BIOL1030 Final Review Test 2 and 3 questions

Which of the following organism shares the OLDEST common ancestor (node) with a skate (chondricthyes) Mussel (bivalve) Lamprey Humans Cnidaria All of these

Cnidaria

Penis fencing in planarians occurs due to sexual conflict over the differential cost of reproductive investment between males and females T or F

True

A major difference between the Myxini and Chondrichthyans is that only chondrichthyans have jaws T or F

True

Holothuroidea have internal respiratory structure T or F

True

One of the major innovations of the sponges is the idea of "self" cell-recognition and adhesion properties T or F

True

Pedicellariae are not present in all echinoderms T or F

True

Which is NOT true of Tardigrades We know their exact phylogenetic position based on DNA sequences They are known as water bears or moss piglets they are microscopic they can withstand extreme conditions

We know their exact phylogenetic position based on DNA sequences

A group of sponges is called a SLEEZE T or F

True

What are the primitive kidney like cells in platyhelminthes called?

Flame cells

Rank the following from least inclusive (smallest) to most inclusive (largest) 1. Chordates 2. Amniotes 3. Bilateria 4. Osteichthes 5. Deuterostomes

2, 4, 1, 5, 3

Following are all characteristics of earthworms. In what order did these characteristics evolve (from oldest to most recent)? 1) segmented bodies 2) a completely terrestrial lifestyle 3) a blastopore that develops into a mouth 4) Bilateral Symmetry

4, 3, 1, 2

With the current molecular-based phylogeny in mind, rank the following from most inclusive to least inclusive. 1. Eukaryotes 2. Metazoa 3. Eumetazoa 4. Unikonts 5. Bilateria

5, 3, 2, 4, 1

The single basal element at the base of the pectoral fin is a structure that is similar among some vertebrate species (ex: Eusthenopteron, Lungfishes, Panderichthyes,) because that same structure was present in the common ancestor of those species. This is an example of: A polytomy A convergent trait A homology An analogy A homplasy

A Homology

Which of the following is INCORRECT? Acoelomate: leech Spherical: Protists Coelmate: Turtle Bilateral: Whale Radiata: Sea Anemone

Acoelomate: leech

Match the organism with the key evolutionary innovation that they possess.

Actinopterygii - Ray-fins Coelacanth - Single basal element on lobe fin Dipnoi - Both gills and lung Tetrapod - Limbs with digits Amniota - Egg with hard shell

Which of the following is NOT true of bilateria? They have distinct tissues They have 3 tissue layers They possess Bilateral symmetry Two of the options are true All of the options are true

All of the options are true

The Notochord: Provides a flexible structure Is replaced by a vertebrae in most vertebrates Is always found in chordates at some stage of life None of these are correct All of these are correct

All of these answers are correct

The Tiktaaklik was an important transitional fossil in evolutionary biology. It possessed all of the following tetrapod characteristics (critical in the transition to terrestrial environments) EXCEPT: A neck Ribs Flat skull with eyes on top Single basal bony element All of these answers reflect tetrapod characteristics shared by the Tiktaaklik which were critical to their success in terrestrial environments

All of these answers reflect tetrapod characteristics shared by the Tiktaaklik which were critical to their success in terrestrial environments

Of the following Eumetazoa studied in this course, the morphologically simplest group to have three tissue layers are the:

Annelids or Flatworms

Jaws: Are not present in modern Chondricthyes Are always made of true bone Are a defining feature of all vertebrates Arose by modification of cartilaginous pharyngeal (gill) arches None of these answers

Arose by modification of cartilaginous pharyngeal (gill) arches

What is the name for the smallest clade that includes a flying insect, a lobster, and a tick?

Arthropoda

Match the poriferan body forms with their description

Ascon: Most simplistic form with choanocytes lining the wall of the sponge Sycon: Ostia lead to a network of canals lined with choanocytes with one digestive chamber Leucon: Ostia lead to a network of branching canals lined with choanocytes with multiple digestive chambers

You have a single-celled, dikaryon, fungi with spore-producing structures with horn like appearance. Which group does this individual belong to? Basidiomycota Ascomycota AM Fungi Platyhelminthes

Basidiomycota

Crocodilia is most closely related to which group of animals?

Birds

Which species is a diecious flatworm, with the female spending her life residing in the canal of a larger male individual?

Blood Fluke

Which of these options below describes the correct sequences (from oldest to newest) for the evolution of Chordate adaptations in response to selective challenges of terrestrial environments? Bony Skeleton, Cartilage, Single basal element, neck, thick ribs Gills, Gas exchange across skin, bony skeleton, amniotic egg Bony skeleton, Single basal element, lungs, Neck, Amniotic egg Cartilage, Water vascular system, single basal fin bone, lungs, amniotic egg Lungs, Operculum, Cartilage, Neck

Bony skeleton, Single basal element, lungs, Neck, Amniotic egg

Which of the following list of taxa correctly identifies only ecdysozoans

Caterpillar, spider, nematode

Which group of unicellular organisms is most closely related to animals? Choanoflagellates Apicomplexa Ameobozoa Archaea Stramenopiles

