Biology 101 Exam 1 (Chps 1-6)
What do glycocidic linkages combine?
*** carbohydrates?
What do Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and mad cow disease have in common?
All are associated with the buildup of misfolded proteins in cells.
Which of the following is found in all amino acids?
Both -COOH and -NH2
monosaccharides have molecular formulas that are multiples of __________
CH2O
What are the six most important chemical elements of life?
Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, phosphate, and sulfur
______________ is the precursor for many important molecules such as sex hormones.
Cholesterol
Which statement about the cytoskeleton is true? Intermediate filaments are hollow tubes of protein that provide structural support. Components of the cytoskeleton often mediate the movement of organelles within the cytoplasm. Microfilaments are more permanent structures in cells compared to intermediate filaments and microtubules. Plant cells lack a cytoskeleton because they have a rigid cell wall. Microtubules are chains of proteins that resist stretching.
Components of the cytoskeleton often mediate the movement of organelles within the cytoplasm.
What is the molecule that can account for both the unity and the diversity of life?
DNA
In terms of cellular function, what is the most important difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cells are compartmentalized, which allows for specialization.
Can hypotheses be proven true?
No
Which of the following groups is primarily involved in synthesizing molecules needed by the cell?
Ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and smooth endoplasmic reticulum
The peptide bond is _________
a covalent bond joining amino acids together to form a polypeptide
The peptide bond is __________.
a covalent bond joining amino acids together to form a polypeptide
Water molecules have __________ than molecules of similar size, such as ammonia and methane, reflecting its capacity to absorb large amounts of heat.
a higher boiling point
The extracellular matrix of the animal cell has all of the following molecular components except __________.
a middle lamella i.e. The main ingredients of the ECM are glycoproteins and other carbohydrate-containing molecules secreted by the cells. (Recall that glycoproteins are proteins with covalently bonded carbohydrates, usually short chains of sugars.) The most abundant glycoprotein in the ECM of most animal cells is collagen, which forms strong fibers outside the cells. In fact, collagen accounts for about 40% of the total protein in the human body. The collagen fibers are embedded in a network woven out of proteoglycans secreted by cells. A proteoglycan molecule consists of a small core protein with many carbohydrate chains covalently attached, so it may be up to 95% carbohydrate. Large proteoglycan complexes can form when hundreds of proteoglycan molecules become noncovalently attached to a single long polysaccharide molecule. Some cells are attached to the ECM by ECM glycoproteins such as fibronectin. Fibronectin and other ECM proteins bind to cell-surface receptor proteins called integrins, which are built into the plasma membrane. Integrins span the membrane and bind on their cytoplasmic side to associated proteins attached to microfilaments of the cytoskeleton. The name "integrin" is based on the word integrate: Integrins are in a position to transmit signals between the ECM and the cytoskeleton and thus to integrate changes occurring outside and inside the cell.
The components of nucleic acids are __________.
a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate
Sickle-cell anemia is a disease that is caused by __________ in the __________ of the protein.
a single amino acid change; primary structure
Orbitals are best described as __________.
a three-dimensional space where an electron spends most of its time with no more than 1 other electron, forming a pair
Stanley Miller's experiments were significant because he demonstrated that __________.
a variety of simple organic compounds could be spontaneously synthesized from components in Earth's primitive atmosphere
In order for a protein to be an integral membrane protein it would have to be
amphipathic
One form of the secondary structure of proteins in which the polypeptide chain folds back and forth. Two regions of the chain lie parallel to each other and are held together by hydrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone (not the side chains).
beta pleated sheet
A structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells that functions as a microtubule-organizing center and is important during cell division. A centrosome has two centrioles (for animal cells only)
centrosomes
Animal cells have unique organelles called __________ that are composed of structures called __________.
centrosomes; centrioles (Centrosomes are structures found inside of cells. They are made from two centrioles. Centrioles are microtubule rings. The main purpose of a centrosome is to organize microtubules and provide structure for the cell, as well as work to pull chromatids apart during cell division.)
