BIOL 246 HW 7 (Connect)

As carbon dioxide levels increase, pH levels will ___________, causing the rate of respiration to _____________.

decrease: increase

During expiration ______ alveolar volume causes _____ alveolar pressure.

decreased; increased.

If the atmospheric Pressure(CO2) exceeded the alveolar Pressure(CO2) then pulmonary capillary Pressure(CO2) would ________________________.

Increase well above normal range

The phrases that best describe the partial pressures of gases.

PO2 in blood is greater than PO2 in tissues; PCO2 in blood is less than PCO2 in tissues.

The phrases that best describe the partial pressures of gases.

PO2 in lungs is greater than PO2 in blood; PCO2 in lungs is less than PCO2 in blood.

The respiratory variable as decreased during acclimatization to high altitude.

PO2, PCO2, percent of hemoglobin saturation, oxyhemoglobin affinity

Produced by type II alveolar cells; decreases tension on the surface of alveoli.

PULMONARY SURFACTANT

The direction of gas movement is determined by _____.

PARTIAL PRESSURE DIFFERENCES

The direction of gas movement is determined by ______________.

PARTIAL PRESSURE DIFFERENCES

Physical Aspects of the Conducting Zone:

trachea, primary bronchus, larynx, nose, terminal bronchioles, pharynx, tertiary bronchus

When using positive pressure ventilators, what triggers the elastic recoil of the lung, and what does this action cause?

Airway pressure levels increasing above atmospheric levels; expiration.

Change in lung volume per change in transpulmonary pressure.

LUNG COMPLIANCE

Determine whether the following parameters increase with exercise and training.

Lactic acid, tidal volume, Kreb's enzymes, lactate threshold.

Decreased Pressure(CO2) results in an increase in blood pH levels. Both of these conditions result in a shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to the ______________________. This shift _______________ hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen.

Left; decreases.

Amount of air left in the lungs after maximum expiration.

RESIDUAL VOLUME

When this negative pressure stops being applied, the lungs __________________ and the intrapulmonary pressure __________________.

Recoil; increases.

The inspiratory muscles ____________ during normal exhalation resulting in a(n) __________________ in the thoracic volume.

Relax; decrease.

During volume changes in the thoracic cavity, what is primarily responsible for changes in length?

THE DIAPHRAGM

The amount of air that is inhaled or exhaled during quiet breathing.

TIDAL VOLUME

Amount of gas in the lungs after a maximum inspiration.

TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY

T/F: During exhalation, the intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure.

TRUE

T/F: During quiet inspiration, the intrapulmonary pressure is below atmospheric pressure.

TRUE

T/F: During the loading reaction, oxygen binds with deoxyhemoglobin.

TRUE

T/F: In response to exercise, ventilation rates increase.

TRUE

T/F: In response to moderate exercise, there is usually no change in blood gases.

TRUE

T/F: Respiratory alkalosis can occur due to the changes in respiration at high altitudes.

TRUE

T/F: The percentage of oxyhemoglobin to total hemoglobin in arterial blood is usually about 97%.

TRUE

T/F: When oxygen binds to hemoglobin, it forms oxyhemoglobin.

TRUE

Three ways carbon dioxide is transported in the blood.

1. Dissolved in blood plasma 2. Attached to an amino acid in the globin chain of hemoglobin 3. As bicarbonate ions

Three events that occur during moderate exercise.

1. The percentage of oxyhemoglobin in arterial blood remains at 97%. 2. The oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve would show an increase in oxyhemoglobin saturation from the veins to the arteries. 3. The percentage of oxygen that is unloading at the tissues would increase.

Using the graph provided, determine the correct oxygen partial pressure associated with the classification of "high altitude."

617 mmHg

Under normal conditions, the alveolar oxygen partial pressure is ______________________ than the atmospheric oxygen partial pressure.

Always lower

Determine whether the following parameters no change with exercise and training.

Blood Po2, blood pH, arterial hemoglobin saturation

Inspiration begins as the _____ contacts.

DIAPHRAGM

The tendency for the lungs to return to their original size after being distended.

ELASTICITY

Negative pressure ventilation, demonstrated by iron lungs, allows a person to breathe by producing an intermittent negative pressure that moves across the chest and diaphragm. This specific action would artificially induce the intrapulmonary pressure to _____________ atmospheric pressure thus resulting in ______________.

Drop below; inspiration.

If four new drugs were discovered and each of them resulted in the unique physiologic responses indicated below, which drug do you think would hold the most promise as a cure for tetrodotoxin poisoning?

Drug 3: Caused hyper-excitability of nervous and muscle tissue

Amount of air left in the lungs after unforced expiration.

EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME

T/F: At higher altitudes, respiration rates decrease.

FALSE

T/F: During inspiration, the intrapleural pressure is higher than during expiration.

FALSE

T/F: Intrapulmonary pressure is normally lower than intrapleural pressure during inspiration and expiration.

FALSE

T/F: Oxyhemoglobin in the veins is normally higher than in the arteries.