Choanoflagellates

Which of the following organisms shares the OLDEST common ancestor with a deuterosome? Cnidarian Seastar (starfish) Caenorhabditis elegans horseshoe crab human

Cnidarian

What do living crocodilians and birds have in common? More than one answer can be correct. Endothermy Complex connection of posterior and anterior air sacs for respiration flight communication through vocalizations parental care Pneumatized bones

Communication through vocalizations, Parental care

Which group has comb-like plates of fused cilia

Ctenophora

Which is TRUE regarding love darts in snails? Dart success increases sperm storage in females dart success leads directly to successful mating dart success decreases chances of paternity darting is the same as mating

Dart success increases sperm storage in females

Starting with the chordates, what is the correct sequence of nodes to get to sea anemones?

Deuterosomes, Bilateria, Eumetazoa, Cnidaria

Match the group with the appropriate synapomorphy

Dikarya- Separate Hyphae Glomeromycota (AM Fungi) - Arbuscules Sac Fungi - Ascus Club Fungi - Basidium

Generally speaking, which of these is true?

Echinoderms and Cnidarians don't have heads

All tetrapods alive today have four limbs T or F

False

Birds and fish are oviparous amniotes T or F

False

Deuterostome means that during development, the mouth forms first. T or F

False

Echinoderms are asymmetrical T or F

False

Flatworms, Leeches, and tapeworms are all parasitic T or F

False

Multicellularity evolved on a singular occasion from a common ancestor T or F

False

One benefit of molting is that the exoskeleton is light (proportionately lighter) with increasing body size, increasing arthropod's ability to grow indefinitely. T or F

False

Planaria can regenerate from a single cell and maintain memories from the source individual. This is due to memory storage within the ganglia of a cephalized region. T or F

False

Urochordata is the sister group to chordates T or F

False

Spiders have modified mouth parts to allow for tearing of prey tissue while scorpions have modified mouth parts for intake of liquified prey T or F

False (its the opposite)

Which of the following is a paraphyletic group as they're formally defined? Cyclostomes, including hagfish and lamprey Vertebrates including cyoclostomes and gnathostomes Fish, including actinopterygii, Actinista, and Dipnoi Lobe-Finnied Fish More than one answer

Fish, including actinopterygii, Actinista, and Dipnoi

Which of the following was NOT an evolutionary challenge animals faced moving to land? Limb Development Food Availability Lung Development Bone Structure for Structure out of water

Food Availability

Freshwater demosponges have a protective structure called:

Gemmules

Which of the following was NOT one of the "descent by modification" structures in molluscs? Gills Mantle Visceral Mass Foot

Gills

Identify the group below that is NOT mostly parasitic as adults: Hagfish Lampreys Leeches Tapeworm

Hagfish

Match the clade to the example and synapomorphy (if given)

Hydrozoans - EX: Man of war; Synapomorphy: Velum Scyphozoans -Ex: Lion's Mane Cubozoa - EX: box jelly; Synapomorphy: Velarium Anthozoa - Ex: Sea Anemones

Which of the following groups would require largest (most inclusive) taxon to accommodate all organisms represented in the set of taxa? Insect, Snail, Sponge, Coral, Octopus Comb Jelly, Sea Anemone, Coral, Jellyfish Nematode, Insect, Sea star, octopus octopus, snail, leech, marine worm beetle, nematode, flatworm, earthworm, and snail

Insect, Snail, Sponge, Coral, Octopus

In which group do we see decreased leg number to 6 within ecdysozoans? Insects Decapods Scorpions Spiders

Insects

Which pair of organisms listed below is THIRD most distantly related? Invasive Garden Snail and Nematode Aurelia Moon Jelly and Ctenophore Planaria and Nautilus Choanoflagellate and poriferan All are equally related

Invasive Garden Snail and Nematode

What is the most simplistic animal to possess true nerves

Jellies

Which of the following is NOT TRUE of lamprey and hagfish Hagfish are scavengers Lamprey have a true jaw Lamprey were invasive species in the Great Lakes Lamprey are parasitic as adults Hagfish possess mucus glands

Lamprey have a true jaw

A structure unique to mollusks is the: Radula Nephridium Trochophore Larvae Gills

Larvae

According to modern phylogeny, which of the following groups is most closely related to earthworms? Leech Flatworm Arthropoda Spiders Nematoda

Leech

What animal was used consistently until the early 19th century to balance the four body humors, then in the 1970s had a resurgence in microsurgery?

Leeches

What is NOT a benefit of a rigid exoskeleton? Lightweight Prevention of dessication Protection Structural Support

Light weight

The "living fossil" coelacanth found by Majorie Courtnay-Latimer is a member of which of the following groups?

Lobe-finned Fish

What is the pathway of water into the water vascular system of echinoderms

Madreporite --> Radial Canal --> Ampullae--> tube feet

A female preying mantis cannibalizes mates during or after reproduction in order to:

Meet high nutrient demands for reproduction

The coelom is formed from which tissue layer? Mesoderm Endoderm Ectoderm

Mesoderm

Consider an animal which as an embryo has a blastopore that turns into its mouth, and it has a protective shell secreted from a mantle. Its hermaphroditic, and has a soft, unsegmented body. To what group does it belong?

