically different than the parents, somatic, 2n
Which of the following characteristics are DNA specific characteristics? Check all that apply.
Double stranded; found only in the nucleus; features the bases G,T,A,C
What microscope is best for viewing organelles in eukaryotic cells?
EM
Which of the following help organisms move?
Each one is an organelle used for movement
All of the following are part of a prokaryotic cell except
Endoplasmic reticulum
Chloroplasts are believed to have originated in eukaryotic cells through which theory?
Endosymbiont
Which of the following is a statement of the first law of thermodynamics?
Energy cannot be created or destyoed.
According to the first law of thermodynamics,
Energy only changes forms
In the alteration of mRNA, a region that is expressed and eventually translated is the
Exon
A deletion point mutation will affect the reading of only one codon.
False
A red shirt absorbs red light and reflects all other colors.
False
A selectively permeable membrane prohibits the movement of all substances across the membrane.
False
Alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation both are anaerobic releasing CO2 and generating ATP.
False
All animals have male genes that are XY and females are XX.
False
All fat is bad.
False
An isomer is a compund with the same molecular formula and properties, but different structure.
False
Autotrophs are self-feeding, producers, and are all photosynthetic
False
Beadle and Tatum were the first to suggest that genes dictate phenotypes through enzymes.
False
Cytokinesis is part of mitosis.
False
Diffusion is the movement from high concentration to low concentration and requires energy investment to make this take place in most cases
False
Dominant genes are always the most ubiqutous, for example the dominant gene to have 10 fingers is the most ubiquitous.
False
Gap junctions are cytoplasm connections between plant cells that do cell to cell communications.
False
Heterotrophs are self-feeding producers and most non-photosynthetic.
False
In DNA transformation, less harmful bacteria may become harmful through mutation in rats.
False
In a membrane the outside of the membrane is hydophobic and the inside of hydrophilic.
False
In any ecosystem, terrestrial or aquatic, what group(s) is (are) always necessary to start a food chain?
False
In nature, chiton is found only in athropods.
False
Lipds, fats, are only found in animals.
False
Local signaling is called endocrine signaling.
False
Mitosis is a division of the cytoplasm
False
Oxidation is the addition of electrons.
False
Photosynthesis is exergonic
False
Red light has more energy than any other form of visible light.
False
The signal molecule is physically passed along the signaling pathway ensuring the signal is completed.
False
This molecule is most likely a liquid at room temperature.
False
Water releases heat from warmer air.
False
tRNA is specific, binding to only one codon.
False
The rate of DNA replication between bacteria and humans is
Faster in bacteria
In order to prevent wasting chemical resources, sometimes an end product of a metabolic pathway, shuts down the pathway, this is known as
Feedback inhibition
Please refer to the figure to answer the following questions. Which drawing is of an atom with the atom number of 6?
Figure A
Please refer to the figure to answer the following questions. Which drawing depicts the electron configuation of nitrogen (14/7N) *Not 14 divided by 7
Figure B
For the following characteristics please indicate which ones include those that are unique to animals i.e. Not found in plants.
Flagella, centrioles
Post-translational modification may include:
Folding of the protein, often with the aid of chaperones AND removal of the signal sequence
Which of the following represents the dark reactions?
Forms sugar using ATP and NADPH
Meiosis results in the generation of:
Four haploid cells
A system's energy that can do work when pressure and temperature are uniform is
Free energy
A cell primarly producing proteins in the cytosol will do so with the help of
Free ribosomes
Which may be or is an RNA molecule?
GGGCCCA and GCCCUUA
When a molecule is reduced, it
Gains electrons
Which of the following will have highest amount of energy?
Gamma rays
___________ is the study of all the gene sequences or comparing gene sequences between species.
Genomics
Which of the following is NOT a polymer?
Glucose
Which of these has the most potential energy?
Glucose
Description: These structures are made of flattened sacs with a cis and trans face used for warehousing, receiving, sorting, and shipping of materials in the cell.
Golgi apparatus
If you want to buy a colored light bulb for your indoor plants, the least effective color would be
Green
Which of the following is true of mitochondria?
