Biology 101 - Ch. 15 - Bacteria & Archaea / Ch. 16 - Plants, Fungi, & Protists

Plants are descended from ____________ and have developed evolutionary adaptations to life on land. Plants use the sun's energy via ________________ and strengthen their cell walls with _____________. The first plants were ancestors of present-day ______________ (such as mosses) and had relatively thin bodies and no root system.

algae photosynthesis cellulose bryophytes pg. 289-294

Most protists are single-celled, microscopic, prokaryotic organisms. T/F?

FALSE Protists are eukaryotes. They contain a true nucleus and organelles such as mitochondria. pg. 288

Which of the following best describes how and why prokaryotic genetics correlate with the speed of cell reproduction? Choose one: A. Prokaryotic DNA contains far more noncoding sequence than eukaryotic cells, which allows bacteria to divide faster than eukaryotic cells. B. Prokaryotic DNA is contained within a nucleus, which allows bacteria to divide faster than eukaryotic cells. C. Prokaryotic cells typically have much less DNA than eukaryotic cells, which allows bacteria to divide faster than eukaryotic cells. D. Prokaryotic cells have far more genes than eukaryotic cells, which allows bacteria to divide faster than eukaryotic cells.

(Hint: Consider the chromosome content of prokaryotic cells versus eukaryotic cells. As a good comparison, determine the genetic content differences between a human cell and a bacterial cell. Use the cellular size as a starting point.) C. Prokaryotic cells typically have much less DNA than eukaryotic cells, which allows bacteria to divide faster than eukaryotic cells. Correct/Explanation: Prokaryotic cells typically have much less DNA than eukaryotic cells, which allows bacteria to divide faster than eukaryotic cells. Under the microscope, one obvious cellular feature is missing: prokaryotes do not have a true nucleus. They typically have much less DNA than eukaryotic cells. This is because they have far fewer genes and contain relatively little noncoding DNA (DNA that is not used to construct proteins but may have regulatory or other functions). In contrast, eukaryotes generally have many more genes and far more noncoding DNA. pg. 273

Plants are very important as primary producers, providing the basis for food in all terrestrial ecosystems, including food for humans, either directly or indirectly. Which of these services directly result from photosynthesis, the process that provides food energy for ecosystems? Choose one or more: A.preventing runoff of water B.providing O2 C.preventing erosion of topsoil D.recycling CO2 E.providing habitat

(Hint: The authors discuss many benefits that plants provide for humans other than being a food source, but the process of providing food for other organisms through photosynthesis specifically moves atmospheric molecules. Chapter 5 discusses the process of photosynthesis.) B.providing O2 D.recycling CO2 Correct. The process of photosynthesis uses the energy of sunlight, CO2, and H2O to produce sugars, thus recycling CO2 and giving off O2, which returns to the atmosphere. Explanation: Plants have a very significant impact on the movement of CO2 and O2 through the atmosphere, along with H2O. All of these molecules are a part of the photosynthetic reactions that result in the production of sugars and the release of O2 into the atmosphere. You will learn more about the carbon cycle and the water cycle in Chapter 18. The process of photosynthesis takes atmospheric carbon and uses it to make organic (carbon-based) molecules, which are used to make other organic molecules in living organisms. Without photosynthesis, carbon cycling would stop and life as we know it on Earth would cease to exist. pg. 290

The human __________ (the complete collection of bacteria that live in and on our cells and bodies) affects human gut health, brains, and even body odor. This can be measured by citizen science projects where public participants are swabbed and bacteria grown in a lab.