The proper three-dimensional shape and folding of a protein is assisted by _________.
chaperonins
What are polysaccharides?
complex carbohydrates
The network of fibers that organizes structures and activities in a cell __________.
cytoskeleton
Consider a protein that is made in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. You observe that when the synthesis of the protein is completed, the protein is located in the ER membrane. Where else in the cell might this protein be found?
embedded in the plasma membrane, functioning in the transport of molecules into the cell
What are monosaccharides?
glucose, fructose, galactose
What are lipids made of?
glycerol and fatty acids
Sweating has a cooling effect because of water's high __________.
heat of vaporization
What are the four most abundant elements found in living systems?
hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen
Which of the following occurs because molecules of water are farther apart in ice than in liquid water?
ice floats
Using modern equipment, a former graduate student of Stanley Miller recently reanalyzed the sample results of volcano simulation experiments that Miller conducted along with his classic experiment described in the text. This reanalysis did which of the following?
identified additional organic compounds that had not been found by Miller
A researcher wants to film the movement of chromosomes during cell division. Which type of microscope should she choose and why is it the best choice? (Concept 6.1) SHOW HINT scanning electron microscope, because of its ability to visualize the surface of subcellular objects light microscope, because the specimen is alive transmission electron microscope, because of its high magnifying power light microscope, because of its high resolving power transmission electron microscope, because of its high resolving power
light microscope, because the specimen is alive only light microscopes allow one to observe living cells
A cable composed of actin proteins in the cytoplasm of almost every eukaryotic cell, making up part of the cytoskeleton and acting alone or with myosin to cause cell contraction; also called an actin filament.
microfilament
The endomembrane system does not include
mitochondria, chloroplasts, or peroxisomes
Golgi apparatus function
modifies and sort lipids and proteins produced in the ER; cells that secrete large amounts of material require an extensive Golgi apparatus
Cell junctions in plant cells are called __________, and communicating junctions in animal cells are called __________.
plasmodesmata; gap junctions
Which of the following is present in a prokaryotic cell?
ribosomes
Which of the following organelles might be found inside other organelles?
ribosomes they may be found in the cytoplasm and inside of mitochondria and chloroplasts
Carbohydrates can function in which of the following ways?
storage molecules (starch, glycogen) and structural support molecules (cellulose)
The overall shape of a protein molecule due to interactions of amino acid side chains, including hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridges.
tertiary structure
The specific heat of a substance is __________.
the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of that substance to change its temperature by 1°C
The reactivity of an atom arises from __________.
the existence of unpaired electrons in the valence shell
The amount of heat required to convert 1 g of any substance from the liquid to the gaseous state is defined as __________
the heat of vaporization of that substance
Water is a polar molecule. This means that __________.
the opposite ends of the molecule have opposite electrical charges
What do phosphodiester bonds link?
*** nucleotides?
***A mole of methanol (CH3OH) weighs 32 g. The number of grams of methanol that are needed to produce 1 L of a 1 millimolar solution is __________.
0.032 g
A mole of ethyl alcohol weighs 46 g. How many grams of ethyl alcohol are needed to produce 1 L of a 2-millimolar (2 mM) solution?
0.092 g
Urine, at pH 6, contains __________ H+ as household bleach, at pH 13.
10,000,000 times as much
Which of the following pairs of base sequences could form a short stretch of a normal double helix of DNA? 5´-ATGC-3´ with 5´-GCAT-3´ 5´-GCGC-3´ with 5´-TATA-3' 5´-AGCT-3´ with 5´-TCGA-3´
5´-ATGC-3´ with 5´-GCAT-3´
There are __________ naturally occurring elements.
92
What is inductive reasoning?
A type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations.
***What is ATP's importance in the cell?
ATP stores the potential to react with water, thereby removing a phosphate group and releasing energy for cellular processes.
Which of the following is NOT an attribute of living things? (Concept 1.0) All living things maintain complexity of order. All living things require oxygen. They convert energy from one form to another. Populations of living things evolve.
All living things require oxygen.
The Golgi apparatus has a polarity or sidedness to its structure and function. Which of the following statements correctly describes this polarity? Proteins in the membrane of the Golgi may be sorted and modified as they move from one side of the Golgi to the other. Soluble proteins in the cisternae (interior) of the Golgi may be sorted and modified as they move from one side of the Golgi to the other. Transport vesicles fuse with one side of the Golgi and leave from the opposite side. Lipids in the membrane of the Golgi may be sorted and modified as they move from one side of the Golgi to the other. All of the above correctly describe polar characteristics of the Golgi function
All of the above correctly describe polar characteristics of the Golgi function
Which of the following is/are likely to limit the maximum size of a cell? (Concept 6.2) the shape of the cell the time it takes a molecule to diffuse across a cell the cell's surface-to-volume ratio All of the choices are correct.