Has its own DNA
The pea plant shown is tall with purple flowers. Which of the following is NOT one of the possible genotypes of this plant?
aaTT
When energy is transformed to different forms, some energy always escapes as
Heat
Enzymes that untwist the DNA at the replication fork are
Helicases
An example of an X-linked trait:
Hemophilia
In the "Hershey and Chase" experiment described in the textbook, why were the radioactive isotopes of Phosphorous ( 32P )and Sulfur ( 35S ) were used to identify if the nucleic acid OR protein is transferred into the host cell?
Hershey-Chase experiment showed that the nucleic acid is transferred by bacteriophages into the host bacteria and not protein. When compared chemical composition of proteins and nucleic acids, we know that sulfur is unique to proteins and phosphorous is unique to nucleic acids, but both have C, H, O and N. So, tracking nucleic acids transfer can be done by radioactive phosphorus and tracking proteins can be done by radioactive sulphur.
Lower wavelength of light has _______ energy
Higher
Lower wavelength of light has ____________ energy.
Higher
Proteins responsible for DNA packaging are
Histone
Chromosomes in a pair that are the same length and carry the genes controlling the same trait are
Homologous
Chromosomes in a pair that are the same length and carry the genes controlling the same traits are:
Homologous
What is separated during the anaphase I meiosis?
Homologous chromosomes
Which scientist was the first to see the cell walls by observing section of oak bark?
Hooke
In water, the bond between water molecules is a ________ bond.
Hydrogen
The cohesiveness of water results from:
Hydrogen bonding between water molecules
Base pairs among antiparallel strands of DNA are held together by
Hydrogen bonds
The two strands of DNA are bonded to one another by
Hydrogen bonds
What type of bond must be broken for water to vaporize?
Hydrogen bonds
Which statement is correct?
Hydrophobic is water "fearing" and non-polar (having no net charge)
A best guess to a problem or question is a
Hypothesis
Observe contents of the beaker and the dialysis bag and select appropriate tonicity. Tonicity of the solution in the beaker B:
Hypotonic
Lipid: Nucleic Acid: Protein: Carbohydrate:
Hyrophobic Storing and processing of genetic information Enzyme Immediate and long term energy
In noncyclic photophosphorylation photosystem __________ donates its electrons to generate ATP while photosystem _____________ uses its electrons to drive the production of NADH.
II ( two in roman numerals); I ( one in roman numerals)
Match Darwin's Observations: Individuals: Traits: More offspring: Competition: Species:
In a population have traits that vary. Are hereditable (passed from parents to offspring) Are produced than survive. Is Inevitable Generally suit their environment
How is photosynthesis similar in C4 and CAM plants?
In both cases, rubisco is not used to fix carbon initially.
Enzymes aid in metabolism by
Increasing the rate of reaction
The idea that chromosomes orient themselves randomly during metaphase I is ____________. This leads to _______ combination of genes.
Independent assortment; More
Which of the following is not a function of proteins?
Insulation
A chemical bond resulting from the loss or gain of electrons and the subsequent attraction of oppositely charged atoms.
Ionic bond
If an element has various forms of the same element, due to the extra neutrons in the nucleus, it is an ________.
Isotope
Which of the following is a correct statement about diffusion?
It is a passive process in which molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
What is the ultimate fate of oxygen gas (O2) in cellular respiration?
It is converted to water
Name the 4 scientists that get the credit for solving the structure of DNA.
James Watson, Francis Crick, Rosalind Franklin, Maurice Wilkins
In the absence of O2, the partial metabolism of glucose in human muscles produces
Lactic acid
Which of these classes of biological molecules does NOT include polymers?
Lipids
Sex-linked genes are
Located on sex chromosomes
Description: These structures function to hydrolyze macromolecules. These sacs are full of hydrolytic enzymes.
Lyosome
Intercellular joining, cell to cell recognition, transport, signal transduction, and enzymatic activity are all
Major functions of membrane proteins
A tumor that is ________ is harmful, whereas a tumor that is ________ is most likely not
Malignant; Benign
Distances between genes are called:
Map units
Which of the following is the best theory behind modern biological and organic chemistry?
Mechanism - natural phenomena governed by physical and chemical laws
The term that best describes all of the chemical reactions of a cell, including acquisition and use of molecules and energy is
Metabolism
Chromosomes convene equidistant to the spindle poles in what:
Metaphase
If cancer cells invade surrounding tissues and then export to other parts of the body they are:
Metastasized
Cells require which of the following to form a cytoskeleton?
