Biology 1010: Genetics and Medicine Exam Review

Vitamin D-resistant rickets is an X-linked dominant bone disorder. A man with this form of rickets marries a normal woman. What proportion of the couple's son is expected to have vitamin D-resistant rickets?

0%

When one DNA is copied to make two DNA molecules, the new DNA contains

100% of the parent's DNA

A person with a disorder resulting from monosomy of chromosome 12 has

43 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes

The ENCODE Project revealed new insights about the human genome. Identify the correct answer.

80% of the genome was linked to biomedical function

What affects an exceptionally high proportion of the population and occurs over a wide geographical area?

A pandemic

What is CRISPR?

A powerful tool for editing genomes, meaning it allows researchers to easily alter DNA sequences and modify gene function

A mouse that has the genotype AaMMzz will have the same phenotype as a mouse with the genotype (Note: uppercase alleles are dominant):

AAMmzz

We have learned the following from Cancer Genomics except for the one statement that is incorrect. Which of the following is incorrect?

All breast cancer patients have the same oncogenic signature

Which of the following allows for a single gene to code for more than one polypeptide?

CRISPR

What is one false statement about cellular checkpoint mechanisms?

Checkpoint genes are essential for viability of the organism

Regulation of gene expression at the transcriptional level for eukaryotes include all but one of the following:

Circadian clock regulation

Fred Sanger is known for his ground breaking work on

DNA sequencing, Insulin, and Biochemistry (All of the above)

What is correct about the disease Ebola?

Ebola reached epidemic levels in West Africa because of its ability to sustain human-to-human transmission

The ROADMAP is a/an ____________ Project

Epigenomic

True or False: Single modifications to the epigenome generally causes diseases

False

True or False: The Cancer Genome Atlas project lead to the realization that every type of cancer has a type of tumor

False

True or False: The lac operon is an example of a repressible control on gene expression

False

True or False: The majority of microbes are infectious to humans

False

A researcher treats cells with an inhibitor that prevents entry into mitosis. This treatment would trap the cells in which part of the cell cycle?

G2

Which is not a type of stem cell?

Induced embryonic

Genetic changes that underlie oncogenesis alter fundamental properties of cells. These include all of the following except one. Which one is incorrect?

Malignent cells are more highly oxygenated and do not migrate toward a blood supply

Model organisms have enabled significant discoveries to understand human development and disease. What is the basis of our being able to use model organisms such as yeast, Drosophila, C. elegans (worms), and zebrafish to understand human development and disease?

Many of the key genes involved in cell processes are highly conserved, therefore the use of simple model organisms can provide insight to define mechanisms and test hypothesis

The statements below are true for the role of microRNAs in gene expression with the exception of the one below. Identify the incorrect answer.

MicroRNAs encode for proteins

Which of the following does not produce new or novel genetic variation on the time scale of several generations?

Mutations during DNA replication

What is the cause of Down Syndrome?

Nondisjunction during mitosis

During which stage of meiosis does synapsis and the formation of tetradas occur?

Prophase I

What is 80% of the non-coding DNA transcribed to?

RNA

Within one chromosome during mitosis, what is the relationship between the sequence of bases in DNA of one sister chromatid compared to another?

The sequences are identical

True or False: A pandemic is a disease outbreak that is widespread across the globe

True

True or False: Cancers derive from single cells

True

True or False: Changes in the epigenome during developmental transcription affect cell differentiation and interactions with transcription factors

True

True or False: In DNA, thymine always bonds with adenine

True

Clinomics aims to

analyze data to guide health care decisions

Induced Pluripotent Stem cells

are a major forward in the quest to use stem cells in fighting or curing a range of human diseases, but still require in vitro embroyic cells from different tissues

Monoclonal antibodies

bind to antigens

Sickle cell anemia is caused by a

change in one DNA base

Mature human neurons and muscle cells

continue to divide throughout their lifetime

Homologous end joining at the end of CRISPR leads to

deletion

The coding region of a stretch of mRNA for a specific protein is called

exon

Epigenetics refers to

gene expression change without change in DNA base sequences

X linked inheritance patterns have

genetic conditions associated with mutations in genes on the X chromosome

A major discovery concerning the human genome announced by the ENCODE Project was:

most of the DNA bases in the human genome that do not code for proteins code for thousands of small RNA molecules that regulate gene activity

CAS 9 is a

nuclease, component of CRISPR, and protein (all of the above)

The fundamental structural subunits of DNA and RNA are

nucleotides

Nondisjunction during Meiosis II leads to

one gamete with N+1 chromosomes, one gamete with N-1 chromosomes and two with the normal amount

DNA packaging

prevents access to some parts of DNA for transcription

These genes normally function to prevent uncontrolled cell division, but when mutated they lose this regulatory function and can promote cell proliferation that allows tumors to grow

tumor suppressing genes

BRCA1 and BRCA2 are genes that

when mutated are associated with breast cancer

What affects a large number of the population but is a local outbreak?

An epidemic

The Hershey-Chase experiments in 1952 were important because they showed that

DNA was the heredity material

'RNAi' stand for which of the following?

RNA interference

Which statement about viruses is true?

RNA viruses have higher rates of mutation than DNA viruses

Technological advances to manipulate gene expression include two of the following:

RNAi and CRISPR-Cas9

The Human Genome Project and other genomics studies have not provided the mechanistic insights we expected for the following disease/disorder:

Schizophrenia

True or False: Combinations of modifications cause changes in gene expression which can result in cancer or other diseases

True

True or False: Sex-linked inheritance patterns are more likely to affect males because they only have one X chromosome

True

A genome graph is

a network of DNA sequences typically from 1,000 or more individuals

EGFR - Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor is

a protein on the surface on the cell, involved in a pathway that causes cells to divide, present in abnormally high levels on the surface of many cancer cells (all of the above)

In the supreme court case "Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics it was found that

human genes are unpatentable unless they are isolated

The Human Genome Project was started in 1996 to

identify the nucleotide sequence of all human genes

A disabled form of HIV re-engineered to carry cancer-fighting genes & mixed with a patients' T-cells is a type of

immunotherapy

A pseudogene is a/an

inactived, nonfunctional copy of a gene

Zoonotic diseases are

infectious diseases that can be transmitted from other vertebrate animals to humans

The surprise from the Human Genome Project was that

protein-encoding genes make up less than 2% (about 1.5) of our genome

Autosomal disorders can *not* be caused by:

recessive allele disorders, dominant allele disorders, x-linked disorders (all of the above)

Most genetic disorders of humans are caused by

recessive alleles

Helicase is a rotating motor that

separates the 2 strands

Privately funded scientists were successful in sequencing the human genome because they developed

shotgun sequencing

Prior to mitotic anaphase, each chromosome of a eukaryotic cell consists of a pair of identical structures called

sister chromatids

Mitosis occurs in

somatic cells

Cancer is not usually inherited because

the chromosomal changes in cancer are usually confined to somatic cells

When the largest, most dominant female clown fish dies:

the largest male will become female

The central dogma in biology refers to

the one way flow of information