All of the choices are correct.
Cells are surrounded by water, and cells themselves consist of about 70-95% water. Which of the following occurs as a result? (Concept 3.1) Waste products produced by cell metabolism can be easily removed. A variety of nutrient molecules is readily available as dissolved solutes. The temperature of living things tends to change relatively slowly. All of the listed responses are correct.
All of the listed responses are correct.
Which of the following functional groups increases the solubility of organic compounds in water? (Concept 4.3) —OH —COOH —COH All of the listed responses are correct.
All of the listed responses are correct.
Which of the following four statements, if any, is true regarding essential elements and living organisms?
Although all forms of life require iron, other elements are required only by certain species.
Which of the following is true regarding complementary base pairing in DNA and RNA molecules? Although the base pairing between two strands of DNA in a DNA molecule can be thousands to millions of base pairs long, base pairing in an RNA molecule is limited to short stretches of nucleotides in the same molecule or between two RNA molecules. Although a DNA molecule demonstrates complementary base pairing between two DNA polynucleotides to form a double helix, an RNA molecule can base-pair only along stretches of nucleotides in the same RNA molecule, such as in transfer RNA molecules. Complementary base pairing promotes an antiparallel orientation in the structure of DNA and RNA molecules. Complementary base pairing within single strands of DNA and RNA gives them particular three-dimensional structures that are necessary for their function. None of the listed responses is correct.
Although the base pairing between two strands of DNA in a DNA molecule can be thousands to millions of base pairs long, base pairing in an RNA molecule is limited to short stretches of nucleotides in the same molecule or between two RNA molecules.
What is the role of van der Waals interactions in biological molecules?
Although they are weak bonds, van der Waals interactions help to reinforce the three-dimensional shapes of large molecules.
Which of the following statements correctly describes a common characteristic of a plant cell wall and an animal cell extracellular matrix?
Both are permeable to water and small solutes.
Which series of terms is in the correct sequence of biological organization, from the simplest to the most complex?
Cell, tissue, organ, population, community PEOPLE FIRST
Which of the following is a polymer? Fructose, a component of sucrose Cellulose, a plant cell wall component Glucose, an energy-rich molecule Testosterone, a steroid hormone Triacylglycerol, or fat
Cellulose, a plant cell wall component
The concept of "descent with modification" was proposed by __________.
Charles darwin
Which of the following is false in respect to cells' chromosomes? Chromosomes contain DNA and proteins. Chromosomes are present throughout a cell's reproductive cycle Chromosomes exist even when cells are not actively synthesizing proteins. Chromosomes are only visible as a cell is about to divide.
Chromosomes are only visible as a cell is about to divide.
Basal bodies are most closely associated with which of the following cell components?
Cilia basal bodies organize cilia and cytoskeleton)
The type of bond that forms to join monomers (such as sugars and amino acids) into polymers (such as starch and proteins) is a(n) __________ bond.
Covalent right answer feedback: Correct. Monomers are joined together by a dehydration reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a water molecule.
A shortage of phosphorus in the soil would make it especially difficult for a plant to manufacture __________.
DNA
______________provides directions for its own replication. It also directs cell activities by providing instructions for building proteins.
DNA
Which of the following observations and inferences led Charles Darwin to his theory of natural selection as a mechanism for evolution?
Darwin synthesized his theory of natural selection from all of the listed observations and inferences
Biological Classification System
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Sorting of proteins targeted for extracellular secretion
Golgi apparatus
Microtubules and microfilaments commonly work with which of the following to perform many of their functions?
Golgi apparatus microtubules guide vesicles from the ER to the Golgi and from the Golgi to the plasma membrane
Which of the following accurately relates the emergent properties of water to the effects of global warming in the Arctic?