Microfilaments, microtubules, and actin filaments
In the cytoskeleton these are the thickest of the three components, typically in cell maintenance of the cell shape, chromosome movement, and organelle movements.
Mictrotubules
Description: This is the powerhouse of the cell made of a double membrane which functions to undergo cellular respiration and create ATP.
Mitochondria
Which organelle is the priamry site of ATP synthesis in eukaryotic cells?
Mitochondria
According to the Endosymbiont theory, which of the following organelles have DNA?
Mitochondria and chloroplasts
Using this image, which is the correct statement? (Chapter 8)
Mitochondrial membrane, intermitochondrial membrane, intermembrane space, and matrix.
Which structure is common to plant and animal cells?
Mitochondrin
Which of the following sequences represents the hierarchy of biological organization from the least to the most complex level?
Molecule, cell, organ, system, population, ecosystem, biosphere
What is a dimer?
Monomers bound together
The element nitrogen is present in all of the following except
Monosaccharides
A molecule with the chemical formula C6H12O6 is probably a
Monosaccharise
Microfilaments, in muscle cells contain the following proteins
Myosin and actin
In addition to ATP, what are the products of glycolysis?
NADH and pyruvate
Suppose a cell has the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, and mitochondria. It could be a cell from
Nearly any eukaryotic organism
When blood glucose levels rise, the pancreas secretes insulin, and as a result blood glucose levels decline. When blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas secretes glucagon, and as a result blood glucose levels rise. Such regulation of blood glucose levels is the result of
Negative Feedback
A solution contains 0.0000000 (10-7) moles of hydroxyl ions (OH-) per liter. Which of the following best describes this solution?
Neutral
Which element is an essential part of the amino group?
Nitrogen
Which of the following is a uniquely prokaryotic cell characteristic?
No histone proteins
In ____________ pairs of homologous chromosomes do not separate normally during meiosis.
Nondisjunction
A desmosome is best compared to an
None of these
Which of the biomolecules is not directly associated with membrane structure?
Nucleic acids
Which of the following are the four classes of biological molecules?
Nucleic acids, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins
Nucleic acids are polymers made up of monomers called _________.
Nucleotides
In a plant cell, DNA may be found in the ___________________, ___________________, and ___________________.
Nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts
The proton is located in the ________________ and has a _________ charge.
Nucleus; +
The proton is located in the __________ and has a _________ charge.
Nucleus; + (positive)
The neutron is located in the __________ and has a ___ charge.
Nucleus; 0
A hydroxyl is characterized by having an ____ at the end. A __________ functional group is characterized by having a double bonded oxygen within a carbon skeleton
OH; ketone
A carrier is described as having _____ copy of the defective gene.
One
Which of the following is NOT a true statement about chloroplasts?
Only found in plants
What is the branch of science dedicated to the study of compounds containing carbon?
Organic chemistry
During aerobic respiration, glucose molecules undergo __________________ to form carbon dioxide.
Oxidation
Which step in aerobic respiration yields the most ATP?
Oxidative Phosphoylation
Bubbles of _________ gas were produced by photosyntehsis and trapped in the inverted test tube.
Oxygen
In water, which element is more electronegative?
Oxygen
The final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain that functions in anaerobic respiration could be any of the following except _______________.
Oxygen
Which is a true statement about the electron transport chain?
Oxygen is the final electron acceptor
Which of the following does not represent a type of organism from the domain archaea?
Pathogens
__________ is a chart used to show the genetic connections among individuals.
Pedigree
The correct term for when a cell engulfs another cell is
Phagocytosis
Of the types of light microscopy, which option offers you the ability to see a density contrast without having to stain the specimen?
Phase-contrast
If long hair (L) is dominant to short hair (l), then animals with LL and LI have the same
Phenotypes
Light is radiated to the earth in packets of energy called
Photons
For the following characteristics please indicate which ones include those that are unique to animals, not found in plants.
Plasmodesmata and plasma membrane
A _________ bond represents a covalent bond in which there is an unequal sharing of electrons.
Polar
If two or more genes affect one characteristic of the phenotype, that type of inheritance is said to be
Polygenic
Observe molecules 2,7, and 8. They act as building blocks (monomers) of
Polypeptides
Once labor begins in childbirth, contractions increase in intensity and frequency until delivery. The increasing labor contractions of childbirth are an an example of ___________ ___________.