(Hint: The ome suffix is commonly used in biology to describe the complete set of that which the prefix implies. For example, the transcriptome (transcript and ome) is the complete set of RNA transcript that happens to be in an organism. With this in mind, which term (with the suffix ome) best describes the microbes that live in and on our cells and bodies?) microbiome Correct/Explanation: The human microbiome is the complete collection of bacteria that live in and on our cells and bodies. It affects human gut health, brains, and even body odor. This can be measured by citizen science projects where public participants are swabbed and bacteria grown in a lab. The proteome of an organism is the complete protein content of the organism, so it does not describe the complete collection of bacteria that live in and on our cells and bodies. The genome of an organism is the complete DNA content of the organism, so it also is not the best description of all of the bacteria in and on our cells and bodies. pg. 269

Which of the following domains are correctly matched with their cell types? Choose one or more: A.Bacteria - prokaryotic cells B.Bacteria - eukaryotic cells C.Archaea - prokaryotic cells D.Archaea - eukaryotic cells

(Hint: There are three evolutionary domains of life: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Consider the cytoplasmic anatomy of bacteria and archaeans when determining the cell type.) A.Bacteria - prokaryotic cells C.Archaea - prokaryotic cells Correct. Organisms that are classified in the Bacteria and Archaea domains are prokaryotic cells. These cells are much simpler than eukaryotic cells in terms of cytoplasmic organization. Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not. Explanation: There are three evolutionary domains of life: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Organisms that are classified in the Bacteria and Archaea domains are prokaryotic cells. These cells are much simpler than eukaryotic cells in terms of cytoplasmic organization. Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not. pg. 269

Which of the following best describes the genetic content of the majority of prokaryotic cells? Choose one: A. Prokaryotic cells each have one chromosome, which is contained in the cytoplasm. B. Prokaryotic cells each have one chromosome, which is contained in the cell nucleus. C. Prokaryotic cells each have more than 10 chromosomes, which are contained in the cytoplasm. D. Prokaryotic cells each have more than 10 chromosomes, which are contained in the cell nucleus.

A. Prokaryotic cells each have one chromosome, which is contained in the cytoplasm. Correct. Prokaryotic cells contain one chromosome and this chromosome is contained in the cytoplasm. Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms, with a single loop of DNA floating freely in the cytoplasm of the cell. Unlike cells found in organisms that belong to Eukarya, prokaryotes do not have membrane-enclosed organelles like a nucleus. Explanation: Prokaryotic cells contain one chromosome and this chromosome is contained in the cytoplasm. Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms, with a single loop of DNA floating freely in the cytoplasm of the cell. Unlike cells found in organisms that belong to Eukarya, prokaryotes do not have membrane-enclosed organelles like a nucleus. Although some prokaryotic cells contain two or even three chromosomes, none have been shown to contain as many as 10. pg. 269

The chapter starts with a description of Jacob Phelps's foray into the trade of illegal plants, describing his visits to plant markets in Thailand where he was shocked to see rare, wild plants traded openly and illegally. Why is the trade of illegal plants often referred to as the "invisible wildlife trade"? Choose one: A. The trade is rarely discussed or documented, unlike the illegal trade of animals and animal products like ivory tusks from elephants. B. The trade is often done with plant seeds, which can be easily concealed by illegal traders. C. The trade takes place in areas outside of the view of the general public to prevent detection. D. The trade is a small fraction of the illegal global trade of biological organisms.

A. The trade is rarely discussed or documented, unlike the illegal trade of animals and animal products like ivory tusks from elephants. Correct. As the authors state, it is easier to gain the attention of the public when discussing the illegal trade in baby tigers, elephant tusks, or rhinoceros horns because these are charismatic animals. Although plants do not receive the same "wow" factor, they are as important and no less amazing than the more well known animals. Explanation: The trade in illegal plants is a booming trade, but their trade draws far less attention than the more charismatic animals that are hunted and traded illegally worldwide. When comparing the number of species of plants and animals illegally traded, it is estimated there are 30,000 endangered or threatened plant species being traded globally compared to approximately 5,000 animal species. pg. 285

Pollen is a beneficial adaptation because it Choose one: A. allows a plant to reproduce without water. B. allows a plant to accomplish asexual reproduction. C. protects plants from losing too much water on land. D. provides food for developing plant embryos.

