Biol2Test2

What are the characteristics of the three domains?

Archaea- prokarotic, no peptidoglycan, unique rRNA, live in extreme environments, branched hydrocarbons in membrane Bacteria-prokaryotic, peptidoglycan, unbranched fatty acid membrane, unique rRNA, lack a membrane bounded nucleus Eukarya-eukaryotic, unbranched fatty acid chains, rRNA is unique to eukarya, (Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia), if cell wall-no peptidoglycan Distinctions among three domains Table 19.2 Criteria for the Three Domains 19.3

What are the Eukarya supergroups?

Archaeplastida: red and green algae, land plants (chlorophytes and charophytes) Chromalveolata: stramenophiles (brown algae, diatoms, water molds, golden brown algae), alveolates (ciliates, apicomplexans, dinoflagellates) Excavata: euglinids, kinetoplastids, parabasalids, diplomonads Amoebozoa: amoeba, plasmodial slime molds, cellular slime molds Opiskothonta: choanoflagellates, nucleariids, animals, plants Rhizaria: foraminiferans, radiolarians

Aspergillus and Candida

Ascomycota, Fungi

Tineas (ringworm, athlete's foot)

Ascomycota, Fungi

Ergot Infection of Rye (Claviceps purpurea)

Ascomycota, Fungi if a flower is grown from the plant infected with fungi can cause hallucinations (could have created the Salem Witch trial freak out)

Angel of death mushroom (Amanita phalloides)

Ascomycota, Fungi causes 90% of the fatalities attributed to mushroom poisoning

Talaromyces

Ascomycota, Fungi is source of penicillin

How and when do prokaryotes reproduce?

Asexual: binary fission Genetic recombination: conjugation: donor cell passes DNA to recipient through pilius Transformation: picking up free pieces of DNA Transduction: bacteriophages carry portions of bacteria DNA from one cell to another

What are the major parts of fungus?

Body (thallus) of most fungi is multicellular mycelium (all strands together) made of hyphae (individual strand) Cell walls of chitin Excess food stored as glycogen (like animals) Septate fungi have hyphae with cross walls Nonseptate fungi are multinucleated

What are the parts of a virus?

Capsid outer layer made of protein, nuclear core of DNA or RNA

Chara "Stonewart"

Charophyte, Archaeplastida freshwater lakes and ponds photoautotrophic only upper end produces new cells, male and female multicellular reproductive structures grow at nodes, zygote retained until tough walls form resembles a small plant, CaCO3 (calcium carbonate) deposits give common name, main stand of algae is a single file strand of long cells anchored by rhizoids http://chestofbooks.com/animals/horses/Health-Disease-Treatment-3/images/Stonewort-Chara-fragilis.jpg

Spirogyra

Charophyte, Archaeplastida surfaces of ponds and streams, photoautotrophic Reproduce by conjugation, sexual filamentous, has spiral like chloroplasts, unbranched charophyte http://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/__data/assets/image/0020/62354/varieties/thumb200.jpg

Volvox

Chlorophyte, Archaeplastida freshwater, ponds, ditches, shallow puddles (rainwater) photoautotrophic asexual mitosis in favorable conditions, daughter cells secreted cells swim in a coordinated fashion with flagella colonial green algae, eyespots near the anterior allow location of light http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgdec03/volvoxbirth2.jpg

Ulva, Sea lettuce

Chlorophyte, Archaeplastida sea, common or rocks and other algae photoautotrophic Alternation of generations multicellular http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Meersalat-Ulva-lactuca.jpg/800px-Meersalat-Ulva-lactuca.jpg

Chlamydomonas

Chlorophyte, Archaeplastida still freshwater pools, photoautotrophic, Haploid, asexual mitosis in favorable conditions, daughter cells secreted, unfavorable conditions, two haploid cells come in contact and fuse into a diploid zygote which becomes a dormant zygospore two whip like flagella, single large cup shaped chloroplast containing a pyrenoid to store starch, Bright Red eyespot http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Cross_section_of_a_Chlamydomonas_reinhardtii_algae_cell,_a_3D_representation.jpg

Supergroup Opiskothonta

Choanoflagellates Nucleariids Animals Fungi

Batrachochytrium dendrobatids

Chytrids, Fungi decimated populations of harlequin frogs in Central and South America, grow inside skin cells and disrupt frogs ability to acquire oxygen through the skin

Retrovirus

Like AIDS, uses reverse transcriptase to code cDNA from RNA in reverse transcription. cDNA then integrates into DNA and viral DNA is transcribed, new viruses produced

What is the difference between the lytic and lysogenic cycle?