Positive feedback
Which two structures help RNA polymerase identify the correct location along the DNA molecule to copy?
Promoters and transcription factors
Nucleoli disappear and each chromosome is now an identical sister chromatid
Prophase
Crossing over occurs during
Prophase I
Enzymes are?
Proteins
Which of these classes of biological molecules have the most variety of functions?
Proteins
Changing the number of _________ in an atom will change the atom into a different element.
Protons
The data type that contains recorded measurements is called
Qualitative
Signaling molecules that allow bacteria to detect population density.
Quorom sensing
Please fill in the black with either DNA or RNA: Structure is single stranded: ___________ Found in the cytoplasm: ___________ Does not contain Uracil: ____________
RNA; RNA; DNA
Light intensity limits the __________ of photosynthesis.
Rate
What is the genetic significance of fertilization?
Re-establish the species number of chromosomes
Tyrosine kinase
Receptor
Which is not associated with fine-tuning of a response?
Recognition
Which statement below is accurate?
Red blood cells placed in a hypertonic solution will become shriveled.
The 3' end of DNA
Refers to the end that has a hyroxyl group attached to the number 3 carbon of deoxyribose
Four of the five answers listed below are characteristic of meiosis. Select the exception.
Results in producing genetically identical cells
RNA is characterized by which one of the following features?
Ribose
Description: These structures made of rRNA and protein carry out protein synthesis and can be found free in the cytoplasm or bound to another structure or the nuclear envelope.
Ribosomes
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells generally have which of the following features in common?
Ribosomes
In the calvin cycle, CO2 is bound to the cycle with the help of an enzyme called
Rubisco
DNA replicates during:
S phase
The goal of __________ is to understand natural phenomena.
Science
In a plant cell wall the layer that is between a membrane, adding additional protection and support, not found in all plant cells
Secondary cell wall
Autotrophs can be described as
Self-feeding
DNA replication is
Semiconservative
The currently accepted model for replication is the
Semiconservative
A protein's function depends on its ___________. one very important protein is the _________ which is a macromolecule that acts as a biological catalyst.
Shape; Enzyme
A hormone
Signal molecule
What kinds of molecules pass through a cell membrane most easily?
Small and hydrophobic
A ___________ is a liquid that is homogeneous mixture of substances. A ____________ is a dissolving agent. A ____________ is a substance that is dissolved.
Solution; solvent; solute
In a solution the _________ is the dissolving agent and ________ is the substance that is being dissolved.
Solvent; Solute
Body cells containing complete sets of DNA, one set from mother and one from father are known as:
Somatic
The breathable oxygen we enjoy comes from which step in photosynthesis?
Splitting of H20
Where do the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis occur?
Stoma
What structure does a plant close to conserve water loss?
Stomata
The two molecules shown in the above figure are best described as
Structural isomers
What term is given to the reactant an enzyme acts on?
Substrate
For most ecosystems, _________ is the ultimate source of energy, and energy leaves the ecosystem in the form of _________.
Sunlight;Heat
The end sequence of DNA, shortens with age.
Telomere
Which of the following statements correctly defines a kilocalorie?
The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 degree celscius
The benefit of a polyribosome chain is:
The cell can manufacture many copies of a polypeptide quickly.
Most of the CO2 from the catabolism of glucose is released during
The citric acid cycle
Why are hydrocarbons insoluble in water?
The majority of their bonds are nonpolar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages.
Which of the following are true about the pea plant shown? Chose all correct answers!
The phenotype is purple flowers. The genotype is either homozygous or heterozygous. The dominant trait is displayed.
An artificial cell consisting of an aqueous solution enclosed in a selectively permeable membrane is immersed in a beaker containing a different solution. The membrane is permeable to water and to the simple sugars glucose and fructose but impermeable to the disaccharide sucrose.
The solution outside the cell is hypotonic.
How are NADH and FADH2 related?
They are both redox agents.
Which of the following best describes the relationship between atoms shown below? Atom 1: 1/1H Atom 2: 3/1H
They are isotopes.
Why do cells go through fermentation?
To replenish NAD+
Chromatography is used with a wide variety of chemicals. What is the purpose of chromatography?
To separate molecules based on their physical characteristics
Which of the following is responsible for correcting "overwinding" ahead of a replication fork?