A. allows a plant to reproduce without water. Correct: Pollen, found in gymnosperms and angiosperms, contains plant sperm and is transported through the air, so water is not required for plant sperm to travel. Explanation: Pollen, found in gymnosperms and angiosperms, contains plant sperm and is transported through the air, so water is not required for plant sperm to travel. pg. 290

Which of the following protists are photosynthetic? Diplomonads Amoebas Algae Ciliates

Algae pg. 288-289

Which of the following most accurately contrasts prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells? Choose one: A. Prokaryotic cells are generally larger than eukaryotic cells, and prokaryotic cells typically divide once every 30 hours. B. Prokaryotic cells are generally smaller than eukaryotic cells, and prokaryotic cells typically divide once every 30 minutes. C. Prokaryotic cells are generally larger than eukaryotic cells, and prokaryotic cells typically divide once every 30 minutes. D. Prokaryotic cells are generally smaller than eukaryotic cells, and prokaryotic cells typically divide once every 30 hours.

B. Prokaryotic cells are generally smaller than eukaryotic cells, and prokaryotic cells typically divide once every 30 minutes. Correct/Explanation: Prokaryotic cells are generally smaller than eukaryotic cells, and prokaryotic cells typically divide once every 30 minutes. Prokaryotic cells are not only simpler than eukaryotic cells, they are smaller—almost exclusively microscopic, and invisible to the naked eye because of their diminutive size. The simple structure and single loop of DNA enable prokaryotes to reproduce at a much more rapid rate than eukaryotes, doubling in number every 10-30 minutes. Eukaryotic cells, on the other hand, have a cell cycle that involves an organized mitosis that takes much longer than the time needed for prokaryotic cell reproduction. (Hint: Cells that do not contain a nucleus are generally smaller than cells that do.) pg. 269

Which term applies to two domains? Choose one: A. bacteria B. prokaryotes C. archaeans D. eukaryotes

B. prokaryotes Correct. Prokaryotes describes two domains of the evolutionary tree of life: Bacteria and Archaea. While the domain Eukarya is the only one to feature eukaryotic cells, both bacteria and archaeans are made of prokaryotic cells. Explanation: "Prokaryotes" describes the cells of two domains of the evolutionary tree of life: Bacteria and Archaea. Since "archaeans" does not apply to bacteria or eukaryotes, since "bacteria" does not apply to archaeans or eukaryotes, and since "eukaryotes" only applies to one domain, the term "prokaryotes" (the cell type of bacteria and archaeans) is what applies to two domains. pg. 269

There are three major groups of fungi: Zygomycetes, Ascomycetes, and Basidiomycetes. What is the defining feature that separates these three groups? Choose one: A. mycelium B. reproductive structures C. nutritional mode D. hyphae

B. reproductive structures Correct. Each group is named for its unique reproductive structures. Explanation: Each of the major groups of fungi is classified and actually named after its reproductive structure. The Ascomycetes produce ascospores in an ascus, the Basidiomycetes produce basidiospores in basidia, and the Zygomycetes produce zygospores in zygosporangia. Reproduction in fungi is not always readily apparent. Classification is based on the sexual structures, yet many fungi reproduce asexually for decades before sexually reproducing. pg. 297

What is the defining feature of the domain Eukarya? Choose one: A. The Eukarya have chloroplasts. B. The Eukarya have circular DNA rather than linear. C. The Eukarya have cells with surrounding plasma membranes. D. The Eukarya have true nuclei in their cells.

D. The Eukarya have true nuclei in their cells. Correct. All the Eukarya have cells with true nuclei, where the DNA is enclosed in two concentric layers of cell membranes that form a nuclear envelope. Explanation: An easy way to determine if you are looking at a prokaryotic cell or a eukaryotic cell is to look for the nucleus, which is the defining feature of the Eukarya. The nucleus is typically easy to see with a compound or light microscope. It houses the DNA in a double-membrane structure, keeping the DNA protected and the chromosomes centrally located until it is time for the cell to divide. When the cell divides, the nuclear envelope breaks down and then reforms after the DNA has been copied and the cell is ready to divide into two daughter cells.