Ice floats because it is less dense than liquid water; floating ice insulates water below and provides a habitat for some species. The significant increase in Arctic air temperature over the past 50 years is causing a reduction in sea ice, compromising these beneficial effects of sea ice.
Which of the following statements is most clearly inductively derived? Because worms lack bones, they are classified as invertebrates. Unselected An elephant is warm-blooded because it is a mammal. Unselected If the animals observed require organic molecules as nutrients, then it can be concluded that all animals require organic molecules as nutrients. If all flying animals are birds, then it can be concluded that bats are birds. Unselected A paramecium moves by means of the rhythmic motion of its cilia.
If the animals observed require organic molecules as nutrients, then it can be concluded that all animals require organic molecules as nutrients.
Why is the increasing amount of carbon dioxide being taken up by the oceans a cause for concern?
More carbon dioxide causes an increase in carbonic acid (H2CO3), which leads to a decrease in the concentration of carbonate ion (CO32-).
Cilia and flagella move due to the interaction of the cytoskeleton with which of the following?
Motor proteins
What are emergent properties?
New properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases.
What are nucleic acids made of?
Nucleotides, which are composed of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
Which of the following molecules is a weak acid?
R-COOH
A gene provides the directions to build a molecule of _____________; the genetic instructions it carries are then translated into the amino acid sequence of a protein
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
What is the functional connection between the nucleolus, nuclear pores, and the nuclear membrane?
Subunits of ribosomes are assembled in the nucleolus and pass through the nuclear membrane via the nuclear pores.
***Many mammals control their body temperature by sweating. Which property of water is most directly responsible for the ability of sweat to lower body temperature?
The absorption of heat by the breaking of hydrogen bonds. i.e. As a liquid evaporates, the surface of the liquid that remains behind cools down. This evaporative cooling occurs because the "hottest" molecules, those with the greatest kinetic energy, are the most likely to leave as gas. Evaporation of sweat from human skin dissipates body heat and helps prevent overheating on a hot day or when excess heat is generated by strenuous activity. High humidity on a hot day increases discomfort because the high concentration of water vapor in the air inhibits the evaporation of sweat from the body. In order to convert liquid water to a gas hydrogen bonds must be broken a process that requires the absorption of heat. Therefore the process that allows mammals to sweat to lower temperatures requires the absorption of heat so that the liquid water can vaporize.
Which of the following describes a difference between DNA and RNA? RNA molecules generally consist of a single polynucleotide chain, whereas DNA molecules generally consist of two polynucleotide chains organized into a double helix. Both molecules contain adenine, guanine and cytosine, but DNA also contains thymine and RNA also contains uracil. They contain different sugars. The first and second listed responses correctly describe differences between DNA and RNA. The first three listed responses correctly describe differences between DNA and RNA.
The first three listed responses correctly describe differences between DNA and RNA.
How is the information encoded in DNA actually used by organisms?
The information in DNA is transcribed to RNA and then translated into protein.
Enzymes that break down DNA catalyze the hydrolysis of the covalent bonds that join nucleotides together. What would happen to DNA molecules treated with these enzymes?
The phosphodiester linkages of the polynucleotide backbone would be broken
Which of the following statements best describes what is meant by "emergence"?
The whole is greater than the sum of the parts.
Which of the following is an attribute of living things?
They must be able to evolve and adapt.
Centrioles are found in animal cells (T/F)
True??
Are eukaryotic cells compartmentalized?
YES
Sugars are molecules that have __________ C:H:O and are called __________.
a 1:2:1 ratio of; carbohydrates i.e. glucose with molecular formula of C6H12O6
A substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution is __________.
a base
In a hydrolysis reaction, __________, and in this process water is __________.
a polymer is broken up into its constituent monomers ... consumed
A scientific theory is __________.
a well-supported concept that has broad explanatory power
In Miller's 1953 laboratory experiment, __________.
abiotic compounds cycled through the apparatus and were sampled for organic compounds
Nitrogenous bases are classified as either purines or pyrimidines. Examples of purines are __________.
adenine and guanine
Experimentation is only one part of the process of scientific inquiry, but it is a very important step because it __________. (Concept 1.3)
allows rejection of hypotheses
In the theme of biological organization, the approach called reductionism __________.
