Biology 10-Chapter 17
bipedal
"two-footed" anatomy, which leaves the wings free for flying
hawks
similar in appearance to eagles, but somewhat smaller are the _ which generally prey on rodents, snakes, rabbits, and other small animals; and other carnivorous birds possess sharp tearing bills
flightless birds
some birds although they have wings or winglike structures, cannot fly; they are only a few species more species are known from the fossil record; ostrich, emu, penguin, kiwi, rhea, and cassowary
flight feathers
special contour feathers on the wings are known as _ because they provide the necessary wing shape for flight; of the wing tip, like the propeller of an airplane, are mobile and variable in the angle at which they meet the air; of the wing also lot to prevent a stall- loss of lift, or to lower the stalling in speed
bald eagle golden eagle
the _ and the _ are the only two eagles native to North America
bobwhite's
the _ call is simply "bobwhite, bobwhite"
whippoorwill's
the _ call sounds like its name
barn swallow
the _ has a distinctive forked tail, and the mockingbird a neatly rounded tail
wood thrush
the _ has perhaps the most delightful song of all birds
brain stem
the _ is arranges similarly to that of man or a mammal and controls the bird's automatic functions (such as heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, and body temperature)
peregrine falcon
the _ is not only the fastest flying bird; it is the fastest of any living creature
white stork
the _ of Europe, the best-known variety of stork, is a large wading bird noted for its beautiful white plumage
cerebellum
the _ of the bird is responsible for muscle coordination
flycatcher
the _ perches with its tail pointed down
tail
the _ serves both as both rudder and elevator to control direction of flight
dodo bird
the _ which was slightly larger than a turkey, has been extinct since the late 1600; became extinct primarily because it could not compete with the hogs and monkeys which man imported into its habitat; lived only on small islands in the Indian Ocean
starling nuthatch meadowlark
the _, _, and _ have short, square tails
great auk
the _, a penguinlike flightless bird seabird
secondary tertiary wing feathers
the base acts like the wing of a plane to give lift; while the _ and _ function as the ailerons and flaps to control direction of flight and give added lift
thrushes
the beautiful melodies of the _ enhance any natural area
cerebrum cerebellum brain stem
the brain of a bird can be divided into the _, _, and _
special
the extremely complicated patterns of coordination and motion involved in vertical, reverse, and hovering flight-helicopter actions-of swifts, hummingbirds, and skylarks are not fully understood by scientists; use a powered downstroke but also a powered upstroke
Argentavis magnificens
the largest known flying bird was a condorlike bird of prey (_) that stood as tall as a man and had a wingspan of more than 25 feet; some giant flightless birds, of which stood more than 10 feet tall and weighed 1000 pounds or more
California condor
the largest living land bird with a wingspan of up to 11 feet and a body nearly 4 feet in length
mourning dove
the long, pointed tail of the _ is easy to distinguish even at a distance; the _ makes a sad, cooing noise; a _ can eat 7,500 clover seeds
bar-headed geese
the majority fly at altitudes under 3,000 feet, but there are exceptions: migrating flocks of _ routinely fly over the Himalayas of Asia at a height exceeding 29,000 feet
pectoralis major
the most important flight muscles in a bird are the _ muscles, which pull the wing down for the power stroke as the bird flaps its wings
red-winged blackbird
the red shoulder patches of the _ leave no doubt as to its identity; experiments with the _ showed that when the wing was dyed black, the birds lost their ability to defend their territory because they could not display their colors
contour feathers
the streamlined shape of a bird is provided by the bird's _ strong feathers found on the bird's body, wings, and tail; all the contour feathers of a bird point toward the bird's tail to aid in streamlining
pectoralis minor
the wing is raised after each power stroke by the _ muscles, which connect the sternum to the top of each wing in an arrangement similar to the rope and pulley
barbules
there are usually several hundred barbs in each vane, held together by tiny _ which in turn bear flanges and minute hooks called hamuli
ducks geese
to maintain their water-repellence, _ and _ oil preen their feathers from 3 to 17 times a day using oil secreted by glands at the base of the tail; have harvesting bills to collect various aquatic plants
cerebral cortex
unlike that of man and mammals, however, the _ of a bird is relatively thin and contains no convolutions like those of man and the mammals
shearwaters
upward air currents over the troughs and crests of waves, however, sustain the long flights of _ and albatrosses at sea
albatrosses
upward air currents over the troughs and crests of waves, however, sustain the long flights of shearwaters and albatrosses at sea; are paired two years before their first breeding
chickadee
wears a distinctive black bib around its neck as if it is preparing for a meal
perching birds
whenever you think of birds in nature, the first birds to come to mind are often the _; (approximately 60%) have three toes pointing forward an done toe pointing backward; most of the familiar songbirds are these; thrushes, wood thrush, American robin, blue-bird