Lytic: Attachment, Penetration, Biosynthesis, Maturation, Release Lysogenic: Attachment, Penetration, Integration into host cell DNA or as a plasmid in bacteria (becomes a prophage), Biosynthesis occurs later and can lay dormant for long periods of time, Maturation, Release

Ascomycota Sac Fungi

Morels and Truffles Many plant diseases Sexual reproduction: Have cup like ascocarps which contain elongated ascus that contains ascospores Asexually by budding in yeast, or produce sexual spores called conidia which are borne on stalks called conidiophores. Tineas (ringworm, athlete's foot), Aspergillus and Candida cause serious human infection. Talaromyces is source of penicillin. Many plant diseases. Angel death mushroom causes 90% of mushroom poisoning. Ergot of rye caused by Claviceps purpurea, might have caused hallucinations that led to the Salem Witch Trials.

Viroid

Naked strands of RNA, mostly plant pathogens, extremely small, few genes, RNA polymerase in the host cell synthesizes more RNA

Oxygen requirements of prokarya

Obligate aerobes Obligate anaerobes Facultative anaerobes

Choanoflagellates

Opiskothonta animal-like protozoans, closely related to sponges, filter feeders, single posterior flagellum surrounded by a collar of slender microvilli that creates a water current that flows through the collar, where food particles are taken in by phagocytosis. Colonial attach to surfaces with a stalk, but sometimes float freely. have a tail like thing that they use to propel them selves and to collect bacteria to eat. To collect bacteria the tail swishes the bacteria in to the flagellum, which have little tentacles in the opening. known mostly from soils and freshwater https://abhsscience.wikispaces.com/file/view/choanoflagellate.jpg/399427348/choanoflagellate.jpg

Nucleariids

Opiskothonta rounded or slightly flattened cell body and threadlike pseudopods called filopodia. Most feed on algae or cyanobacteria, molecular similarities to fungi, but no cell wall. http://www.arcella.nl/sites/default/files//platenvanamoeben/Lithocolla-globosa-Fochtelo-40x8-9.jpg

trichomonas vaginalis

Parabasalids, Excavata

Which supergroups contain algae, which contain protozoans?

Protozoa: Excavata, Amoeba, Chromalveolata, Rhizaria, Opiskothonta

Pseudopod

Pseudopods or pseudopodia are temporary projections of eukaryotic cell membranes or unicellular protists. Cells that possess this faculty are generally referred to as amoeboids. Pseudopodia are formed by microtubule and filament structures. Pseudopodia ("false foot") are temporary cytoplasm-filled projections of the cell membrane that certain eukaryotic cells use for motion or for ingesting nutrients

Radiolarians

Rhizaria Radiolarians: glassy silicon test is internal and often has a radial arrangement of spines. Pseudopods are eternal to the test. Tests of dead rhizarians form a sediment on the ocean floor, can indicate oil deposits on land and sea. From Protozoan era, they show the antiquity of protists. Can be used as index fossils to date sediment. Can be found at white cliffs of dover, and Egyptian pyramids were made of limestone from foraminiferan deposits. http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/micro/gallery/radiolarians/radiohead.jpg

Foraminiferans

Rhizaria organisms with fine, threadlike pseudopods. Test is often multi chambered and extends through openings in the test which covers the plasma membrane. organisms with fine, threadlike pseudopods. Test is often multi chambered and extends through openings in the test which covers the plasma membrane. Tests of dead rhizarians form a sediment on the ocean floor, can indicate oil deposits on land and sea. From Protozoan era, they show the antiquity of protists. Can be used as index fossils to date sediment. Can be found at white cliffs of dover, and Egyptian pyramids were made of limestone from foraminiferan deposits. Nummalites: found in the pyramids, had a test about the size of a silver dollar and its flattened, coiled test has been found in deposits worldwide http://stashpit.com/upload/big/2014/04/28/535e7d73f2ff0.jpeg