allows us to reduce complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study
A coiled region constituting one form of the secondary structure of proteins, arising from a specific pattern of hydrogen bonding between atoms of the polypeptide backbone (not the side chains).
alpha helix
vesicles carrying proteins from the rough ER fuse with the Golgi apparatus, where proteins may be _________
altered
Which chemical group is most likely to be responsible for an organic molecule behaving as a base?
amino
Protein molecules are polymers (chains) of __________.
amino acid molecules
What do peptide bonds link?
amino acids
Referring to the arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix (they run in opposite 5′ S 3′ directions).
antiparallel
Emergent properties of living systems are properties that __________. (Concept 1.1) are evident during only one portion of the life cycle of an organism are apparent only when an organism is studied at the molecular level are due to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases define the cell's surroundings
are apparent only when an organism is studied at the molecular level right answer feedback: Correct. Emergent properties are novel properties not present at the level of biological organization just below. Emergent properties arise from the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases.
The three domains of life __________.
are bacteria, archaea, and eukarya
Lipids differ from other large biological molecules in that they __________.
are not true polymers lipids are not made of the same type of monomer
Trace elements __________.
are required by an organism in minute quantities
Biological Organization
atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere
Isotopes of an element will always differ in __________.
atomic mass i.e. The isotopes of an element have the same number of protons and therefore the same atomic number; however, they have different numbers of neutrons and therefore differ in atomic mass
Why are radioactive isotopes useful in scientific research?
because they can be used as tracers to follow particular atoms and molecules through metabolic pathways
The entire portion of Earth inhabited by life; the sum of all the planet's ecosystems.
biosphere
Which of the following contain the 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules, consisting of nine doublets of microtubules surrounding a pair of single microtubules?
both flagella and motile cilia
Feedback regulation includes __________.
both negative feedback where the pathway shuts down and positive feedback where the pathway speeds up
Molecular mimics __________.
can produce similar effects as the naturally occurring molecules
Sugars have a(n) __________ group that interacts with a _________ group that forms ring structures when the dry molecule is placed in water.
carbonyl (-C=O); hydroxyl (-OH)
______________ separates cells into their component parts
cell fractionation organelles usually separated by centrifugation
A structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by ß glycosidic linkages.
cellulose
The organelle that is a plant cell's compartment for the storage of inorganic ions such as potassium and chloride is the __________.
central vacuole
Which type of protein shields a newly forming protein from cytoplasmic influences while it is folding into its functional form?
chaperonins
A structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods.
chitin
At a conference, the speaker's grand finale was sautéing mealworms (insect larvae) in butter and serving them to the audience. They were crunchy (like popcorn hulls) because their exoskeletons contain the polysaccharide __________.
chitin
The molecule with four fused rings that is found in animal membranes and is the precursor of vertebrate sex hormones is __________.
cholesterol
When comparing saturated and naturally occurring unsaturated fats, the unsaturated fats have __________ and are __________ at room temperature.
cis double bonds; liquids
The phenomenon responsible for maintaining the upward movement of water through a vessel is __________.
cohesion
Water moves up a plant because of hydrogen bonds by a process called __________.
cohesion and adhesion
All the organisms that inhabit a particular area; an assemblage of populations of different species living close enough together for potential interaction.
community
Using models that represented camouflaged and non-camouflaged mice, Hoekstra and her students tested the hypothesis that coloration of beach and inland mice provides camouflage that protects them from predation. Regardless of whether the models were placed in the beach or the inland habitat, the camouflaged model always acted as the __________ group
control
Which are pyrimidines?
cytosine and thymine
A network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that extend throughout the cytoplasm and serve a variety of mechanical, transport, and signaling functions
cytoskeleton
What is the process by which monomers are linked together to form polymers?
dehydration synthesis
Which molecule is a nucleotide? Deoxyribose The amino acid glycine ATP
deoxyribose A nucleotide consists of three parts: a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and one or more phosphate groups. ATP consists of a nitrogenous base (adenine), a pentose sugar, and three phosphate groups.
what is found exclusively in DNA
deoxyribose and thymine
A type of intercellular junction in animal cells that functions as a rivet, fastening cells together.
desmosomes
The molecular shape of a biological molecule is important because __________.
determines reactivity etc.