toucans
which are native to Central and South America are easily recognized by their large colorful beaks
ornithologist
zoologists who study birds, inform us that there are approximately nine thousand species of birds alive today, ranging in size from the tiny bee hummingbird, which is about two inches long (including beak and tail) and weighs about 7/100 of an ounce, to the African ostrich, which may stand nearly 8 feet tall and weigh nearly 350 pounds
slotting
called _ this function prevents air turbulence behind the wings when the wings are tilted downward at the trailing edge
warblers
cautiously descend a nearby tree and approach the bath vertically
sensory receptors
embedded in the skin near the quill of each flight feather are nerve endings which convert the feathers into _
energy
every slight change of position of a feather during flight is designed to extract _ from the air and use it effectively
hummingbirds
flowers with red blooms will attract _
blue jays
fly into a birdbath screaming and cause the other birds to scatter
breast muscles
for example, the _ which operate the shoulders and arms in man constitue less than 1% of his body eight, while those of some birds weigh as much as 33%
great blue heron
herons, including the _ are known for their graceful lines; when they fly, they curl their necks back between their shoulders and stretch their legs straight out behind; a hunting one stands motionless as a statue until it spies a prey; then with a lightning-fast dart of its beak, the heron spears its prey
wren
holds its tail upright at about a 45 degree angle
sternum
in addition to these differences, the bladelike _ (breastbone) of a bird is very large and extends outward from the rib cage like a sailboat's keep; provides a mounting point for the powerful flight muscles of the bird
powered
in flapping or _ flight, the down stroking wings develop lift and forward thrust... the upstroke (is) a quick backward flip with partly folded wings... generally, the larger the bird the slower it flaps its wings
keratin
instead of heavy teeth and jawbones, God designed most birds with toothless bills made from a tough, lightweight protein calle_-the same substance that composes your fingernails-reinforced by lightweight struts of bone
optic lobes
interestingly, the _ in a bird are not part of the cerebrum as in mammals and man, but are bulges of the midbrain (upper brain stem)
soaring
land birds such as buzzards, hawks, and eagles soar in great circles, gradually attaining great heights, then dive swiftly downward to start another spiral; they ride the thermal upcurrents until they reach a downdraft which enables them to reach high speeds without ever flapping their wings; a bird slots its wings when it flies at reduced speeds or lands
cerebrum
like that of mammals and man, the _ of a bird is divided into two hemispheres; is the seat of the bird's intelligence; it controls voluntary behavior and allows the bird to make day-to-day decisions
12,000
more than _ tiny muscles attached to the bases of the feathers
owls
most _ feed at night and swallow their prey whole; they regurgitate the fur and bones as a pellet
alula
on the leading edge of a bird's wing is the _ a special aileron consisting of three feathers; this serves to form a wing slot during slow expert maneuvering in a small space; the bird's "thumb" bones support the _ a retractable group of feathers on the front of the wing, while the "finger" bones support the wingtips
blue jay
once you have heard the cream of a _, you will recognized it each time you hear it
blue-bird
one of North America's favorite songbirds is the _
grass parakeet
one of the best-known parakeets is the _, or love-bird of Australia; make good pets
feathers
one of the most obvious features of a bird that allows it to fly are its _, a characteristic unique to birds; is to provide a lightweight body covering that is an excellent insulator; provide the bird with a smoothly tapered, streamlined shape that allows it to move easily through the air; are also responsible for the broad area of the bird's wings
kiwi
one of the most unusual flightless birds is the chicken-sized _ of New Zealand; can be heard at night "sniffing" for worms; for their size, they lay enormous eggs; their egg weighs almost one third as much as an adult bird and is about one quarter the size of the bird which laid the egg; sometimes a nest will contain two of these larges eggs
sea eagle
one of the strongest is the _ which lives in coastal regions and has been seen carrying off large geese and fish weighing twice its own weight
Archaeopteryx
one unusual toothed bird was the _ whose genus name means "ancient wing" we really do not know precisely what it looked like, although we have some good fossil remains that give us clues to its appearance; other unusual features of this were small claws on its wings and an extended tail
powered gliding soaring special
ornithologists recognize four main kinds of flight: _ flying, _, _, and _ flight patterns
moa
other birds that have become extinct since the 1600s include the _, a giant flightless bird that was nearly 10 feet tall
did
over 2000 years after the days of Minos and the legendary Daedalus, man _ learn how to fly, but not by attaching wings to his shoulders
birds
_ (except for a few kinds like the ostrich that do not fly) are equipped with intricately constructed feathers; powerful wings; light, hollow bones; rigid skeletal parts; large, strong hearts for circulation of warm blood; a remarkable respiratory system; and a digestive system that quickly absorbs the energy from food