Topoisomerase
Which process is modeled here? (Picture)
Transcription
Term for the process in the rectangle box #2
Transduction
The process that involves second messengers
Transduction
In Fredrick Griffith's 1928 experiment, he uncovered that bacteria could change its genotype and phenotype by picking up DNA and assimilating it. This phenomenon is called
Transformation
The process of synthesis of a polypeptide through the direction of mRNA
Translation
Why do plants have a variety of photosynthetic pigments?
Trap more light energy
Per molecules of glucose, how many CO2 are produced in the glycolysis?
Trick question, there are none produced in glycolysis.
-ΔG suggests that the reaction is spontaneous
True
A blue shirt reflects blue light and absorbs all other colors.
True
A catalyst is a chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed. Enzymes are biological catalysts.
True
A diet rich in this type of molecule may contribute to atherosclerosis.
True
A trait that is adaptive spreads faster through sexually reproducing organisms.
True
All cells have a plasma membrane, cytosol, chromosomes, and ribosomes.
True
An enantiomer is an isomer that is a mirror image of a compound.
True
An enzyme amioacyl- tRNA synthase is responsbile for finding the correct match between the amino acid and the correct tRNA molecule.
True
Asexual reproduction does not increase genetic variation.
True
Carbohydrates are sugars, polysaccharides are large and composed of many, disaccharides are composed of two, and monosaccharide is the most simple, AKA single sugar.
True
Cell division, mitosis, makes an exact copy of a cell
True
Cell signaling that activates pathways can be important in body part formation
True
Cohesion is the water molecules clinging together, adhesion is water "climbing" a container surface.
True
DNA polymerase is able to proofread the DNA sequence is eukaryotes.
True
DNA proofreads and repairs itself using DNA polymerase.
True
Density dependent inhibition stops division if cells become too crowded from growth inhibitor signals on adjoining cell.
True
Gametes are cells involved in sexual reproduction such as egg and sperm.
True
Gametes are the only humans produced by meiosis.
True
In humans, sex determining genes are XY for male and XX for female.
True
In nature, you could find cellulose in plants.
True
In pure water, H+ and OH- concentrations are equal.
True
Mendel did not actually know about genes.
True
One signal molecule received by a receptor can activate many molecules in transduction cascade amplifying a response.
True
Protein synthesis is "simplified" by the following statement; DNA code in the nucleus is read by mRNA, and on the ribosome in the cytoplasm assembled as a linkage of amino acids.
True
Proteins can move throughout the membrane but some are immobile.
True
Recessive genes are not expressed if a dominant is present, however, recessive genes still may cause diseases.
True
Reduction is the addition of electrons.
True
The alleles from the father might be the same form as alleles from the mother.
True
The genetic code is universal.
True
The sulhydryl is the only functional group that contains sulfur in its basic structure.
True
There are 20 amino acids, coded by 64 combinations of codons. 3 of these codons are stop codons, 1 is a start codon.
True
Tyrosime kinase receptors cannot initiate the transduction pathway until two receptors bind chemical messengers and move together forming a dimer.
True
Water has a high specific heat, which helps account for why coastal communities are protected from heat and cold extremes.
True
Watson and Crick concluded that purines had to pair with pyrimidines due to their width in the double helix.
True
While not an official step in the process, Acetyl CoA formation is a transition between glycolysis and Krebs, and occurs only in the presence of oxygen.
True
tRNA is where you would find an anticodon.
True
Which pigment below has the greatest energy and shortest wavelength?
Violet
There are [X] ATP produced during glycolysis, [Y] produced in krebs cycle.
[X] is Four and [Y] is two.
Approximately what % of the sun's solar energy is harvested by the process of solar energy?
1%
What is the correct order in cell signaling?
1. Reception, 2. Transduction 3. Response
A man that is hemophilic marries a woman that is a carrier. what proportion of their sons will have hemophilia?
1/2
A parent has a genotype of RrYy. What is the probability of having a gamete with the RY genotype?
1/4
How many molecules of water are used to completely hyrolyze a polymer that is 11 monomers long?
10
An acid with a pH of 2 is __________ times stronger than an acid with a pH of 6.
10,000
Cl17 has ___ electrons. Cl17- has ___ electrons.
17;18
A calorie is the amount of heat needed to raise ___ gram of water ___ degree Celsius.
1;1
A codon represents ___ amino acid and is/are made up of ___ nucleotides.