A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage formed by a dehydration reaction.
disaccharide
In living organisms, DNA exists as a __________ with the strand(s) __________.
double helix; running antiparallel
All the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact; one or more communities and the physical environment around them.
ecosystem
Which of the following has negligible mass?
electron
The theory that mitochondria and plastids, including chloroplasts, originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by a host cell. The engulfed cell and its host cell then evolved into a single organism. See also endosymbiosis.
endosymbiont theory
Carbohydrates are used in our bodies mainly for __________.
energy storage and release
The fundamental organizing principle of biology and core theme is __________.
evolution
The meshwork surrounding animal cells, consisting of glycoproteins, polysaccharides, and proteoglycans synthesized and secreted by cells.
extracellular matrix (ECM)
Regulation of molecules within an organism in response to a changing level of chemicals and the ability to self-regulate is called __________.
feedback regulation
A nonlinear, realistic model of the scientific process is called the process of science. The core activity of this process is __________.
forming and testing hypotheses
Eukaryotic decomposers that obtain their nutrients by breaking down dead organisms and organic wastes
fungi
The units of inheritance are called __________.
genes
What is sucrose composed of?
glucose + fructose
what is lactose made of?
glucose + galactose
What is maltose made of?
glucose + glucose
A polysaccharide that is used for storing energy in human muscle and liver cells is __________.
glycogen
What does the ECM of animals mainly consist of?
glycoproteins
The subunits (monomers) in cellulose are linked together by __________.
glycosidic linkages
A stack of membrane-bounded thylakoids in the chloroplast. Grana function in the light reactions of photosynthesis.
granum
In a process called radiometric dating, scientists measure the __________ of an isotope to determine the age of the Earth.
half-life
Observing a fluorescent micrograph cell with intermediate filaments would help you identify the cell as a __________.
human skin cell i.e. "Eukaryotic cell" is incorrect because unlike microtubules and microfilaments, which are found in all eukaryotic cells, intermediate filaments are found only in the cells of some animals, including vertebrates.
_________ Bonds are weaker than covalent bonds because they do not involve sharing of electrons, and they are weaker than ionic bonds because they involve the attraction of partial (not full) opposite charges
hydrogen
When ice forms, the __________ are farther apart than in liquid water, allowing the ice to form an organized crystal structure and float.
hydrogen bonds
The secondary structure of a peptide backbone is stabilized by __________ forming either a(n) __________ or a(n) __________.
hydrogen bonds; α helix; β pleated sheet
Radioactive tracers are
important tools in biological research and medicine
Chloroplasts and mitochondria are thought to be of prokaryotic origin. One piece of evidence that supports this hypothesis is that these organelles contain prokaryotic-like ribosomes. These ribosomes are probably most similar to ribosomes found __________.
in bacterial cells bacterial and mitochondrial ribosomes are smaller than that in the cytoplasm or bound to endoplasmic reticulum
At which point in a study is a scientific investigator most likely to use deductive reasoning? (Concept 1.3) in rephrasing an alternative hypothesis during the formulation of a hypothesis in establishing a test of a hypothesis during initial observation(s)
in establishing a test of a hypothesis deductive reasoning would take the form of if...then, from general to specific
The ribosomes in a mitochondria are found where?
in the matrix not the inter membrane space
A protein that ultimately functions in the plasma membrane of a cell is most likely to have been synthesized __________.
in the rough endoplasmic reticulum
The walls of plant cells are largely composed of polysaccharides and proteins that are synthesized __________.
in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and in the Golgi apparatus The Golgi apparatus gathers simple molecules and combines them to make molecules that are more complex. It then takes those big molecules, packages them in vesicles, and either stores them for later use or sends them out of the cell. It is also the organelle that builds lysosomes (cell digestion machines).