FALSE

T/F: The percent oxyhemoglobin saturation increases at higher altitudes.

FALSE

Sum of residual volume and expiratory reserve volume.

FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY

The empirical formula for bicarbonate is ________________.

HCO3-

Within the Tibetan highlander population, genetic variation has been found to determine relative oxygen-hemoglobin saturation levels. Individuals within this population may be homozygous for either the low oxygen saturation gene or the high oxygen saturation gene. Individuals may also be heterozygous, carrying one low and one high oxygen saturation gene. Based on this information, individuals within the population carrying __________________________ alleles are expected to demonstrate a physiological advantage for survival.

Heterozygous oxygen saturation.

The intrapulmonary pressure is _______________ than the atmospheric pressure during exhalation.

Higher

Acute carbon monoxide poisoning would result in ____________________ of the tissues because oxygen ____________________.

Hypoxia; is not released from hemoglobin in sufficient amounts at the tissues.

The amount of gas that can be inspired after a normal tidal expiration.

INSPIRATORY CAPACITY.

What decreases oxyhemoglobin levels?

Increased temperature

At the arterial end of the pulmonary capillaries, _______.

O2 diffuses from the alveoli into the blood, while CO2 diffuses from the blood into the alveoli.

At the arterial end of the tissue capillaries, _______.

O2 diffuses from the blood into tissue cells, while CO2 diffuses from tissue cells into the blood.

What gas decreases with exercise and training?

Pco2

The amount of gas left in the lungs after a normal expiration.

RESIDUAL CAPACITY

Increased production of surfactant would __________________.

Result in an increase in the thickness of the respiratory membrane which would decrease diffusion of respiratory gases.

Expiration involves movement of the ____ _____.

STERNUM ANTERIORLY.

Thin film of fluid in the alveolus that causes the lungs to resist distension.

SURFACE TENSION

The binding of CO to hemoglobin causes the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to ___________________.

Shift to the left indicating that the carboxyhemoglobin is less likely to release bound oxygen

Respiratory gases cross the respiratory membrane by ___________________.

Simple diffusion.

Carbon dioxide goes through a series of reactions resulting in the formation of bicarbonate. Where does this reaction occur?

Systemic capillaries

Carbon dioxide enters the blood at the _____________________ capillaries. Here, some of the carbon dioxide binds to the _____________ region of hemoglobin.

Systemic; globin

The phrase that best describes PCO2 at the venous ends of the pulmonary capillaries.

The PCO2 is equal in the capillaries and in the alveoli.

The phrase that best describes PO2 at the arterial ends of the pulmonary capillaries.

The PO2 is lower in the capillaries than in the alveoli.

According to Dalton's Law, which of the following is the way to calculate the partial pressure of a gas?

The partial pressure is equal to the percentage of the gas in the mixture multiplied by the total pressure.

Oxygen unloading occurs at the _________________________ This process causes a(n) _________________ in the oxygen partial pressure of the blood leaving this region.

Tissues; decrease.

Surfactant is produced by __________________.

Type II pneumocytes.

The amount of gas that can be expired after a maximum inhalation.

VITAL CAPACITY

Elevation of the ribs increases thoracic cavity.

WIDTH

Insufficient surfactant production would result in __________________.

a tendency for the lungs to collapse.

Hypoventilation (inadequate ventilation) can result in respiratory ____________, while hyperventilation (excessive ventilation) can result in respiratory _____________.

acidosis: alkalosis

Physical Aspects of the Respiratory Zone:

alveoli, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar sacs

Hyperpnea would result in ___________________________ within the blood.

an increase in Pressure(O2) and a decrease in Pressure(CO2).

Select the order that best describes the ranking of PO2 from highest to lowest at the arterial ends of the tissue capillaries.

capillaries, tissue fluid, cells

A person suffering from hypercapnia compensates by ____________________ ventilation.

increasing

Categorize the conditions listed as shifting the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the right.

pH 7.2, Exercise, CO2 45 mmHg, Increase 2,3-DPG, Body temp 38.5 C

Categorize the conditions listed as shifting the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the left.

pH 7.6, CO2 35 mmHg, Decrease 2,3-DPG

No genetic differences were found among the Andean population in either oxygen-hemoglobin saturation levels, nor hemoglobin concentrations. However, this group as a whole displayed higher hemoglobin concentration levels than their lower altitude neighbors. The most accurate explanation for this finding is that individuals constantly exposed to lower atmospheric partial pressures for oxygen would have a physiologic response which would _______________________.

result in a higher than normal oxygen partial pressure gradient between the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries.

Increased levels of 2,3 BPG occur in response to decreased blood pH levels. With all other variables unchanged, an increased concentration of 2,3 BPG in the blood would _____________________.

result in the shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to the left reducing the unloading of oxygen at the tissues.

Oxygen molecules bind ___________________ of the hemoglobin.

specifically to the heme region.

A single hemoglobin displaying a saturation level of 75% would be bound to ___________________________.

three oxygen molecules.

The respiratory variable as increased during acclimatization to high altitude.

ventilation, total hemoglobin