Golden Brown Algae

Stramenophile, Chromalveolata Many are mixotrophs, capable of photosynthesis as well as phagocytosis. Contribute to freshwater and marine phytoplankton. Cells typically have two flagella with tubular hairs-characteristic of stramenophiles. May be naked, covered with organic or silica scales, or enclosed in a secreted cagelike structure called a lorica. http://water.me.vccs.edu/exam_prep/diatom.gif

Brown Algae: The Phaeophyta

Stramenophile, Chromalveolata colder oceans and rocky coasts photoautotrophic, chlorophylls a and c, Fucoxanthin food stores as a carbohydrate called laminarin Laminaria (a kelp), and Fucus (rockweed that is exclusively sexual) are common intertidal seaweeds, shorelines Sargassum forms floating masses where other organisms find shelter Nereocystis and Macrocystis (source of algin) often form forest-like thickets in deeper waters http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Laminaria_hyperborea_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-214.jpg/240px-Laminaria_hyperborea_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-214.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Fucus_spiralis_%28Faroe_stamp%29.jpg/240px-Fucus_spiralis_%28Faroe_stamp%29.jpg http://coralreefecology.ucsd.edu/files/2012/12/Sargassum-horneri-adult.jpg http://biology.uco.edu/microbiology/Labexam2/Nereocystis.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/CAS_Macrocystis_4.JPG/300px-CAS_Macrocystis_4.JPG

Diatoms

Stramenophile, Chromalveolata photoautotrophs tiny, single-celled ornate silica shell made of an upper and lower shelf called a valve, carotenoid accessory gives them yellow-orange color remains of diatoms accumulate on the ocean floor and are mined for use as filtering agents, soundproofing materials, and gentle polishing abrasives such as silver polish and toothpaste, provide food and oxygen reproduce sexually and asexually (usually), diploid parents can undergo mitosis to produce two diploid daughter cells which are decreased in size with each new mitosis cycle, or meiosis then zygote http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/chromista/diatoms/diatomdiversesm.jpg

Zygomycota

mainly saprotrophs decomposing animal and plant remains, some are parasites of soil protists, worms, and insects Hyphae of opposite mating type (+ and -), gametangia merge (hold sex cells), nuclei fuse and a thick cell wall develops around the zygospore, meiosis then produces haploid cells : Black bread mold-Rhizopus stolonifer, Stolons-horizontal hyphae that exist on the surface of bread, rhizoids-hyphae that grow into bread, anchor the mycelium and carry out digestion sporangiophores-aerial hyphae that bear sporangia

Prion

misfolded protein molecules with contagious tertiary structure, some human and other animal diseases like Mad Cow, guides more proteins to fold improperly

Chytridiomycota

only fungi with flagella, single celled simplest fungi-some branched, aquatic most reproduce asexually through the reproduction of zoospores within a single cell, have sperm, eggs and spores. Some alternation of generations. decay and digest dead aquatic organisms, but some are parasites of living plants, animals and protists Batrachochytrium dendrobatids-decimated populations of harlequin frogs in Central and South America, grow inside skin cells and disrupt frogs ability to acquire oxygen through the skin

Chemoautotrophs

oxidize inorganic compounds to obtain energy use it reduce CO2 to an organic compound

Red Algae

• Habitat: Warm sea water • Nutrition: photoautotrophic • Other: multicellular, about 5,000 species, used in agar, carrageenan (emulsifying agent for chocolate and cosmetics), wrappings of Sushi (processed Porphyra blades), smaller and more delicate than brown algae • Coralline red algae have cell walls that contain calcium carbonate-contributing to growth of coral reefs http://www.pifsc.noaa.gov/cred/img/scinaia_huismanii_sm.jpg

What are the major groups of algae? Some specific genera?