The absorption of human-generated CO2 by the oceans __________.
increases the hydrogen ion concentration in the oceans but decreases the carbonate ion concentration and threatens the livability of the oceans for organisms that produce calcium carbonate shells
The absorption of human-generated CO2 by the oceans __________. increases the oceanic concentration of carbonic acid All of the listed responses are correct. increases the oceans' acidity and lowers pH reduces the carbonate ion concentration in the oceans and threatens calcifying organisms in marine ecosystems increases the hydrogen ion concentration in the oceans but decreases the carbonate ion concentration and threatens the livability of the oceans for calcifying organisms
increases the oceanic concentration of carbonic acid
In animal cells, a transmembrane receptor protein with two subunits that interconnects the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton.
integrin
A component of the cytoskeleton that includes filaments intermediate in size between microtubules and microfilaments.
intermediate filament
rough ER function
involved in the manufacturing of proteins for the endomembrane system
When a very electronegative atom strips a valence electron away from its partner, __________ form.
ions
A hydrogen bond __________.
is a weak chemical bond
A covalent bond __________.
is the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms
The carbon skeleton can vary in all of the following except __________.
lacking hydrogen atoms
The sex hormones estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone belong to which class of molecules?
lipids
What do ester bonds link?
lipids
What are proteins made of?
long chains of amino acids
Hydrolytic enzymes must be segregated and packaged to prevent general destruction of cellular components. Which of the following organelles contains these hydrolytic enzymes in animal cells?
lysosome
The chemical group that is involved in regulating DNA is the __________.
methyl group (-CH3)
A hollow rod composed of tubulin proteins that makes up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells and is found in cilia and flagella.
microtubule
synthesis of ATP via cellular respiration
mitochondria
The endosymbiont theory explains the origins of __________.
mitochondria and chloroplasts (double layer membrane, produce own lipids and proteins)
What are carbohydrates made of?
monosaccharides
Which type of cell is most likely to have the largest number of mitochondria? (Concept 6.5) bacterial cells that are growing on sugars nondividing cells in the skin on your finger photosynthetic cells in the leaves of a tree muscle cells in the legs of a marathon runner inactive yeast cells that are stored for future use
muscle cells in the legs of a marathon runner
Microfilaments function in cell motility including __________.
muscle contraction, amoeboid movement, and cytoplasmic streaming in plants a crawling or oozing movement used by certain cells and unicellular organisms that are amorphous, or without a fixed shape, and so can change the shape of their bodies.
A type of motor protein that associates into filaments that interact with actin filaments to cause cell contraction.
myosin
Do plant cell walls have collagen?
no
Are the mitochondria part of the endomembrane system?
no, they must synthesize their own lipids
The endoplasmic reticulum is part of the endomembrane system, which also includes the __________.
nuclear envelope, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vesicles
A polymer (polynucleotide) consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities. The two types are DNA and RNA.
nucleic acid
The region of a bacterial cell that contains the genetic material is called the __________.
nucleoid
synthesis of ribosomal RNA for protein synthesis
nucleus
The chemical characteristics or reactivity of an element depend mostly on the __________.
number of electrons in its outermost shell
Cells are small because __________.
of the geometric relationships between surface and volume
Adhesion is best described as __________.
one substance to another
The tertiary structure of a protein includes all of the following interactions except _________ bonds. hydrophilic disulfide bridge peptide hydrophobic ionic
peptide
a dehydration synthesis results in what type of bond?
peptide
***what are the four bonds for this exam
peptide glycocidic linkage phosphodiester bond ester
The covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another, formed by a dehydration reaction.
peptide bond
An organelle containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen atoms from various substrates to oxygen (O2), producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).
peroxisome
__________ are membrane-bound metabolic compartments that specialize in the production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and its conversion to water.
peroxisomes
What functional group is commonly used in cells to transfer energy from one organic molecule to another?
phosphate
The lipids that form the main structural component of cell membranes are __________.
phospholipids
Dye injected into a plant cell might be able to enter an adjacent cell through __________.
plasmodesmata a narrow thread of cytoplasm that passes through the cell walls of adjacent plant cells and allows communication between them.