The group of plants commonly referred to as bryophytes includes the liverworts and mosses, low-growing plants that absorb water by direct contact. What tissue do other plants have (which bryophytes do not have) that enables them to grow upward and transport water and nutrients? Choose one: A. rhizoids B. thick outer cuticle C. woody stems D. vascular tissue

D. vascular tissue Correct. Bryophytes do not have vascular tissue, the conducting tissue of plants that also provides critical support for an upright growth form. Explanation: Vascular tissue was a significant evolutionary innovation in plants that helped solve some of the problems plants had to overcome with the move to land. The tissue enables water and minerals to move into the roots and travel to other parts of the plant while also providing structural support. This support allows plants to grow more upright, branch out, and develop more leaves, which increases photosynthetic capacity. While bryophytes had to remain low to the ground and restricted to moist habitats, plants with vascular tissue could colonize new areas and continue their diversification. pg. 290

Which domains are considered prokaryotes? See image.

Domain Bacteria Bacteria are not eukaryotes. They do not cluster in the domain Eukarya and they do not contain organelles. Domain Archaea Archaea are not eukaryotes. They do not cluster in the domain Eukarya and they do not contain organelles. Although Eukarya arose from Archaea and are evolutionarily more closely related to Archaea, Bacteria and Archaea have similar basic cellular structure.

Rob Dunn started the belly button project to see what microbes might be present on people as part of their microbiome. He expected to find bacteria and fungi in the belly buttons of his volunteers but was unsure if he would also find archaeans. Consider Dunn's work, and determine whether the following statement is true or false. Archaeans are found only in extreme environments. T/F?

FALSE Archaeans have not only been found in the human belly button, but also in peoples' homes. pg. 275-276

Bacteria use hairlike projections called pili to swim through liquid environments. T/F?

FALSE The structures used by bacteria for swimming are called flagella. pg. 273-274

Cycads, shown here, are ancient plants with representatives in the fossil record dating back nearly 300 million years ago. These organisms belong to the group Plantae, which is what level of grouping? Domain Kingdom Class Phylum/Division

Kingdom The kingdom Plantae is in the domain Eukarya. pg. 289-294

Part 1: In the image of the most recent evolutionary tree of life, identify the correct locations of the organisms by dragging the organism name/description to the most appropriate target in the image. See image.

Part 1 See image. Correct. The genus Staphylococcus is a bacterial genus, so this label is correctly assigned to the domain Bacteria. Human is the only eukaryote on this list and therefore assigned to Eukarya, while methanogenic prokaryotes belong to the domain Archaea. Explanation: The genus Staphylococcus is a bacterial genus, so this label is assigned to the domain Bacteria. Human is the only eukaryote in the list, so it is assigned to the domain Eukarya, and methanogenic prokaryotes belong to the domain Archaea. There are no known examples of methanogenic eukaryotic cells or bacterial cells, and Staphylococcus species commonly colonize the skin of humans. pg. 273

Part 1 Your professor has given you slides of different cell types to examine during lab. One of the activities in lab requires you to measure the size of cells and compare them to identify whether each is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. When you measure the first pair of cells, one cell is 0.2 µm while the other is 24.5 µm. Which statement accurately identifies each cell? Choose one: A. They are both large cells and are eukaryotic. B. The larger cell is more than 100 times larger than the other cell and is a prokaryote, while the smaller cell is a eukaryote. C. The larger cell is more than 100 times larger than the other cell and is a eukaryote, while the smaller cell is a prokaryote. D. They are both extremely small cells and are prokaryotic.