Green algae: Chlorophytes: Chlamydomonas, Volvoz, Ulva Charophytes: Spirogyra, Chara Red Algae: Porpyra, Coralline red algae Brown Algae: laminaria, fucus, sargassum, nereocystis, macrocystis Golden brown algae: diatoms Dinoflagellates are photoautotrophic

Sexual reproduction in fungi

Haploid hyphae fuse between two different strains hyphae with paired haploid nuclei-dikaryotic nuclear fusion produces diploid nucleus Haploid spores are produced and windblown Spores germinate directly into haploid hyphae

Plasmodium

Apicomplexans, Alveolates, Chromalveolata responsible for malaria, infects human blood cells and burst them-releasing toxic substances, vector mosquito transmits to the host, asexual (human host) or sexual (mosquito host) dependent on whether reproduction takes place in a host.

Cyclospora cayetanensis

Apicomplexans, Alveolates, Chromalveolata transmitted by feces-contaminated fresh produce/water

Toxoplasma gondii

Apicomplexans, Alveolates, Chromalveolata transmitted to pregnant women from cat feces

How do bacteria differ from archaea?

Archaea have more complex RNA polymerases than bacteria, cell walls do not contain peptidoglycan, different lipid membran bonding,

Trypanosoma brucei (African sleeping sickness)

Kinetoplastids, Excavata transmitted by vector Tsetse fly. Causes inadequate supply of oxygen to the brain. Trypanosomes are parasitic kinetoplastids.

Endospore

A dormant, tough, non-reproductive structure produced by some bacteria to survive periods of extreme stress.

Zoospore

A zoospore is a motile asexual spore that uses a flagellum for locomotion. Also called a swarm spore, these spores are created by some algae, bacteria and fungi to propagate themselves.

Zygospore

A zygospore is a diploid reproductive stage in the life cycle of many fungi and protists. Zygospores are created by the nuclear fusion of haploid cells. In fungi, zygospores are termed chlamydospores and are formed after the fusion of hyphae of different mating types.

Apicomplexans

Alveolates, Chromalveolata Unique organelle called an apicoplast which is used to penetrate a host cell parasitic, nonmotile spore forming, asexual or sexual dependent on whether reproduction takes place in a host. Plasmodium: responsible for malaria, asexual (human host) or sexual (mosquito host) Cyclospora cayetanensis: transmitted by feces-contaminated fresh produce/water Toxoplasma gondii: transmitted to pregnant women from cat feces http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Plasmodium_falciparum_01.png/240px-Plasmodium_falciparum_01.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Toxoplasma_gondii_tissue_cyst_in_mouse_brain.jpg/220px-Toxoplasma_gondii_tissue_cyst_in_mouse_brain.jpg

Ciliates

Alveolates, Chromalveolata everywhere there is water-lakes, ponds, oceans, rivers, and soils ingest food down a gullet, below which food vacuoles form move by means of cilia asexual reproduction: divide by transverse binary fission, sexual: conjugate and undergo meiosis two types of nuclei: a large macronucleus to control normal metabolism, and one or more small micronuclei to participate in reproduction Paramecium: cilia beat in coordinated manner, trichocysts discharge long, barbed threads for defense and capturing prey http://www.microbeorganics.com/ciliate2%20250XZZ%20cropped%20070624.jpg

Dinoflagellates

Alveolates, Chromalveolata photoautotrophic, have chlorophylls a and c and carotenoid accessories that give a yellow-green to brown color two flagella-one as a rudder and the other to move forward asexually: daughter cells inherit half of the parent's cellulose plates sexual daughter cells act as gametes and fuse to form a diploid zygote, zygote rests until triggered to undergo meiosis, unicellular, encased by protective cellulose and silicate plates Noctiluca-capable of bioluminescence Gymnodinium brevis may cause "red tide" Powerful neurotoxin that has caused massive fish kills Alexandrium catanella can cause Harmful Algal Bloom, secretes saxitonin https://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/f2013/bradford_andr/vonk.jpg http://portisabelsouthpadre.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/ONLINE-Red-Tide-150x150.jpg http://www.issha.org/var/issha/storage/images/media/images/dinoflagellates/alexandrium-catenella/16161-1-eng-GB/Alexandrium-catenella_small.jpg