RNA usually consists of a single _________________.
polynucleotide strand
A __________ is a chain of amino acids that have been linked together by dehydration synthesis.
polypeptide
What is the appropriate term for an interacting group of individuals of a single type occupying a defined area?
population
Natural selection tends to act at which of the following levels?
population i.e. Populations of organisms of the same species that live in different environments experience natural selection differently because not all traits are suited for all environments.
the greater the surface area, the greater the
potential for transport
The sequence of amino acids in a protein is called the __________ structure of the protein.
primary
The level of protein structure referring to the specific linear sequence of amino acids.
primary structure
A biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure.
protein
The ________ are eukaryotic and usually single-celled (unicellular) organisms.
protists
The particular shape of a complex, aggregate protein, defined by the characteristic three-dimensional arrangement of its constituent subunits, each a polypeptide.
quaternary structure
The approach called _________ allows us to reduce complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study.
reductionism
what is found exclusively in RNA
ribose and uracil
ECM proteins are made by ribosomes in which part of a eukaryotic cell?
rough ER
synthesis of the insulin receptor, a transmembrane glycoprotein
rough er
In plant cells, a strong and durable matrix that is often deposited in several laminated layers around the plasma membrane and provides protection and support.
secondary cell wall
Regions of repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bonding between constituents of the backbone (not the side chains)
secondary structure
You would expect a cell with an extensive Golgi apparatus to __________.
secrete a lot of protein
A recessively inherited human blood disorder in which a single nucleotide change in the a-globin gene causes hemoglobin to aggregate, changing red blood cell shape and causing multiple symptoms in afflicted individuals.
sickle-cell disease
ribosome function
site of protein synthesis
synthesis of steroid hormone testosterone
smooth er
A storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers joined by alpha glycosidic linkages.
starch
In what polysaccharide form do plants store glucose to be available later as an energy source? (Concept 5.2) cellulose glycogen fatty acids protein starch
starch right answer feedback: Correct. Starch is a glucose storage polymer in plants.
***Glucose has a molecular mass of 180 daltons. To make a 2-molar (2 M) solution of glucose, __________.
stir 360 g of glucose in water to dissolve the sugar, and then add enough water to bring the total volume of the solution up to 1 L i.e. If we wanted to make a liter (L) of solution consisting of 1 mol of glucose dissolved in water, we would measure out 180 g of glucose and then gradually add water, while stirring, until the sugar was completely dissolved. We would then add enough water to bring the total volume of the solution up to 1 L. At that point, we would have a 1-molar (1 M) solution of glucose. In this problem we want a 2 M solution. That means that we must double the amount of grams that we weigh out and measure out 360 g of glucose and then gradually bring the total volume of the solution up to 1 L.
The dense fluid within the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane and containing ribosomes and DNA; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.
stroma
What are disaccharides?
sucrose, lactose, maltose
A polynucleotide has a repeating _______________ backbone.
sugar-phosphate
***The chemical group that helps stabilize protein structure is the __________.
sulfhydryl group (-SH) BECAUSE OF DISULFIDE BRIDGE??
You can fill a glass of water to just slightly above the rim without it spilling over the glass. What property of water best explains this phenomenon?
surface tension
The overall three-dimensional shape of a single polypeptide is called its __________.
tertiary structure
Evidence that supports the prokaryotic origins of mitochondria and chloroplasts are all of the following except __________.
that mitochondria and chloroplasts have multiple copies of linear DNA molecules associated with their inner membranes
Adhesion is best described as __________
the clinging of one substance to another substance
Pharmaceutical researchers are often interested in blocking particular receptor proteins on cell surfaces. What chemical property of a molecule would be most important for this type of application?
the molecule's shape determines its ability to bind to the receptor
The "primary structure" of a protein refers to __________. (Concept 5.4) the α helix or β pleated sheets- (secondary) interactions among the side chains or R groups of the amino acids the weak aggregation of two or more polypeptide chains into one functional macromolecule coiling due to hydrogen bonding between amino acids the sequence of amino acids along a polypeptide chain
the sequence of amino acids along a polypeptide chain
The difference between a stable isotope and an unstable isotope of an element is that __________.
the unstable isotope has a nucleus that decays spontaneously, is radioactive, and can be transformed into an atom of another element
The function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is __________.
to synthesize proteins that are secreted as glycoproteins
The information in a gene that directs the production of a cellular product is gene expression. The correct sequence for the transfer of information from a gene to a function protein is __________.
transcription, translation, and protein folding
Which of the following lists ranks these molecules in the correct order by size from smallest to largest?
water, glucose, sucrose, protein
are all four macromolecules organic?
yes
do chloroplasts and mitochondria produce some of their own proteins?
yes
