Biology 1010K Chapter 11: Evolution and It's Processes - Study Guide (Minus Chapter Terms)

One involves the movement of the organism (dispersal), whereas the other involves a change in the environment (vicariance).

What is the main difference between dispersal and vicariance?

Natural selection; Mutation; Genetic drift; Migration (aka gene flow)

4 Important evolutionary forces that disrupt the equilibrium are

inherited

Characteristics of organisms are

A great naturalist who proposed (along with Alfred Wallace) the mechanism for how evolution works (Natural selection).

Charles Darwin (1809-1882)

Genetic drift is likely to occur more rapidly on an island, where smaller populations are expected to occur

Do you think genetic drift would happen more quickly on an island or on the mainland?

Presence of gill slits and tails in vertebrates

Embryo development:

Within a population there are multiple alleles, all combined are called the__________, and the frequency that those alleles lead to reproduction is called __________.

Gene pool; fitness

the change in an allele's frequency based solely on chance

Genetic drift is

a population's allele and genotype frequencies are inherently stable—unless some kind of evolutionary force is acting on the population, the population would carry the same alleles in the same proportions generation after generation; however, we now know that there are 4 important evolutionary forces that disrupt the equilibrium

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium states that if there was no evolutionary pressure the frequency of alleles would remain constant meaning that:

Sunday, October 23rd 4004 B.C.

In the early 1600's A.D. Archbishop James Ussher calculated based on the bible that the earth was formed on

no

Is evolution just a theory?

will survive and have more offspring

Offspring vary among each other in regard to their characteristics; from this Darwin and Wallace reasoned that offspring that allow for them to best compete for these resources

how allele frequencies in a population change over time

Population genetics is the study of ________.

evolution act upon

Populations are what

genetic drift

Small populations are more susceptible to

the mistaken notion that evolution of living organisms is guided by purpose toward an optimal design.

Teleology is

Homologous structures

The wing of a bird and the arm of a human are examples of ________.

analogous structures

The wings of a bat and of a bird are called

homologous structures

The wings of two bird's species are called

Fact

The word "theory" in theory of evolution is best replaced by ________.

10% of the gene pool is gone. The larger the population the smaller of an impact on the gene pool.

This is an issue for small populations. If one individual in a population of 10 happens to die before it reproduces then

individuals transform their characteristics through uses and disuse of body parts and these traits can be passed on

Transformational

Classic peppered moth wing coloration changed from mottled white to dark in response to soot-covered tree trunks and then back to mottled white when factories stopped producing so much soot.

Understand the classic peppered moth example and how changes in allele frequency can lead to changes in populations (natural selection).

mutations or sexual reproduction.

Variation only comes from

Natural selection

Which scientific concept did Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace independently discover?

A vestigial structure is an example of a homologous structure that has apparently been reduced through evolution to a non-functional state because its function is no longer utilized by the species exhibiting it; therefore, any mutations which might reduce its structure are not selected against. The fact that the species has vestiges of the structure rather than no structure at all is evidence that it was present in an ancestor and evolved to non-functionality through accumulation of random mutations.

Why do scientists consider vestigial structures evidence for evolution?

the biblical account of earth's creation which required no mechanistic explanation.

With the rise of the Catholic Church evolutionary thought declined among scholars who largely accepted

evidence for former life which was destroyed by a natural catastrophe.

Xenophanes, Empedocles, & Aristotle recognized fossils as

Evolution is constantly changing populations, the gradual change is referred to as __________, while the rise of new species and higher taxonomic groups is referred to as __________.

micro evolution; macroevolution

an adaptation

A heritable trait that aids the survival and reproduction of an organism is called

Organisms evolve on purpose

False; there is no set design or ideal form that organisms are trying to achieve, organisms evolve in a response to a change in the environment

evolutionary thought labeling it as heretical (which at the time carried a death sentence if found guilty).

The biblical account of the earth being formed on Sunday, October 23rd 4004 B.C. became widely accepted amongst church officials and further declined

Descent with modification

The fact that DNA sequences are more similar in more closely related organisms is evidence of what?

organisms would acquire adaptations based on their environment and then pass the newly acquired trait to their offspring. For example: giraffe necks

The first hypothesis for how evolution worked (Babtiste de Lamark) states that

established a geologic record.