Part 1 C. The larger cell is more than 100 times larger than the other cell and is a eukaryote, while the smaller cell is a prokaryote. Correct. Eukaryotic cells are much larger than prokaryotic cells, which is exemplified by the overall large size and complexity of eukaryotic organisms. Explanation: Eukaryotic cells are, on average, 10 times larger than prokaryotic cells, which results from eukaryotes' greater complexity and number of internal components—the organelles that perform many functions. This larger size and complexity led to the larger size and complexity of eukaryotes, primarily through specialized function both within the cell and within different systems of the organism. pg. 285

Part 2: Similar to Part 1, use the most recent evolutionary tree of life to identify the location of the organisms that are listed. Drag the organism name/description to the most appropriate location on the tree of life. See image.

Part 2 See image. Correct. The genus Bacillus is a bacterial genus, so the Bacillus subtilis label is assigned to the domain Bacteria. A nucleated cell is the only eukaryote in the list, so it is assigned to the domain Eukarya, and extremophilic cells commonly belong to the domain Archaea. Explanation: The genus Bacillus is a bacterial genus, so the Bacillus subtilis label is assigned to the domain Bacteria. A nucleated cell is the only eukaryote in the list, so it is assigned to the domain Eukarya, and extremophilic cells commonly belong to the domain Archaea. Bacterial cells and archaean cells are prokaryotic and therefore are anucleate. pg. 273

Part 2 For the next pair of cells, you are to focus on the DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, which carries the genetic information of the organism. One cell has DNA that is circular and appears to have only one chromosome floating freely in the cytoplasm, while the other cell has several pieces of linear DNA (shaped like Xs) enclosed in concentric layers of membrane. Which cell is prokaryotic and which is eukaryotic? Choose one: A. As with size, there is a great deal of variation in chromosome and configuration of DNA, so it is not possible to determine what type of cell it is. B. The cell with linear DNA as Xs is a prokaryotic cell, while the cell with circular DNA is eukaryotic. C. The cell with linear DNA as Xs is a eukaryotic cell, while the cell with circular DNA is prokaryotic. D. These are both eukaryotic cells.

Part 2 C. The cell with linear DNA as Xs is a eukaryotic cell, while the cell with circular DNA is prokaryotic. Correct. Eukaryotic cells typically have DNA with several chromosomes that, when condensed, appear as Xs, while prokaryotic cells have a single strand of circular DNA. Explanation: Prokaryotes are much smaller organisms that are always unicellular and are far less complex than eukaryotes. Their DNA is much simpler and consists of a single, circular chromosome, while eukaryotes have multiple chromosomes. For example, humans have 46 chromosomes, hedgehogs have 88, and marijuana plants have 20. pg. 285

Match each kingdom with the interesting fact about that kingdom. Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Organisms in this kingdom produce about half of the Earth's oxygen via photosynthesis. Many of these organisms are pathogenic to humans and can cause giardia, among other illnesses. Some organisms of this kingdom are carnivorous and build underground adhesive webs to trap nematodes or amoebas. Some organisms in this kingdom are the top consumers in their food webs.

Plantae Plant photosynthesis contributes about half of the Earth's oxygen. The other half comes from phytoplankton, which are a diverse mix of aquatic bacteria and protists spread over numerous kingdoms. Protista Many protozoans are pathogenic to humans, including Plasmodium, the causative agent of malaria. Animalia Humans, wolves, lions, and whales are examples of apex predators found at the top of a food web. Fungi Hundreds of carnivorous or predatory fungi have been described, belonging to the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. pg. 286-297

The kingdom ___________ includes chloroplast-containing organisms that thrive in aquatic environments, whereas the kingdom __________ includes chloroplast-containing organisms, many of which have adapted to terrestrial environments. Organisms in the kingdom ___________ are integral members of the subterranean environment. Some of them, called ________________, form symbioses with plants and are efficient at absorbing phosphorus and nitrogen through their tiny hairlike _______________.