1;3
A diploid has ____ sets of chromosomes
2
The number of ATP required as activation energy to initiate glycolysis
2
The number of ATP required as activation energy to initiate glycolysis:
2
To oxidize one glucose molecule completely, Krebs cycle should occur ________ times.
2
In order to start cellular respiration, it requires
2 ATP
Starting with one molecule of glucose, the energy-containing products of glycolysis are
2 NADH, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP
Use the picture below to determine the electrons: Li+7/3
2 electrons
If a diploid with 40 chromosomes undergoes meiosis, each of the daughter nuclei would have ______ chromosomes.
20
There are ____ kinds of amino acids.
20
An element has an atomic number of 25 and an atomic mass of 51. It has ____ neutrons.
26
If an element has 10 electrons, ____ will be in the first shell and ___ will be in the second shell.
2;8
If a species has 23 pairs of chromosomes, which value represents the number of combinations of maternal and paternal chromosome combinations that will be possible by random alignment at Metaphase I?
2^23
The average net gain of ATP from the complete aerobic respiration of one molecule of glucose:
30-32
What is the approximate atomic mass of an atom with 16 neutrons, 15 protons, and 15 electrons?
31 Daltons
At the beginning of interphase in G1, a cell has 36 chromosomes. How many chromosomes would be found in that same cell in G2 of interphase?
36 Duplicated
Carbon can make a maximum of ___ covalent bonds.
4
A horse cell has 46 chromosomes. After mitosis each daughter cell has ____ chromosomes.
46
Carbon can make ____ bonds. Oxygen can make ___ bonds. Nitrogen can make ___ bonds. Hydrogen can make ___ bonds.
4;2;3;1
Carbon has ___ valence electrons in its neutral state and needs ___ more electrons to complete its valence level.
4;4
Given the following DNA template, what is the appropriate complementary strand? 3' TACTTCAAACCGATT 5'
5' ATGAAGTTTGGCTAA 3'
Given the following DNA template, what is the appropriate mRNA strand? 3' TACTTCAACCGATT 5'
5' AUGAAGUUGGCUAA 3'
Okazaki fragments are formed
5' to 3' and 3' to 5'
A male who is normal for color sight marries a female who is a carrier for color blindness. What is the probability that they will produce a son who is color blind?
50%
There are ___ codons to code for the 20 possible amino acids.
61
Glucose is the most common monosaccharise, its formula is C__H__O__
6;12;6
In the figure shown above, identify the bond that is cleaved when this molecule is coupled with an endergonic reaction to drive the endergonic reaction to completion. (Chapter 9)
A
Which of the following in the figure represents the activation energy of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction? (Chapter 8)
A
Which is the hydroxyl functional group?
A (-OH)
Zinc, an essential trace element for most organisms, is present in the active site of the enzyme carboxypeptidase. The zinc most likely functions as a(n)?
A Cofactor necessary for enzyme activity.
In a plant cell, where are the ATP synthase complexes located?
A and C
Identical twins can results from:
A division of a zygote into two separate cells that develop into two separate embryos
The cell membranes of antarctic fish might have which of the following adaptions?
A high percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids
Which of the following description best fits the class of molecules known as nucleotides?
A nitrogeneous base, a phosphate group, and a pentose sugar
A glycosidic linkage in polysaccharides is analogous to which of the following in proteins?
A peptide bond
The formation of a cell plate is beginning across the middle of the cell and nuclei are reforming at opposite ends of the call. What kind of cell is this?
A plant undergoing cytokinesis
In translation, the chief product is
A polypeptide
In order to initiate the process of transcription, RNA Polymerase attaches to:
A promoter
What is a hypothesis?
A tentative explanation that can be tested and is falsifiable.
Match the enzyme to its function: DNA polymerase: ________________ RNA polymerase: ________________ Helicase: _______________ Restriction endonuclease: ______________
A. Adds nucleotide bases in DNA replication B. Adds nucleotide bases in transcription to make mRNA C. Breaks hydrogen bonds between two strands of DNA during DNA replication D. Recognize a sequence of DNA and cuts the strands of DNA
Arrange the following molecules in order as they are metabolized by human body to obtain energy in terms of ATP
A. Glucose B. Glycogen C. Fat D. Protein
Arrange the following steps of cellular respiration in their proper order from start to end.