The fossil record is the sequence in which fossils appear in rock strata. Based on this sequence and the ages of rocks and fossils geologists have

early Greek philosophers (Xenophanes, Empedocles, and Aristotle).

The idea that life has changed over Earth's history was first proposed by

small on a population unless it is combined with another factor such as natural selection

The net effect of a single mutation is

testable and falsifiable results

The only other testable theory of evolution has been Lamark's acquired characteristics and that has been replaced with natural selection for over 150 years. No other idea about diversification of organisms explains what is openly observable on earth with

Appendages; Vestigial structures

The presence of structures in organisms that share the same basic form:

It is likely the two species would start to reproduce with each other if hybridization is still possible. Depending on the viability of their offspring, they may fuse back into one species.

Two species of fish had recently undergone sympatric speciation. The males of each species had a different coloring through which females could identify and choose a partner from her own species. After some time, pollution made the lake so cloudy it was hard for females to distinguish colors. What might take place in this situation?

what scientists understand to be facts about the world

We have a theory of the atom, a theory of gravity, and a theory of relativity, each describes

The fossil record

Evidence of evolution include:

Divergent evolution

Evolution has caused large amounts of variation in form and function. When two species evolve in a different direction from a common ancestor this is called

a remnant from past life uncovered from the earth.

A fossil is

population

A group of the same species of organisms interacting is a

Surveys among scientists average about _______ agreement that organisms evolve

97%

a concept that has been extensively tested and supported over time.

A theory is

radiometric dating. This is a technique that looks at the ratio of an element's stable form (ex. carbon-12) with its radioactive form (ex. carbon-14).

Ages of rocks or fossils can be determined using

populations have been divided by geology

Allopatric speciation's means

may not make it due to chance events.

Because alleles are random in an offspring's generation some alleles

Distribution of organisms being congruent with tectonic movement and evolution

Biogeography:

naturalists could again speculate on the evolution of animals.

By the 1700's the churches influence had declined enough that

(1) laws of physics and chemistry have not changed throughout earth's history (2) past geological events occurred by natural processes similar to those that we observe today.

Charles Lyell (1797-1875) established uniformitarianism

Arctic animals

Convergence of form in organisms that share a similar environment:

Darwin noticed while on the Galapagos that the finches had beaks that varied in shape and size - Each species specialized on specific foods (big beaks for big seeds, small beaks for small beaks, etc...)

Darwin's finches

The theory of natural selection stems from the observation that some individuals in a population survive longer and have more offspring than others, thus passing on more of their genes to the next generation. For example, a big, powerful male gorilla is much more likely than a smaller, weaker gorilla to become the population's silverback, the pack's leader who mates far more than the other males of the group. The pack leader will, therefore, father more offspring, who share half of his genes, and are thus likely to also grow bigger and stronger like their father. Over time, the genes for bigger size will increase in frequency in the population, and the population will, as a result, grow larger on average.

Describe natural selection and give an example of natural selection at work in a population.

Evolution _________ try to explain the origin of life, just how populations change over time

Does not

the amount of evidence that had been amounted prior to its synthesis

Evolution is not controversial among scientists; in fact, it was first presented in 1859, and within 20 years most every biologist had accepted it. This rate of acceptance is unheard of in science, it was possible because of

I have 2 children thus I am 2x as fit as someone with no children.

Example of evolutionary fitness:

Spotted owl and Trout... two separate subspecies of spotted owls exist, the northern spotted owl has genetic and phenotypic differences from its close relative, the Mexican spotted owl, which lives in the south ....trout

Examples of allopatric speciation include:

The Hardy-Weinberg principle of equilibrium states that a population's allele frequencies are inherently stable. Unless an evolutionary force is acting upon the population, the population would carry the same genes at the same frequencies generation after generation, and individuals would, as a whole, look essentially the same.

Explain the Hardy-Weinberg principle of equilibrium.

The statement implies that there is a goal to evolution and that the monkey represents greater progress to that goal than the mouse. Both species are likely to be well adapted to their particular environment, which is the outcome of natural selection.