Protista Plantae Fungi mycorrhizae hyphae pg. 286-297

Match each kingdom with the image that correctly represents it. Animalia Plantae Fungi Protista

Protista Protists include eukaryotes that are not fungi, animals, or plants. The kingdom Protista includes protozoans and algae. Plantae Plants are multicellular, land-adapted photosynthetic organisms of the domain Eukarya. Fungi Fungi are heterotrophic and obtain organic matter from other organisms in the environment. They include molds, yeasts, and mushrooms. Animalia Animals are multicellular, motile, heterotrophic eukaryotes, including fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals such as humans. See image. pg. 286-297

This chapter covers three kingdoms—Protista, Plantae, and Fungi. They have a range of nutritional modes with some kingdoms having more than one nutritional mode. Sort each label for nutritional modes based on the kingdom it describes. Kingdoms Protista Plantae Fungi Nutritional Modes Group A Autotrophs, decomposers, heterotrophs, mixotrophs Group B Autotrophs Group C Decomposers, heterotrophs

Protista = Group A Autotrophs, decomposers, heterotrophs, mixotrophs Plantae = Group B Autotrophs Fungi = Group C Decomposers, heterotrophs Correct. Out of all three kingdoms, the protists have the most diverse strategies for obtaining energy, while plants are the least diverse, only utilizing photosynthesis to make sugars with energy from the sun. Explanation: Of the three kingdoms in this chapter, and of all kingdoms, Protista are the most diverse in how they obtain their food, with some organisms utilizing more than one way to eat (mixotrophs). This is a direct reflection of the diversity of this group, which resulted from unrelated organisms being grouped together because they did not belong in any of the other kingdoms. Members of Plantae are simply autotrophs, using the energy of the sun to make sugar out of CO2 and H2O, and feeding themselves and all other organisms within their ecosystems. While not as diverse as Protista or as specialized as Plantae, members of the Fungi kingdom play an important role as decomposers, helping to return nutrients to ecosystems as they feed themselves. pg. 288

______________ make up the most diverse kingdom in the domain Eukarya; this kingdom includes any eukaryote that is not a plant, animal, or fungus. The organisms include heterotrophic groups such as euglenoids and amoebas, together termed the ________________, and the phototrophic groups called the _________. Although most protists are single-celled and microscopic, they are not _________________.

Protists protozoans algae prokaryotes pg. 288-289

What is citizen science? Science projects in which scientists study nature of being a good citizen. Science projects in which the public participates by collecting data, analyzing data, or participating as subjects. Science projects in which citizens are trained to become scientists in the future. Science projects in which scientists study citizens.

Science projects in which the public participates by collecting data, analyzing data, or participating as subjects. The data provided or analyzed by citizens become an integral part of the work performed by the researcher. pg. 271

Label the node that represents the common ancestor of the domain Eukarya and the node that represents the universal ancestor of all living organisms. Not all targets will be used. A - Common ancestor of Eukarya B - Universal common ancestor See image.

See image. Correct. The universal ancestor is the ancestor of all living organisms, while the ancestor of the Eukarya domain is the node point that includes branches leading to the Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia kingdoms. The node identifying the universal common ancestor includes all of the known domains, both prokaryotic (Bacteria and Archaea) and eukaryotic (Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia). Although the kingdom Protista is being currently revised by taxonomists for further division, it remains as part of the Eukarya domain because organisms belonging to this group have eukaryotic cells. pg. 288 - 290

What is the key feature that unites all protists? They are prokaryotes. They are photosynthetic. They are heterotrophic. They are NOT plants, animals, or fungi.

They are NOT plants, animals, or fungi. Protists are a diverse group and are distinct from animals, plants, and fungi. pg. 288-289

Within the image of the three-domain tree of life, drag the "Nucleus" label to the correct location to identify the point where the advent of the cell nucleus most likely happened. See image.