Supergroup Amoebozoa

Amoeba Plasmodial Slime Molds Cellular Slime Molds

Cellular Slime Molds

Amoebozoa Exist as individual amoeboid cells, common in soil where they feed on bacteria and yeasts, when unfavorable conditions develop, release a chemical that causes them to aggregate into a pseudoplasmodium stage to give rise to a fruiting body to produce spores. When favorable conditions return, releasing haploid cells, asexual cycle starts again http://www.corbisimages.com/images/Corbis-42-26608376.jpg?size=67&uid=b5be53b5-4be2-4839-8769-51d8f951b721

Plasmodial Slime Molds

Amoebozoa Often mistaken for fungi, lack cell walls, flagellated cells at some point consumes decaying plant material as it creeps along a forest flood or agricultural field produce spores by meiosis, spores germinate to form gametes. Unfavorable conditions, develops sporangium that produces spores (fruiting body). Spores survive until moisture is sufficient for them to germinate. Spores release either haploid flagellated cell or amoeboid cell. Two haploid cells fuse to form a zygote to grow to a multinucleated plasmodium diploid, multinucleated, cytoplasmic mass enveloped by a slime sheath http://curbstonevalley.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/LfragilisPlasmod-300x240.jpg

Amoeba

Amoebozoa live in aquatic environments where they are often part of plankton move and ingest food with pseudopods through phagocytosis, eat algae, bacteria, or other protists. Digestion occurs within a food vacuole, contractile vacuole excretes excess water microfilaments contract and extend as the cytoplasm streams towards a particular direction binary fission Can become infectious when consuming water and food contaminated with cysts, amoebic dysentary (Entamoeba histolytica ) http://www.occc.edu/biologylabs/Images/Zoo/ehistolytica_troph_4.gif

Entamoeba histolyca

Amoebozoan is a parasitic amoeboid that can live in the human large intestine and cause amoebic dysentary

What are the major phyla of fungus?

Chytrids: Characteristic of aquatic lifestyle, Some also live in moist soil, most ancient Zygomycota: Mainly saprotrophs decomposing animal and plant remains, Black bread mold-Rhizopus stolonifer (stolonifer means similar to stolens in plants to attach to bread) Glomeromycota (AM fungi): Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, Branching invaginations that fungus makes when it invades plant roots Ascomycota (Sac fungi): Morels and Truffles, Aspergillus and Candida, Talaromyces (formerly Penicillium), The death angel mushroom (Amanita phalloides) Basidomycota (Club Fungus): Toadstools, mushrooms, bracket fungi, puffballs, stinkhorns, earth stars, (pizza mushrooms, smuts and rusts Lichens: Symbiotic Association between a fungus and a cyanobacterium or green alga Crustose lichens-seen on rocks or tree bark Fruticose lichens-shrub like Foliose lichens-leaf-life Mycorrhizae: mutualistic relationships between soil fungi and the roots of most familiar plants Ectomycorrhizae form exterior to the root, btwn cell walls Endomycorrhizae penetrate only the cell walls

What spore types are found in fungi phylums?

Chytrids: asexually produce zoospores, within a single cell, have sperm, eggs and spores. Zygomycota: sexually produce zygospore (+ and - type fuse) Ascomycota: asexual spores called conidia borne on stalks Basidomycota: sexually, zygospore, club-shaped basidia produce spores off the gills, spores can lay dormant

Alexandrium catanella

Dinoflagellates, Alveolates, Chromalveolata can cause Harmful Algal Bloom, secretes saxitonin (neurotoxin)

Gymnodinium brevis

Dinoflagellates, Alveolates, Chromalveolata may cause "red tide" Powerful neurotoxin that has caused massive fish kills Consuming shellfish can cause respiratory paralysis

Giardia lamblia

Diplomonads, Excavata Giardia lamblia forms cysts that are transmitted to intestinal wall via contaminated water and cause severe diarrhea