Molluscs

You are walking on the beach and find a dead organism and you're inclined to figure out what it is. You notice it has a madreporite on its aboral surface, then you break it in half and find an Aristotle's lantern. Which answer choice is most likely what you've found on the beach? Sea Cucumber Echinoidea Holothuroidea Sea Urchin Sea Star More than One

More Than One

Which of the following list of taxa correctly identifies ONLY vertebrates? Nematode, Flying fox bat, lobe-finned fish Myxini, Shark, Lamprey Lamprey, Lizard, Tunicate Asteroidea, Human, Clownfish Urochordate, Cephalopod, Lamprey

Myxini, Shark, Lamprey

Which type of organelle is used by cnidarians to sting/capture prey?

Nematocysts

Urochordata is in a separate classification than Echinodermata due to the development of: Vertebrae Fins Amniotic Eggs Notochord

Notochord

Some sharks nourish young with yolk sacs and give LIVE birth through _________ reproduction, while others produce EGGS through _______ reproduction

Ovoviviparous, oviparous

Lamprey and Hagfish do not possess one of these traits. Which one? Pectoral Fins notochord present as adults Gills Paired sensory organs postanal tail

Pectoral Fins

This homologous structure serves very different purposes in spiders and scorpions. In spiders, this structure has chemical detectors for taste and smell. In scorpions, it is modified into pinchers to capture prey.

Pedipalps

Birds are all of the following EXCEPT: Placental Reptiles Amniotes Oviparous Vertebrates

Placental

Match organism with the smallest clade to which they belong.

Planaria - Platyhelminthes Marine Worm - Annelids Sea Anemone - Metazoa

Hexactinellida, or the glass sponges, have a symbiotic relationship with what type of organism?

Shrimp

Which of these is NOT true of metazoans? Ingests nutrients Single cellular eukaryote Motile in at least one life stage Develop from a blastula

Single cellular eukaryote

Which of the following is a parazoan? Sponges Ctenopohores Cnidaria All of the above

Sponges

Avian adaptations for flight include all of the following except: Strong dorsal flight muscles Reduction in reproductive structures Fused clavicle Pneumatized bones keeled sternum for flight muscle attatchment

Strong dorsal flight muscles

How did the mammalian sense of hearing, which uses three ear bones, emerge from our reptilian ancestors who used only one?

The bones that mammals hear with are the bones that reptiles eat with (their lower jaw)

A crab is more closely related to beetle (insect) than it is to a spider T or F

True

Which is FALSE regarding torsion in gastropods? Torsion did not lead to fouling Protection is the primary benefit of torsion Animals have undergone changes in shell shape to decrease fouling Torsion plays a part in shell shape variation

Torsion did not lead to fouling (this is false, torsion DID lead to fouling)

Today's arthropods are small in size (you don't see car-sized beetles scuttling around) what is the best supported hypothesis of the limited size in today's arthropods? Tracheal Density Energy needed to molt decreased prey abundance Predatory effects

Tracheal Density

Identify the correct synapomorphy of Urochordata

Tunic

Match the organism with the smallest clade to which they belong.

Tunicate - Deuterostome Lamprey - Cyclostome Snake - Osteichthes Hagfish - Myxini Shark - Gnathostome

Leeches secrete enzymes when feeding on their host. Which of the following is NOT one of those enzymes? Anticoagulants Vaso-dilators Anesthetics Vaso-constrictors

Vaso-Constrictors

Which of the following is NOT one of the hallmark chordate characteristics Postanal tail Endostyle Pharyngeal pouches or slits Notochord Ventral nerve Cord

Ventral nerve Cord

Arthropods are arguably the most successful group of animals on the planet, which of the following statements is NOT a characteristic contributing to their success? A well developed dorsal nervous system Exoskeleton of chitin Wings Segmentation Metamorphasis

Well developed dorsal nervous system

A JUVENILE sea urchin has ________ symmetry, consistent with ___________ development

bilaterial, echinoderm

Which clade has unique modifications to the molluscan foot that increases reproduction by mimicking local prey fish species to attract bass?

bivalves

A restaurant appetizer of escargot (snails), clams on the half shell, and calamari (squid) would contain which types of mollusks?

bivalves, gastropods, and cephalopods

The following features were innovations in vertebrates EXCEPT: Paired special sense organs shift from filter feeding to active predation efficient transport system for nutrients and gas exoskeleton of cartilage or bone all of these were innovations

exoskeleton of cartilage or bone

Within a phylogenetic tree of the vertebrates, the large clade containing amphibians, reptiles, turtles, crocodiles, birds, and mammals is sister to a group of fish called the lungfish. Other lineages of fish (such as the ray-finned fish) branched off earlier than the common ancestor of all these sister taxa including lungfish. This means that a taxonomic group that includes all fish back to their common ancestor (but excludes tetrapods) is:

paraphyletic