See image. Explanation: The point where the advent of the cell nucleus most likely happened is the branch point where Archaea split from Eukarya. This is the best answer because the domains Archaea and Bacteria on the tree of life are prokaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells do not have a cell nucleus, while eukaryotic cells do. Thus, the advent of the cell nucleus would need to be sometime before the separation of the eukaryotic kingdoms Protista, Animalia, Plantae, and Fungi. Of the choices on the image, the splitting of Eukarya from Archaea is therefore the most likely time for this development. Cells classified in the Kingdom Protista do have a cell nucleus. However, if the nucleus evolved at this location on the tree, then plants, fungi, and animals may not contain a cell nucleus. Do cells of all eukaryotic organisms contain a cell nucleus?

Consider the context of prokaryotic metabolic diversity. In the image below, identify the type of metabolism used by each of the four organisms. Drag the title of the metabolic type to the correct target within the image. Be sure to consider both the carbon source and the energy source when determining your answer. See image. A. Chemoautotroph B. Photoheterotroph C. Chemoheterotroph D. Photoautotroph

See image. Correct. A chemoheterotroph is an organism that consumes organic molecules to get energy (in the form of chemical bonds) and carbon (in the form of carbon-containing molecules). Some organisms are photoheterotrophs, which acquire carbon from organic sources and acquire energy from sunlight. Some autotrophs called photoautotrophs absorb the energy of sunlight and take in carbon dioxide to conduct photosynthesis. Others called chemoautotrophs get their energy from inorganic chemicals in their environment, including iron ore, hydrogen sulfide, and ammonia, instead of from sunlight or organic chemical bonds. Explanation: Prokaryotes are either consumers, called heterotrophs, or producers, called autotrophs. Autotrophs make food on their own using carbon dioxide as a carbon source, but heterotrophs obtain carbon by taking it from other sources. A chemoheterotroph is an organism that consumes organic molecules to get energy (in the form of chemical bonds) and carbon (in the form of carbon-containing molecules). Some organisms are photoheterotrophs, which acquire carbon from organic sources but their energy from sunlight. Some autotrophs called photoautotrophs absorb the energy of sunlight and take in carbon dioxide to conduct photosynthesis. Others called chemoautotrophs get their energy from inorganic chemicals in their environment, including iron ore, hydrogen sulfide, and ammonia, instead of from sunlight. pg. 278

The move to land provided many benefits to plants, including greater access to critical resources. Label the terrestrial plant and its environment, matching the functions or benefits to the targets. See image. A - Increased exposure to sunshine, CO2 B - Absorbs water and minerals C - Site of photosynthesis D - Source of nutrients for the plant

See image. Correct. The move to land allowed plants to take advantage of more abundant sunshine, CO2, and nutrients. Explanation: While the move to land provided plants more sunshine, CO2, and nutrients, plants also had to evolve new ways to obtain and conserve water. Plants evolved new structures to take in water and nutrients (roots) and transport that to the rest of the plant (vascular tissue). The evolution of leaves improved the ability of plants to harvest the abundant sunshine available to them for use during photosynthesis. This source of energy and more readily available CO2 increased rates of photosynthesis and therefore growth. pg. 290

Some prokaryotes have an extra protective layer, called the capsule, in addition to the cell wall. T/F?

TRUE The capsule provides additional protection for the microbe. pg. 273-274

When Rob Dunn's researchers collected specimens from the belly buttons of volunteers, they noticed that anaerobes tended to be found deep in the belly button while aerobes tended to be near the opening. What is the best explanation for this observation? The anaerobes were deeper because that is where there is less oxygen. The anaerobes were deeper because they prefer the darkness. The aerobes were near the opening because they require light. the aerobes were near the opening because there is more air there.

