BIOL2250 Ch.14 & Ch.15

what is mostly seen at high elevations and what is mostly seen at low elevation

-high elevations=more stressful=positive facultative interactions with neighbors -low elevations=less stressful=more competition

where are mutualistic relationships more likely to be

-lower latitudes where climate is more stable and benign -tropics -higher biodiversity in the tropics, more predictable weather=more specialization=more niche differentiation

obligate vs facultative

-obligate: the mutualism is essential for life -HAVE to HAVE each other to persist at that time but this can change -selected for in multiple generations plants & pollinators -facultative: "take it or leave it" mutualism -species benefit from one another but they aren't essential for life to persist -can form under certain conditions

specialist vs generalist

-specialist species is one species and another specs that interact with each other and that's it -can thrive only in a narrow range of environmental conditions or has a limited diet. -generalist species is diff species with with whom they have positive interactions -able to thrive in a wide variety of environmental conditions and can make use of a variety of different resources (for example, a heterotroph with a varied diet).

theoretically, competing species should evolve and _________. A. diverge form the competitors in their use of resources B. overlap their use of resources with the competitor

A. diverge form the competitors in their use of resources

facilitation may be... A. more common in stressful environments B. less common in stressful environments

A. more common in stressful environments

facilitation

An interaction in which one species has a positive effect on the survival and reproduction of another species without the intimate association of a symbiosis

amensalism A. (0,+) B. (0,-)

B. (0,-)

due to competition, the realized niche of a species is_____________ it fundamental niche A. greater than B. smaller than C. the same as

B. smaller than

species are more likely to coexist when... A. they strongly compete for resources B. they use resources in different ways C. their populations small and resources availability is high D. the populations are large and resources availability is low

B. they use resources in different ways C. their populations small and resources availability is high

which of the following interactions is least likely to result in long-term coevolution between 2 species? A. Predation B. Parasitism C. Competition D. Mutualism

C. Competition -predation: coevolve to avoid each other -parasitism: coevolving where one organism is trying to avoid becoming parasitized and one is try to parasitize an organism

why do organisms form positive/mutualistic interactions with other species A. because its important to be kind and generous to each other B. because they need to maintain peace and harmony in nature C. because they had to do so in order to survive D. because the interactions can benefit themselves

C. because they had to do so in order to survive D. because the interactions can benefit themselves

competition A. (-,+) B. (+,+) C. (+,-) D. (-,-)

D. (-,-)

when two organisms of the same species compete for resources this is called A. Interspecific competition B. mutualism C.Predation D. intraspecific competition

D. intraspecific competition

character displacement

Species evolve non-overlapping traits to avoid competition -on island population, more different morphologies formed to avoid using the same resource then leading to speciation ex. birds have different beaks

realized niche

The niche species actually occupies -"snapshot" in time based on its neighbors and resources available

resource partitioning

When species divide a niche to avoid competition for resources -competing species are more lily to coexist if they use resources in different ways

coexistence

When two species share the same fundamental niche and live together, but neither species goes extinct.

amensalism

a very dominant competitor that its honest have to expend any energy to defer its competitor -where one species causes harm to another organism without any cost or benefits to itself.

competition is often

asymmetrical -most species are never equally competitive -one can be very competitive and the other isn't (inferior) -when resources are low, the inferior species depletes or becomes locally extinct -there are different outcomes based on competitiveness

species coexist at a place where...

both species are blow their carrying capacity

mutualism is more likely to evolve if

both species benefit -benefits outweighs the costs -no net benefit= no evolving

interspecific competition

competition between members of different species (-,-)

intraspecific competition

competition between members of the same species -very common (-,-)

ex of mutualistic relationship (+,+)

coral & zooxanthellae -zoonxanthellea provide corals with increased coral growth by enhancing calcification process -energy oxygen -corals provide zooxanthellae nitrogen waste, a place to live, carbon dioxide waste, protection through their hard skeletons and stinging cells, and harmful UV light is filtered by coral pigments

facultative commensalism

each organism may live independently, but one is enhanced by the presence of the other Ex: trees and deer -tree may not care whether a deer is there but deers care about trees since they provide refuge from predation

mutualism can be an__________________ driving force for biological diversity

evolutionary -especially in plants

competition can be an

evolutionary driver

how do organisms compete for resources

exploitation competition and inference competition

every species on the planet has a

fundamental niche, a certain type of resource it's going to wt to use to maximize growth and ultimately reproduction -in nature, multiple species cooccur in space and time -fundamental niches overlap causing competition -when a species is alone, it has the potential to use all of the resource it needs but in a realized niche, it can only use a limited part of the resources due to its interactions with other species

free-living

independent but close physical proximity to impact one another

when species are not changing (N1 & N2)

isoclines N1=K1-alphaN2 N2=K2-BetaN1

Obligate positive interactions

necessary (+,+) interactions for species to presist -both a getting an overall net gain -sometimes comes at a cost -giver refuge, food supply

competition exclusion

no two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time

specialists tend to be in __________________relationships than ___________________relationships

obligate, facultative

narrow resource spectrum

organism get very very specialist in how they use their resources and at a certain time -their resource use is narrow -Ex; tropical forests due to having a lot of diversity, predictable rainfall, continuous sunlight, more stable amount of resources they start to specialize

competition and species distribution

organisms that live in the same area/range, don't overlap to avoid competition

facultative relationships dont have to

persist -they can become negative and start to compete against each other due to environmental changes

commensalsim

relationship in which one species benefits and the other is neither harmed or helped

mutualistic relationships can be a source of ________________

speciation

foundation species

species that plays a major role in shaping a community by creating and enhancing a habitat that benefits other species

Interguild predation

the killing and sometimes eating a different species

interference competition

when an organism interferes with another organism's ability to get the resources it needs -Ex: Plant: grow on top of another plant which prevents the plant to have access to light -barnacles, muscles, oysters cluster on top of each other crushing/smothering those on the bottom Ex: motile organism, aggression between lion and hyenas

intraguild predation

when two or more species that share similar resources eat one another

exploitation competition

you are taking all of the resources and your neighbor isn't -"first come first serve" -nutrients, water, light, space

Lotka-Volterra competition model -when a species start to reach carrying capacity, the growth rate..... -when a species isn't about to reach carrying capacity, the growth rate.... -when a species reaches carrying capacity, the growth rate..... -If alpha and beta =1.... -If alpha=3... -If beta=3...

-the growth rate is going to slow down -increases exponentially -grows logistically -species 1 & 2 are equal competitors -it would take 3 individuals of species 1 to have the same competitive effect as one individual of species 2 -it would take 3x's the number of species 2 to have the competitive effect as one individual of species 1

broad resource spectrum

-when resource vary species become more generalists and adapt to the resources availability -more overlapping niches -if there were a predator present, they will just switch to the other part of the resource spectrum and avoid that competition which can't be easily done in a narrow resource spectrum

ex of 3-way mutualism

1. sea anemone 2. anemone fish 3. zooxanthellae

competition

2 organisms are competing for a resources -net negative for species

symbiosis

A close relationship between two species that benefits at least one of the species. -live together -dependent on one another

mutualism

A relationship between two species in which both species benefit