Imperfect fungi

Do not fit classic taxonomic standards because their sexual form of reproduction has never been observed. Only the asexual form of reproduction is known. Some Ascomycota, and Basidomycota, Talaromyces (penicillin), athlete's foot, yeast infections, some that make cheese

Supergroup Excavata

Euglenids Kinetoplastids Parabasalids Diplomonads

Euglenoids

Excavata, zooflagellates freshwater mixotrophic, photoautotrophic, or heterotrophic : two flagella, one much longer than the other which is called tinsel flagellum because of its hairs reproduce by longitudinal cell division, sexual reproduction not known to occur when present, chloroplasts surrounded by three membranes, carbohydrates synthesized in pyrenoids to produce paramylon, photoreceptor eyespot bounded by a flexible pellicle composed of protein bands lying side by side, allows to assume different shapes http://24.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_m9rteiYw881rpd5rlo1_500.jpg

Kinetoplastids

Excavata, zooflagellates single-celled, flagellated protozoans names for kinetoplasts-large masses of DNA found in mitochondria. Trypanosoma brucei (African sleeping sickness), transmitted by vector Tsetse fly. Causes inadequate supply of oxygen to the brain. Trypanosomes are parasitic kinetoplastids. https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/images/thumb/b/bf/Trypanosoma-brucei.jpg/300px-Trypanosoma-brucei.jpg

Diplomonads

Excavata, zooflagellates survive in anaerobic environments, ferment for ATP, found in the guts of termites where they breakdown cellulose, two nuclei and two flagella, Giardia lamblia forms cysts that are transmitted to intestinal wall via contaminated water and cause severe diarrhea http://microbiology.mtsinai.on.ca/pig/images/protozoa4.jpg

Parabasalids

Excavata, zooflagellates survive in anaerobic environments, ferment for ATP, found in the guts of termites where they breakdown cellulose, unique fibrous connection between Golgi apparatus and flagella. Vaginitis in women, and male genital tract infections. Trichomonas vaginalis http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2009/strous_mary/images/scan0004.jpg

Supergroup Rhizaria

Foraminiferan Radiolarians

How do fungi reproduce asexually?

Fungi can reproduce asexually by fragmentation, budding (ring of chitin produced around where bud will extrude, bud forced out from wall), or producing spores (most common)

What are the steps of a viral life cycle?

Gain entry into specific host cell Capsid adheres to receptors Viral nucleic acid enters the cell Replicate using host machinery

Haploid, diploid, alternation of generations, gametophyte, sporophyte?

Gametophyte: haploid multicellular stage of plants and algae in the alternation of generations life cycle (released spores). Product of meiosis in sporophytes Sporophytes: diploid, multicellular stage, develops from the zygote of haploid egg and sperm. Produces spores that undergo mitosis to become a gametophyte. Alternation of Generations: Diploid adult produces haploid gametes-haploid plants-release gametes with haploid number-fuse to form diploid zygotes-diploid plants Ulva, Red Algae, Brown Algae, foraminiferans Haploid: daughter cells are formed through meiosis and then joined to form a diploid zygote, sexual Chlamydomonas, Spirogyra, Chara, Diatoms, Golden Brown Algae, Water Molds, Ciliates, Apicomplexans, Dinoflagellates, Cellular slime molds, Plasmodial slime molds Diploid: asexual mitosis to form exact replica daughter cell Volvox, Diatoms, Chlamydomonas, Golden Brown Algae, Water Molds, Ciliates, Apicomplexans, Dinoflagellates, most Excavata, Amoeba, Cellular slime molds, choanoflagellates,

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AM) fungi

Glomeromycota, Fungi some plants need the fungi to grow well (Lady Slipper)

Supergroup Archaeplastida

Green Algae Chlorophytes Chlamydomonos Volvox Ulva Charophytes Spirogyra Chara Red Algae

Water molds

Stramenophile, Chromalveolata • Morphology: filamentous body similar to fungi, but cell walls are composed of cellulose instead of chitin • Life cycle: asexual: produce flagellates, motile, diploid zoopores inside structures called sporangia, sexual: structures called oogonia produce haploid eggs and antheridia produce haploid sperm at the tips of filaments, eggs and sperm fuse to produce diploid zoospores • Significance: responsible for the potato famine, downy mildew of grapes that ravaged French vineyards in the 1800s, cottonlike white mass often found on dead organisms http://faculty.ccri.edu/lmfrolich/Microbiology/12-31_recycling_l.jpg http://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/intropp/PathogenGroups/PublishingImages/Oomycetes04sm.jpg

Supergroup Chromalveolata

Stramenophiles Brown Algae Diatoms Golden Brown Algae Water molds Alveolates Cilia Apicomplexans Dinoflagellates

What are protozoans?