The anaerobes were deeper because that is where there is less oxygen. Many anaerobes are unable to survive in the presence of oxygen. Aerobes use up the oxygen, leaving anoxic conditions deeper in the belly button. pg. 277

Prokaryotes are either consumers or producers. Some bacteria like Acidithiobacillus can make their own food, so these organisms are called __________________.

autotrophs Correct. Some bacteria like Acidithiobacillus can make their own food, so these organisms are called autotrophs. Autotrophs like Acidithiobacillus use carbon dioxide as a carbon source. Explanation: Prokaryotes are either consumers or producers. Some bacteria like Acidithiobacillus can make their own food, so these organisms are called autotrophs. Autotrophs like Acidithiobacillus use carbon dioxide as a carbon source. Heterotrophs consume organic molecules to get energy (in the form of chemical bonds) and carbon (in the form of carbon-containing molecules). pg. 278

Some bacteria have long, whiplike structures called _______________, which spin like propellers to push the bacterium through liquid.

flagella Correct. Some bacteria have long, whiplike structures called flagella, which spin like propellers to push the bacterium through liquid. Some bacteria only have a singular flagellum, while others have many. Explanation: Some bacteria have long, whiplike structures called flagella; they may have just one flagellum or multiple flagella, which spin like propellers to push the bacterium through liquid. The plasma membrane, the capsule, and the cell wall are not directly involved in motility. pg. 273

Label the structures in the image with the correct name. hyphae fruiting body spores See image.

fruiting body During reproduction, a fruiting body forms. Especially within the basidiomycetes, this fruiting body is commonly in the shape that we associate with mushrooms. spores Spores are released during reproduction. These spores are like seeds and allow for dispersal of genetic material so that new organisms can form. hyphae Most of the year, many fungi remain invisible to humans, hidden in underground networks of hairlike structures called hyphae that absorb nutrients from the soil. See image. pg. 294-297

Prokaryotes are either consumers or producers. Some can make their own food, while others, like Bacillus subtilis, obtain energy by taking it from other sources. Organisms that are consumers and obtain energy by taking it from other sources are called ____________________.

heterotrophs Correct. Organisms that are consumers and obtain energy by taking it from other sources are called heterotrophs. Specifically, Bacillus subtilis is a chemoheterotroph, an organism that consumes organic molecules to get energy (in the form of chemical bonds) and carbon (in the form of carbon-containing molecules). Explanations: Organisms that are consumers and obtain energy by taking it from other sources are called heterotrophs. Specifically, Bacillus subtilis is a chemoheterotroph, an organism that consumes organic molecules to get energy (in the form of chemical bonds) and carbon (in the form of carbon-containing molecules). Autotrophs are the producers that make their own food. Some autotrophs called photoautotrophs absorb the energy of sunlight and take in carbon dioxide to conduct photosynthesis. pg. 278

The researchers in this chapter were searching for microbes in unusual places, such as belly buttons. Although they were unsure what they would find, they knew the organisms could be classified based on their preferred carbon source and energy source. Use the image below to label the various classifications of microbes. photoautotroph photoheterotroph chemoautotroph chemoheterotroph

photoautotroph Photoautotrophs use light as an energy source and CO2 as a carbon source. photoheterotroph Photoheterotrophs use light as an energy source and organic molecules as a carbon source. chemoautotroph Chemoautotrophs use chemicals as an energy source and CO2 as a carbon source. chemoheterotroph Chemoheterotrophs use chemicals as an energy source and organic molecules as a carbon source. See image. pg. 278

The part of the fungal body we commonly refer to as a "mushroom" is where __________________________ and this part is typically found ______________________________________.

spores are produced Correct. Spores are produced in the part of the fungal body that we most commonly eat—the part that is usually visible above ground. above ground Correct. When thinking of a mushroom, the image that comes to mind for most people is the fruiting body above ground where spores are produced. Explanation: The main part of the body of a fungus is the mycelium, a network of hyphae that are below ground or growing throughout the dead organic matter on which the fungus is growing. The part above ground is the fruiting body and is where spores are produced. This also provides easier dispersal for the spores, which can ride on a wind current or be carried on animals as they move about. The part above ground is what most people are familiar with as a popular food. Fruiting bodies in many fungi can be harvested repeatedly. Home kits are available for cooks interested in growing their own fungi. pg. 297