BIOL 1500 Lab Final

at what stages of aerobic cellular respiration are ATP produced

- glycolysis - Kreb's cycle - chemiosmosis

what factors determine how fast water moves across a membrane?

- hydrostatic pressure - solute concentration difference

your resting heart rate is ______

- is when your heart is pumping the least amount of blood - when your heart rate is at its slowest

if you were to attend lab in person, what os the proper attire you must wear before entering lab?

- lab coat - long pants - mask - closed toe shoes

what determines resolution?

- lens diameter - magnification - lens quality - visual acuity

100uL is equivalent to

0.1 mL

what voltage is gel electrophoresis run at

100V

Ocular lenses found in most compound light microscopes a magnification of..?

10x

what volume of liquid would be a P200 micropipette at this setting (pictured below) measure out?

155 uL

Match the phase (or step) of photosynthesis to the process.

1st phase - light reactions 2nd phase - dark reactions

what is the optimal temperature for most enzymes?

20 to 40 degrees Celsius

in order to separate PCR product bands produced by plant and GMO primers, a _______ agarose gel is required

3%

how long does gel electrophoresis typically run for?

30 minutes

how much ATP is generated by the complete oxidization of pyruvate into CO2 and H2O via aerobic respiration?

36-38

you are using a compound microscope and you have the objective lens set to 40x. what is the total magnification you are using to view the specimen?

400x

what is the chemical equation for photosystems?

6CO2 + 6H20 + Light --> C6H12O6 + 6O2

what is the enzyme we will be using in lab today?

ALP

STEP 4 DNA

Analysis of gel results

if you get stuck while researching papers/ topics or citing a paper what is the best solution?

Ask an NSU librarian

which image below depicts high accuracy but low precision?

C

what is used to compare observed ratios for a given cross compare with predicted ratios?

Chi-Square Analysis

below is an image of a compound light microscope. what is represented by the letter F?

Coarse focus adjustment knob

Lab steps to identify DNA Step 1

DNA isolation

Annealing

DNA primers hybridize to the DNA strand

Extension

DNA strand elongates with DNA polymerase

what number do chromosomes of somatic cells contain?

Diploid Number (2n)

Denaturation

Double stranded DNA melts to single stranded DNA

which has a smaller wavelength: electrons or visible light?

Elelctrons

the first offspring produced from a monohybrid cross is called the

F1 generation

Step 3 DNA

Gel electrophoresis of PCR products

what is the genetic composition of an organism called

Genotype

match the process to its substrate (starting material)

Glycolysis - glucose Krebs cycle - pyruvic acid/ pyruvate ETC - electrons

who is known as the 'founder' of genetics

Gregor Mendel

in an experiment designed to determine the rate of reaction based on the content of each beaker, the hypothesis that states there will be no difference in the outcome of the experiment is

Null hypothesis

what micropipette could be used to measure out 175uL of liquid?

P1000 P200

Step 2 DNA

PCR amplification

Match the photosystem to the specialized pigment molecules.

PS1 - P700 PS11 - P680

What is added to a gel that allows us to visualize DNA

Sybersafe dye

What type of buffer is used to run gel electrophoresis?

TAE

the cause behind the results of an experiment will stay the same if we repeat the experiment tomorrow follows the principles of:

Uniformity

What does homozygous mean?

When the same pair of alleles composes a trait

What will happen in the experiment when light hits the chloroplasts

all of the above

When leaf pigments absorb light, electrons are boosted to a higher energy level, providing energy to:

all of the above

step 4

analyze results

your heart rate, or pulse, is the number of times your heart _____

beats per minute

the linear relationship between the concentration of a colored solution and its light absorbance is known as the

beer-lambert law

CO2 is converted into a stable organic compound through a process known as

carbon fixation

the process by which organisms chemically oxidize organic compounds as a means of generating ATP is?