gliding
_ flight is something like tobogganing downhill; the do this over the surface of the sea, rarely flapping their wings; a good one travels the longest distance possible horizontally with the smallest possible loss of height; depends also on the motion of the air; giant albatrosses, shearwaters, and albatrosses
stall
_ loss of lift, or to lower the stalling in speed
crows jays eagles vultures
_, _, _, and _ are often recognized as they feed on dead animals beside the road
giant albatrosses
_, wings spanning up to 12 feet, use this type of flight
hummingbird
a _ vibrates its wings about 50 times a second, a heron only twice; unlike other birds, this flies almost exclusively with its hands, the elbow permanently bent; the shoulder joint is motile, making this highly maneuverable; wings are like the wings of insects; they operate backward and forward in a rowing motion, but they also tilt like the wings of a dragonfly or the rotors of a helicopter; the wing-beat rate varies no more than 5%; have long, slender sucking bills
American robin
a familiar thrush is the red-breasted _; the _ lifts its tail, crouches, and then makes a series of short runs broken by brief pauses
pressures
a feather's design automatically changes its shape during flight in response to different _ from the air
birds of prey
several birds are known for their fierce and precise hunting skills; as a result, these birds are known as _; all of these birds have sharp, powerful tallons useful in grasping and killing their prey, and strong, hooked beaks suitable for eating flesh; vultures, eagles, sea eagle, bald eagle, golden eagle, hawks, osprey, falcons, peregrine falcon, owls
heron
a hummingbird vibrates its wings about 50 times a second, a _ only twice
million
a single wing feather of a pigeon consists of more than a _ parts!
tropical birds
a wide variety of _ live in the world's tropical forests; parakeets, grass parakeet, toucans, curl-crest toucan, macaw
rachis
along both sides of the stiff quill (_) are grooves which bear filamentous barbs
barbs
along both sides of the stiff quill (rachis) are grooves which bear filamentous _, forming the flat vanes of the feather
vanes
along both sides of the stiff quill (rachis) are grooves which bear filamentous barbs, forming the flat _ of the feather
smell taste hearing
although the senses of _ and _ are poor in most birds, their sense of _ is very good
eastern kingbird
an _ can be instantly recognized by the white band on the end of its tail
four-chambered heart
an efficient circulatory system, including a _
osprey
an exception is the _ or fish hawk, which lives near the water and feeds on fish
Ruppell's griffon
and one _ ( a type of vulture) was killed by an airliner at an altitude of 37,000 feet
passenger pigeon
and the _ a type of dove
vultures
are large carnivorous birds with weak feet that cannot carry off large prey; thus they must feed on small animals or carrion (dead animals)
eagles
are large, powerful birds of prey
parakeets
are small, parrotlike birds with brightly colored feathers and hooked beaks
falcons
are smaller birds of prey that are nevertheless remarkable hunters
ostrich
are the largest living birds; some males stand about 8 feet high and weigh nearly 350 pounds; can accelerate from a stand still to nearly 50 miles per hour in 2 1/2 seconds and can sustain that speed for nearly half an hour before tiring; they are occasionally called "camel birds"; they are native to Africa, but similar birds live in Australia, New Zealand, and South America; lays its eggs-the largest eggs laid by any nonextinct animals-in crude nests on the ground; are the only birds with just two toes on each foot
doves
are the only birds which drink with their heads down; other birds lift their heads to swallow
radius ulna
because it is the bone on which the major muscles responsible for flight attach, the humerus of a bird is much shorter (and therefore stronger) than the humerus of a man in relation to the total arm length; the _ and _ of the bird are long in comparison, giving the bird a long "forearm"
curl-crest toucan
because of its unique head feathers the best-known toucan is the _
down feathers
beneath the contour feathers lie the _, soft, fluffy feather close to the bird's body that provide excellent insulation without adding much weight
water birds
birds that commonly live or feed in the water are known as _; a number of these are equipped with water-repellent feathers and webbed or lobed feet for swimming; oil preening also helps trap air close to the body to keep the animal buoyant; some of these have very long legs designed for wading instead of swimming; storks, herons, flamingos, cranes, and egrets do not swim or dive but walk about in shallow water in search of their favorite food; ducks, geese, white stork, great blue heron
game birds
birds that have long been hunted for both food and sport, including quails, pheasants, partridges, grouse, doves, wild turkeys, and many others, are classified as _; their large flight muscles allow them to burst into flight with astonishing speed, making them difficult prey; most of these birds fly only in short spurts because their flight muscles are designed for strength instead of endurance (doves are excellent long-distance fliers, however)
Aves
birds, which belong to class _ are vertebrates with feathers, wings, and scale-covered legs