Explain why the statement that a monkey is more evolved than a mouse is incorrect.

Convergent evolution

Flight has evolved separately in insects, birds, and bats but there is not ancestor that had flight that unites these species; this is called

Gene flow

Galápagos medium ground finches are found on Santa Cruz and San Cristóbal islands, which are separated by about 100 km of ocean. Occasionally, individuals from either island fly to the other island to stay. This can alter the allele frequencies of the population through which of the following mechanisms?

migration of alleles into and out of a population

Gene Flow is a product of

In science, a theory is a thoroughly tested and verified set of explanations for a body of observations of nature. It is the strongest form of knowledge in science. In contrast, a theory in common usage can mean a guess or speculation about something, meaning that the knowledge implied by the theory may be very weak.

How does the scientific meaning of "theory" differ from the common, everyday meaning of the word?

The plants that can best use the resources of the area, including competing with other individuals for those resources, will produce more seeds themselves and those traits that allowed them to better use the resources will increase in the population of the next generation.

If a person scatters a handful of plant seeds from one species in an area, how would natural selection work in this situation?

when there is variation among individuals in a population

In 1977 the Galapagos when through a major drought, which eliminated small seed producing plants. This caused small beaked individuals to go be greatly reduced in number. This shows that Natural selection only takes place

Mutation and gene flow

In which of the following pairs do both evolutionary processes introduce new genetic variation into a population?

an individual is born with the genes it has and that cannot change

Individuals do NOT evolve

He successfully explained that fossils were remains of extinct animals and proposed evolution works by inheritance of acquired characteristic

Jean Babtiste de Lamark ( 1744-1829) came up with the first hypothesis for how evolution worked.

no inherent directionality.

Lylell's (1797 - 1875) work went on to show that the earth was more likely millions of years old not thousands and that these changes in earth have

Evolution is just a theory; Individuals evolve; Evolution explains the origins of life; Organisms evolve on purpose; evolution is controversial among scientists; other theories should be taught.

Misconceptions of Evolution:

Molecular life reflects descent with modification

Molecular biology:

A change in the DNA sequence of the gene

Mutation

the ultimate source of new alleles in any population

Mutations is

As discussed the phenotype that confers an advantage in a given environmental condition will reproduce more and thus pass its genes on more.

Natural selection

More offspring are produced than are able to survive, thus there is competition for those resources in each generation

Natural selection explained:

accepted amongst the scientific community as the main mechanism for evolutionary change on earth.

Natural selection is wildly

one group of the population goes off to start another population (such as colonizing an island); a natural or artificial caused event, such as a disaster that randomly kills a large portion of the population...this is known as bottle neck effect

Possibilities of genetic drift are:

it is not testable and cannot be studied.

Science as a whole is silent on the existence of a deity because

the formation of 2 species from one original species. Two populations must come from one, and not be able to interbreed

Speciation is

different environmental conditions. Natural selection selects for different alleles until a new species is formed

Species separated will be subjected to

when two populations occur within a parent species while remaining in one location, for example, Lake Victoria cichlids have both thin-lipped cichlids and thick-lipped cichlids (fish)

Sympatric speciation is

Microevolution describes the evolution of populations, while macroevolution describes the emergence of new species over long periods of time.

What is the difference between micro- and macroevolution?

d. all of the above

Which of the following situations will lead to natural selection? a. The seeds of two plants land near each other and one grows larger than the other; b. Two types of fish eat the same kind of food, and one is better able to gather food than the other; c. Male lions compete for the right to mate with females, with only one possible winner; d. all of the above

A flood causes the formation of a new lake

Which situation would most likely lead to allopatric speciation?

longer distance between divided groups

Which variable increases the likelihood of allopatric speciation taking place more quickly?

reflects the evolving state of scientific knowledge

While theory's can be overturned or revised this does not lessen their weight but simply

there are no viable scientific alternatives

Why are alternative scientific theories to evolution not taught in public school?

Organisms of one species can arrive to an island together and then disperse throughout the chain, each settling into different niches, exploiting different food resources and, evolving independently with little gene flow between different islands.

Why do island chains provide ideal conditions for adaptive radiation to occur?