Biol (Ch 12: Patterns of Inheretance)

A _______________ square can be used to predict the outcome of a simple genetic cross.

Punnett

Which of these is commonly used to predict the results of simple genetic crosses?

Punnett square

Which of these are not reasons that Mendel chose to study the garden pea:

Long generation time They were inexpensive to buy

The inheritance patterns of many traits are (more or less) complex than simple Mendelian patterns.

More

In terms of probabilities, the cross of a tall yellow seeded pea plant (TTYy) with a tall green seeded pea plant (Ttyy) is equivalent to which two monohybrid crosses?

TT x Tt and Yy x yy

Which of the following are examples of environmental effects on phenotype?

The amount of sunlight experienced by a sunflower affects the number of seeds produced. The number of seeds eaten by a bird affects its weight.

Which of the following statements about the number of alleles a gene can have is true?

In a population of organisms, a gene can be represented by more than two alleles.

If the offspring from a testcross contain only heterozygotes, the genotype of the unknown parent must be

homozygous dominant

The results of a testcross indicate that all of the offspring have a dominant phenotype. The genotype of the parent in question must be

homozygous dominant

A parent with a genotype of RrYy can produce which of the following gametes?

RY, ry, rY, Ry

True or false: Mendel's observations did not support the independent assortment hypothesis.

false

Sickle cell anemia is caused by a ____________________ allele because this mutation has more than one effect on the phenotype.

pleiotropic

In Mendel's experiments, he observed a 3:1 ratio between dominant and recessive traits in

the F2 generation of monohybrid crosses.

Examples of environmental influences on phenotype include

the pattern of coat color in Himalayan rabbits the pattern of coat color in Siamese cats

One of the parents in a dihybrid cross has the genotype AABb. How many types of gametes can this parent produce?

2

When performing a monohybrid cross, Mendel noticed that not all individuals in the F2 generation were true breeding. What proportion were not?

2/3 of the F2 individuals exhibiting the dominant form were not true breeding.

What was the ratio that Mendel observed between dominant and recessive traits in the F2 offspring of a monohybrid cross?

3 dominant:1 recessive

Match the Following multiplication rule addition rule

(multiplication rule) used for independent events (addition rule) used for mutually exclusive events

In a heterozygous individual, the probability of a recessive allele being present in a gamete is

0.5

When the interaction of genes alters genetic ratios, this is called

epistasis

In a homozygous recessive individual the probability of the the dominant allele being present is:

0

In a certain plant, fruit color is affected by an epistatic interaction between two genes. The fruit is red in the presence of at least one dominant allele of either or both gene A or gene B, and white when there are no dominant alleles present. What proportion of the offspring of a cross of AaBb x AaBb plants is expected to be red?

15/16

A 3:1 phenotypic ratio in the F2 generation of a monohybrid cross represents this genotypic ratio:

1:2:1

In pea plants, the allele T encodes for tall plants, while the allele t encodes for dwarf plants. If a true-breeding tall pea plant is crossed with a true-breeding dwarf pea plant what are the expected genotypes of the offspring?

All Tt

The trait for round (R) peas is dominant over the trait wrinkled (r) peas. What would happen if true-breeding round peas are crossed with true-breeding wrinkled peas?

All offspring will have round peas.

What type of cross follows the simultaneous inheritance of two different traits?

Dihybrid cross

What type of experiment involves mating two individuals with different characteristics to each other? One individual provides females gametes, while the other provides male gametes.

Hybridization

Which of these traits exhibit a dominant mode of inheritance?

Mid-digital hair Hypercholesterolemia Polydactyly

Which of following crosses is crossing two variations of a single trait?

Monohybrid cross

Choose statements that correctly refer to components of Mendel's five-element model (please note that the answers use the modern term gene instead of factor).

Parents transmit genes to offspring. Alternative forms of genes are called alleles. The presence of an allele doesn't ensure that it will be expressed. The two alleles remain discrete.

Which of these traits is NOT correctly matched with its mode of inheritance?

Red-green color blindness: dominant

True or false: Due to the diploid nature of eukaryotic cells, a gene can never have more than two alleles in a population of organisms.

The answer is False It's not true because An individual can only carry two alleles of a gene; however, in a population of organisms there can be 3 or more alleles of that gene.

Match these four blood phenotypes with the sugar exhibited on red blood cells: Type A Type B Type AB Type O

Type A: have galactosamine Type B: have galactose Type AB: have galactosamine and galactose Type O: have neither sugar

Which of these blood phenotypes is NOT properly matched with the sugar exhibited on red blood cells?

Type O - have galactosamine and galactose

Which of the following is an example of a monohybrid cross?

White and purple flowers

Prior to the work of Mendel, inheritance was viewed as resulting from

blending of traits from an offspring's parents.

When continuous traits are graphed in the form of a histogram with the phenotype on the X-axis, and the frequency of individuals with that phenotype on the Y-axis, a ________________ -shaped curve results.

bell

Prior to the 20th century, the two main ideas that provided the basis for most thinking about heredity were:

heredity occurs within species traits are transmitted directly from parents to offspring

Consider a testcross where the unknown parent is heterozygous. The offspring will be

heterozygotes and homozygotes

Mendel's observations supported the independent _____________________ hypothesis.

hypothesis

A(n) ___________________ cross follows the simultaneous inheritance of two different characters.

dihybrid

In order to determine the likelihood of having a flipped coin come up on heads three times in a row, you would use the

multiplication rule

Which of the following plants was the main organism for Mendel's genetic experiments?

pea

An allele that has more than one effect on phenotype is called

pleiotropic

Continuous phenotypic variation results from

polygenic inheritance and independent segregation of genes

In order for Mendel's simple ratios to hold true, the following assumption must be made:

that the traits are inherited independently

Which of the following is NOT a component of Mendel's five-element model (please note that the answers use the modern term gene instead of factor)?

the two alleles are usually the same

A hybridization experiment involves mating

two individuals with different characteristics to each other

The probability of genotypes in an independently assorted dihybrid cross is based on the probabilities of

two monohybrid crosses