A. Transport of glucose into cell B. Glycolysis C. Pyruvate oxidation transition step D. Citric Acid Cycle E. Electron Transport Chain
Which pairing is incorrect?
A:G
Glucose is a relatively stable molecule. It is converted to a high energy compound in glycolysis by an initial step of phosphorylation. Which molecules are involved here to donate the phosphate group?
ATP
The energy provided by the electron transport chain is used to make
ATP
The energy provided by the electron transport chain is used to make:
ATP
What is the ultimate source of chemical energy of all living organisms?
ATP
_________ is the primary energy transferring molecule in the cell.
ATP
In the absence of oxygen, yeast cells can obtain energy by fermentation, resulting in the production of _____.
ATP, CO2, and ethanol (ethyl alcohol)
Which of the following intermediary metabolites enters the citric acid cycle and is formed, in part, by the removal of a carbon (CO2) from one molecule of pyruvate?
Acetyl CoA
Identify the disorder caused by a dominant allele.
Achondroplasia
Reactants capable of interacting to form products in a chemical reaction must first overcome a thermodynamic barrier known as the reaction's
Activation energy
How does Aerobic respiration differ from Anaerobic respiration?
Aerobic respiration requires oxygen Anaerobic uses another compound
A nucleotide contains:
All of the above
Homologous chromosomes (picture)
All of the above
Which is true about DNA replication?
All of the choices are correct
Evolution is biology's core theme that ties together all the other themes. This is because evolution explains...
All of these
Hydrocarbons can vary in
All of these
In the sodium potassium pump,...
All of these
Which of the following properties or processes do we associate with living things?
All of these
Which of these damage DNA?
All of these
Which of the following is not a factor in enzyme productivity?
All of these affect enzyme productivity
What do G-protein, tyrosine kinase, and ion channel receptors have in common?
All of these are common between the three
Which statement about mutations is true?
All of these are true statements about mutations.
For an equilibrium
All of these represent equilibrium
Which is not a true statement about the electron transport chain?
All of these represent information about the electron transport chain
A person heterozygous for blood type A marries someone heterozygous for type B blood. Types of offspring possible are
All possible blood types
If purple flower is dominant in pea plants, a cross between P generation purple and white plants will result in
All purple flowers in the F1 generation.
Alternate forms of genes are called:
Alleles
Crossing over:
Alters the composition of chromosomes and results in new combinations of alleles being changed into the daughter cells
A molecule that is both hyrophilic and hyrophobic is
Amphipathic
Centrioles have pulled the chromosomes all the way to the spindle poles, the process of cleavage furrowing appears to be about to begin. What kind of cell is this?
An animal cell in telophase
The movement of potassium into an animal cell requires
An energy source such as ATP
A kinase is
An enzyme involved in the transfer of a phosphate
At this stage in meiosis, sister chromatids move as two newly individual chromosomes.
Anaphase II
You will NOT find a cell wall in
Animals
Programmed cell death is:
Apoptosis
The centromere is a region:
Attachment of sister chromatids on a duplicated chromosome
Sickle cell anemia is considered a ___________ ___________ type of inheritance.
Autosomal Recessive
The 22 non-sex determining chromosomes in humans are called:
Autosomes
Looking at the following grouping. Which molecule is a thiol?
B (-SH group)
Looking at the following grouping. Which molecule contains a sulfhydrl functional group?
B (-SH)
Which is a carbonyl functional group?
B (O=C)
Unicellular organisms with prokaryotic cells are in the domain:
Bacteria
Given OH=10-3 the substance is a _____ and the H+ concentration if 10____
Base; -11
The lock-and-key analogy for enzymes applies to the specificity of enzymes
Binding to their substrate
If the leaves of a plant appear to be reddish yellow, what wavelengths of visible light are being absorbed by the pigment found in the plant?
Blue and violet
Synthesis of ATP by the chemiosmosis occurs during
Both A and B
Which is an acidic functional group that can dissociate and release H+ into a solution?
C
Which answer best describes energy flow in biological systems as described in the text?
glucose −−>G3P --> NADH-->ATP
Which molecule carries an anticodon?
tRNA
In humans, wavy (W) hair is dominant over straight (w). Dark hair (D) is dominant over red (d). A straight dark haired male marries a woman with straight red hair. What is the genotpe of their offsprings?
wwDd