cellular respiration

What color-producing chemical will be used in today's lab to determine the concentration of glucose solutions through absorbance readings?

chromogen

what are autosomes

chromosomes 1-22

if you were given a sample of bacteria to analyze, which microscope would be best for quickly identifying the specimen?

compound

in prokaryotic cells, catabolism of pyruvate takes place in the ________. whereas, in eukaryotic cells, it occurs in the __________.

cytoplasm, mitochondria

step 3

design an experiment

step 2

developing hypotheses

Name the two types of peas that we will be working with in the cellular respiration lab.

dormant peas and germinating peas

A molecular weight ruler, a.k.a. ladderer, is used as a reference to determine the charge (i.e. negative vs positive) of your products

false

If the results of a patient's two "random" glucose readings are 196 mg/dL and 200mg/dL, this person meets the criteria of diabetes mellitus.

false

Only glucose can be broken down to generate ATP.

false

Photosynthesis is a catabolic process

false

a denatured enzyme can catalyze a chemical reaction

false

directing microscopes allow high magnification than compound microscopes

false

enzyme activity typically occurs within a very broad pH range

false

plant cells are like red blood cells and can potentially burst when placed in solutions of varying tonicity

false

simple diffusion requires energy input

false

to view a specimen under an electron microscope, it has to be living

false

what is the P generation

first set of parents crossed

during the process of gel electrophoresis, combs are used to

form the wells that samples will be placed in

what is the end product of photosynthesis (for the plant)?

glucose

the variable that is manipulated or varied by the researcher in an experiment is the

independent variable

There is an _______________ relationship between the color of a solution and the wavelength of light it best absorbs

inverse

Many species are unable to utilize oxygen as a final electron acceptor during cellular respiration due to:

lack of ETC proteins, lack of oxygen in the environment, lack of enzymes needed to inactivate free radicals

what will happen when a red blood cell is placed in distilled water?

lysis will occur

step 1

making observations/ asking questions

Can dominant alleles be masked by recessive alleles?

no

Below is an image of a compound light microscope. What is represented by the letter B?

objective lens

the movement of water molecules from a region of high free water concentration to a region of low free water concentration is known as ________

osmosis

tonicity is the measure of what

osmotic pressure

what is the appearance of a particular trait called?

phenotype

ALP catalyzes the hydrolysis of _______ attached to proteins or lipids.

phosphate groups

Large complexes of proteins and pigments (light-absorbing molecules) that are optimized to harvest light are called:

photosystems

a scanning electron microscope (SEM) does what of the following?

produce 3-D images of the surfaces of objects

what macromolecule is an enzyme classified as?

protein

the difference between dialysis tubing and real cell membranes is that

real membranes are more selective

Blue-colored objects absorb which wavelength of light the most?

red

step 5

repeat

Being able to reproduce the results of an experiment on a separate day follows the principles of:

similarity of causation

gel electrophoresis separates DNA on the basis of what?

size of DNA

which of the following molecules can diffuse through a cell membrane?

small molecules

what is the name of the machine we will use in today's lab to measure the amount of light that is absorbed by a solution?

spectrophotometer

During the dark reactions, atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) is brought into the leaf through tiny pores called: ___________

stomata

what will happen when a red blood cell is placed in a hypertonic solution?

the cell becomes shriveled

what happens if either the enzyme or substrate is limited?

the enzyme's reaction rate will remain constant

Moving molecules against their concentration gradient requires energy

true

You must heat up the agarose to dissolve it.

true

aerobic respiration yields more ATP than anaerobic respiration

true

fermentation generates energy

true

in the United States, genetically modified foods do not have to be labeled as such

true

independent variables are usually plotted on the X-axis of a graph, whereas dependent variables are usually plotted on the Y-axis.

true

when an enzyme's reaction rate doubles for every 10 degree Celsius increase in temperature it's called the Q10 effect

true

what color will the product of today's experiment (pNP) turn?

yellow