The protozoa are all unicellular heterotrophs. They obtain their nutrition by ingesting other organisms or dead organic material. They may use cilia, flagella, or pseudopodia. Some protozoans are sessile, meaning they do not move. These organisms are parasitic, since they cannot actively capture food. The protozoans that use pseudopodia to move are known as amoebas, those that use flagella are called flagellates, those that use cilia are known as the ciliates, and those that do not move are called the sporozoans.

Potato famine, Ick, Downy mildew on Grapes

Water molds

What are the major groups of protozoans? What are some genera and characteristics?

Water molds: no longer classified as fungi because they have cell walls of cellulose and not chitin, rarely have hyphae, diploid nuclei, produce motile zoospores with two flagella Ciliates (Alveolates, Chromalveolata): ingest into a gullet, move with cilia, reproduce with binary fission or conjugation, two types of nuclei. Include Paramecium. Apicomplexans: (Alveolates, Chromalveolata): parasitic, nonmotile, spore forming either asexual or sexual depending on if reproduction takes place in the host or not. Includes, Plasmodium (malaria), Cyclospora caytanensus (feces in food/water), Toxoplasma gondii (pregnant women from cat feces) Euglena (Excavata, zooflagellates, Euglenids): mixotrophic, two flagella, not sexual, reproduce by longitudinal cell division, bounded by a flexible pellicle Kinetoplastids (Excavata, zooflagellates): single celled, flagellated, have large masses of DNA in mitochondria. Includes: Trypanosoma brucei (African sleeping sickness), transmitted by vector Tsetse fly. Parabasalids (Excavata, zooflagellates): anaerobes, ferment for ATP, Vaginitis, Trichomonas vaginalis. Diplomonads (Excavata, zooflagellates): anaerobes, ferment for ATP, often have two nuclei and four flagella. Includes: Giardia lamblia (severe diarrhea). Amoebas: live in a aquatic environments as part of plankton, move and ingest with pseudopods through phagocytosis, binary fission, can become infectious when consuming water and food contaminated with cysts. Includes: Entamoeba histolyca: causes amoebic dysentary Choanoflagellates (Opiskothonta): closely related to sponges, filter feeders, single flagellum, phagocytosis for food, colonial attachment to surfaces or float free Nucleriids (Opiskothonta): flattened single cell body, threadlike pseudopods, feed on algae or cyanobacteria Foraminiferans (Rhizaria): streaming ectoplasm to gather food, live on seafloor, threadlike pseudopods, test (external shell made of calcium carbonate). Includes Nummalites found in the pyramids and worldwide, large fossils with coils Radiolarians (Rhizaria): glassy silicon test is internal, pseudopods are external, cover ocean floor, ectoplasm

Black bread mold-Rhizopus stolonifer

Zygomycota, Fungi , has both sexual and asexual cycle, composed of nonseptate hyphae that specialize to perform various tasks

Glomeromycota AM fungi

branching invaginations that fungus makes when it invades plant roots Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AM) fungi, some plants need the fungi to grow well (Lady Slipper)

Basidomycota

contain club-shaped structures called basidia (on cap of mushrooms hanging from gills)-spores are produced off this structure usually reproduce sexually, haploid hyphae fuse, forming a dikaryotic (n+n) mycelium. Nuclear fusion followed by meiosis produces basidiospores toadstools, mushrooms, bracket fungi, puffballs, stinkhorns, earth stars, (pizza mushrooms). Edible puffballs. Fairy ring, shelf fungus, pore mushroom, puffballs, smuts and rusts